Damage Stability

WATERTIGHT INTEGRITY
Ship is divided into watertight compartments by means of
transverse and longitudinal bulkheads bulkheads.
When

watertight

compartment

(or

group

of

compartments) is damaged depending on the damage length

according to the rules, the ship is expected to sustain its
watertight integrity.

WATERTIGHT INTEGRITY

WATERTIGHTNESS?
Watertight means; resistance of the structure against static water
pressure without any leakage.
It prevents water or any other liquid to flow other compartments
(or in the opposite direction).
The main deck and main bulkheads of a ship must be watertight.
Watertight bulkheads must extend to the main deck.
Any opening in the watertight bulkheads must be equipped with
watertight equipments (doors, windows, valves etc.).

WATERTIGHT DOORS

WATERTIGHT DOORS

WATERTIGHT DOORS

Damage
If the shell of a ship is damaged, leakage will take place
between the sea and the damaged spaces until stable
equilibrium is established or until the ship capsizes or sinks.
It is impractical to design a ship to withstand any possible
damage due to collision, grounding or military action

Damage

Watertight Bulkheads
Watertight bulkheads : the hull is subdivided into watertight
compartments by means of watertight bulkheads and decks.

Bulkhead Decks
Bulkhead decks : the deck up to which these bulkheads extends.

Margin Line
Margin line : is a line defining the highest permessible location on the side of the
vessel of any damaged waterplane in the final condition of sinkage,trim and heel.
After flooding of a prescribed number of compartments the ship shall not
submerge beyond a line situated at least 76 mm. Below the deck at side.

Margin Line

Margin Line

Permeability,
Permability is the ratio of amount of water that can a enter or a
compartment or tank to the total volume of compartment or tank.

AVAILABLE VOLUME
PERMEABILI TY =
TOTAL VOLUME

Surface Permeability, a
Surface permability is the percentage of a waterplane that can be
occupied by water.

Typical Permeability
Watertight compartment (warship)
Watertight compartment (merchant)
Accommodation spaces
Machinery spaces
Dry cargo spaces
Bunkers, stores, cargo holds

97%
95%
95%
85%
70%
60%

Example 1
A cargo hold with dimensions of l = 15.24m. , w = 9.14 m.,
h=6.1 m. is completely flooded. Determine the volume of the
space and the corrected flooded volume:
Volume = 15.24 m. x 9.14 m. x 6.1 m. = 849.7 m3
Flooded volume = Volume x permeability
Flooded volume = 849.7 m3 x 60%
Flooded volume = 509.8 m3

Floodable Length
Floodable length: at a given point of the ship length is the maximum length
with the center at that point that can be flooded without submerging the
ship beyond margin line.
Yaral Blme Boyu: Gemi boyunca herhangi bir noktada, bu nokta merkez
olmak zere gemiyi snr hattna teet hale getirecek en byk blme boyuna
o noktadaki yaral blme boyu denir.

Floodable Length Curve

Floodable Length Curve: It is obtained by the connection of floodable lengths at
different points along the ship length.
Yaral Blme Boyu Erisi: Gemi boyunca deiik noktalarda hesaplanan yaral
blme boyu deerlerinin birletirilmesi ile elde edilir.

Factor of Subdivision
Factor of Subdivision: The factor of subdivision is a factor prescribed
by the applicable regulations and by international convention that
depends on ship length and criterion of service.

Permissible Length
Permissible Length is obtained by multiplying the floodable length at
that point by the factor of subdivision.

Determination of the location of the volume centre of

damaged compartment

: Initial displacement
1: Displacement after damaged
B: Initial centre of buoyancy
G: Initial centre of gravity
x0: Initial centre of longitudinal buoyancy, LCB
vw: The volume of water entering the vessel
xw: Distance of volume centre of damaged compartment from maestory

Determination of the location of the volume centre of

damaged compartment

Determination of the volume of water entering the vessel

Initial displacement and longitudinal centre of buoyancy (LCB) can be read from hydrostatcic curves.
However, displacement and LCB are unknown after damaged.
Therefore, if trim, forward and aft draught are known, trimmed waterline can be drawn over Bonjean
area curves.

Determination of damaged length and location of mid

of compartment
vw: The volume of water entering the vessel
xw: Distance of volume centre of damaged compartment from maestory
: Permability of the compartment
v0: Volume of the compartment
xm: Distance of the volume centre of the compartment to the mid of damaged length
xl: Distance of the mid of damaged length of compartment to maestory
xc: Distance of the computed volume centre of compartment to maestory (xc=xl-xm)

Determination of damaged length and location of mid

of compartment
Damaged length and location of compartment can be determined by iterative
procedure.

Determination of damaged length and location of mid

of compartment
The volume of water entering the vessel (vw)

Distance of volume centre of damaged compartment from amidships (xw) :

Volume of the compartment (v0= vw/)

First trial
1) Assume xm=0 (xl=xw)
2) Damaged Length, l1 = (Volume of the compartment, v0) / (mean sec. Area, Amean)
where Amean is determined from trimmed sectional area curve

Determination of damaged length and location of mid

of compartment
3) In order to determine vm and xm
s = l1 / 4
vm = (s /3) 3
xm = s 4 / 3
xc = xl xm
|vm-v0| Tolarence for volume
|xc-xw| Tolarence for location of volume centre
l=l1, xl=xw

Determination of damaged length and location of mid

of compartment
Second Trial:
Damaged length is changed proportionally by the volume.
l2 = l1 (v0/vm)
vm: Computed volume at first trial
If the value of xm computed at first trial is negative, then the mid of the
compartment slides to the bow.
xl = xw+xm
where xm is the distance of the volume centre of compartment to amidship
computed at first trial

Determination of damaged length and location of mid

of compartment
In order to determine vm and xm
s = l2 / 4
vm = (s /3) 3
xm = s 4 / 3
xc = xl xm
|vm-v0| Tolarence for volume
|xc-xw| Tolarence for location of volume centre
l=l2

If tolarances for both volume and location are not satisfied, third, fourth,..trials are made similar to
second trial.

Determination of damaged length and location of mid

of compartment
If either tolarence for volume or tolarance for location are satisfied at a trial,
satisfied one is fixed, trials are continued to make for the other one.

Example 2
A ship is 116 meter long and displaces 7842 ton in salt water (1=1.025 t/m3)
when her mean draught is 6.4m. Longitudinal Centre of Buoyancy (LCB) is
0.615 m aft from amidships. After one of her stern compartment is damaged,
she floats trimmed to the aft. Her sectional areas after damaged are given in the
following table.
a) Determine the volume of water entering the vessel (vw) and the location of
volume centre of damaged compartment (xw)
b) Assume permability of compartment, is 1. Determine damaged length
and Distance of the mid of damaged length of compartment to amidship

Example 2
0

13.85

1/2

37.30

70.15

101.35

120.8

124.5

119.25

112.05

94.05

60.70

24.30

91/2

10.35

10

Sec.
Sec. No: Area
SM
[1]
[2]
0 13,85
0,5
37,3
1 70,15
2 101,35
3 120,8
4 124,5
5 119,25
6 112,05
7 94,05
8
60,7
9
24,3
9,5 10,35
10
0
3=

M. Arm
[12]
[3]
[123]
0,5 6,925
-5 -34,625
2
74,6
-4,5 -335,7
1,5 105,225
-4 -420,9
4 405,4
-3 -1216,2
2 241,6
-2 -483,2
4
498
-1
-498
2 238,5
0
0
4 448,2
1 448,2
2 188,1
2 376,2
4 242,8
3 728,4
1,5 36,45
4 145,8
2
20,7
4,5 93,15
0,5
0
5
0
2506,5 4=
-1196,88

s=Ls/10=
11,6 m
New displacemet volume =
9691,8 m3
(s/3)*3=
Initial displacement volume=
7651 m3
v w=
2040,8 m3
LCB1=s3/4=
-5,5391 m
Both initial LCB and LCB1 after damaged are in the
same side
Therefore,

xw= -24,000 m.

Example 2-SOLUTION

Example 2-SOLUTION
Predicted xw is between section 2 and section 3.
Sec. No.

Sec. Area
2
3

101,35
120,8

Sec. Area at -24m from amidship =

l1=v0/Amean=2040.8/119.5=17.078 m.
s=l1/4=4.27 m.

Dist. Amiship
-34,8
-23,2
119,5 m2

Example 2-SOLUTION
yi

Loc.

0
1
2
3
4

-32.54
-28.27
-24
-19.73
-15.46

Amean

SM

[1]

[2]
105.1
112.3
119.5
121.9
123.3

M. Arm
[1][2] [3]
1
105.1
4
449.2
2
239
4
487.6
1
123.3
3= 1404.2

[1][2][3]
2
210.2
1
449.2
0
0
-1
-487.6
-2
-246.6
4=
-74.8

vm = (s/3) 3= 1998.6447 m3
xm =s 4/3=

v0-vm=2040.8-1998.6=42.2 m3
%Error=42.2100/2040.8=%2.07

-0.227 m

Methods of Calculation
There two available method calculating the
final stage of the damaged vessel :
Lost

Buoyancy Method
Added Weight Method

Comparision of Lost Buoyancy and Added

Weight Methods

Added Weight Method

Consider a vessel that has been damaged such
that a portion of the bottom is now open to the
sea...

The vessels draft will increase because an amount

of the buoyancy was lost...

Added Weight Method

In this method, flood water is treated as a fixed weight (for example, the
weight of water of volume ABEF). This added weight is balanced by the
additional buoyant force of the layer WL1WL.
The added weight can be determined by either the volume ABEF or
waterline WL1. Therefore, WL1 waterline is not known can be just guessed.
For the predicted waterline, added weight and additional buoyant force
caculation are done iteratively until both of them are equal. This method is
known as Added weight method.

Determination of Added Weight

vc: Volume of damaged compartment (DCEF)
ac: The surface area (AB) of damaged compartment on the waterline.
: The volume permability of damaged compartment
a: The area permability of the surface of damaged compartment
: The initial displacement
1: The displacement at final stage
vw: The volume of water entering the vessel. (ABEH)
w: The weight of water entering the vessel.
p: The value of parallel sinkage

If we assume that the paralel sinkage cause a minor change of water plane area of a
ship (Awp Awp1), we can determine the paralel sinkage by equating the volume of
the layer WL1WL to the volume of ABEF.

If the damaged compartment is bounded on top.

Vertical centre of gravity at final stage

kg: vertical centre of water entering the ship

Vertical centre of buoyancy at final stage

Transverse Metacentre Radius at final stage

Longitudinal Metacentre Radius at final stage

Free Surface Effect

Damaged compartment can be considered as a half filled tank.

Free Contact Effect

Damaged compartment can be considered as a half filled tank.

Transverse Metacentre Height

The angle of heel

Longitudinal Metacentre Height

Example : A barge

L = 20 m.
B = 5 m.
T = 1.5 m.
KG = 1.5 m.

Intact Condition
The displacement volume:
I = L B TI = 20 x5 x1.5 = 150 m 3

The mass displacement:

I = I = 1.025 x150 = 153.75 tons

The moment of inertia of the waterplane area

about CL:
B 3 L 53 x 20
II =
=
= 208.33 m 4
12
12

Intact Condition
Metacentric radius:
I
208.33
BM I =
=
= 1.389 m
I
150

Or, it could be calculated directly as:

B 3 L / 12
B2
52
BM I =
=
=
= 1.389m
LBT I
12TI 12 x1.5
Height of the center of buoyancy:

TI
KBI =
= 0.75m
2

Intact Condition
The metacentric height:
GM I = KBI + BM I KGI = 0.75 + 1.389 1.50 = 0.639m

For small angles of heel, the righting moment:

M RI = I GM I sin = 153.75 x0.693x sin = 98.229 sin t.m.

LOST BUOYANCY METHOD

According to the Lost Buoyancy Method, flooded compartment (DCEF) is assumed
to be a part of sea anymore (it does not belong the ship).
As the flooded water does not belong to the ship, it causes no free surface effects.
Neither before damaged nor after damaged ABCD region does not yield buoyant
force. Because after damaged it does not belong the ship.

Paralel Sinkage:
Volume (DCEF)=Volume (W1ADW+BL1LC)

LOST BUOYANCY METHOD

Paralel Sinkage:
Volume (DCEF)=Volume (W1ADW+BL1LC)

Damaged compartment is bounded on top.

LOST BUOYANCY METHOD

It is assumed that displacement and location of vertical centre
of gravity does not change after damaged.

LOST BUOYANCY METHOD

LOST BUOYANCY METHOD

The heel angle of damaged ship is determined by

where
d is the distance between the volume centre of damaged compartment
and the new longitudinal centre of floatation.
wc=vc

LOST BUOYANCY METHOD

LOST BUOYANCY METHOD

Longitudinal Metacentre Height of a Damaged Ship

LOST BUOYANCY METHOD

Forward and aft draughts after damaged

Table 1: Final Draughts for a starboard side damaged ship
Port Aft

Port Fore

Starboard Aft

Starboard Forward

Paralel Sinkage +p

+p

+p

+P

Heel

-mi

-mi

+ms

+ms

Trim

-tk

+tb

-tk

+tb

Final Draught

T+p-mi-tk

T+p-mi+tb

T+p+ms-tk

T+p+ms+tb

Initial Draught

Example
A cargo hold with dimensions of l = 15.24m. , w = 9.14 m.,
h=6.1 m. is completely flooded. Determine the volume of the
space and the corrected flooded volume:
Volume = 15.24 m. x 9.14 m. x 6.1 m. = 849.7 m3
Flooded volume = Volume x permeability
Flooded volume = 849.7 m3 x 60%
Flooded volume = 509.8 m3

Once the volume is corrected, the determination of the new G

and changes and list and trim are computed as previously
discussed

Lost Buoyancy Method

Lost Buoyancy Method

After loosing the central compartment, the
waterplane area is:
AL = ( L l ) B = (20 4) x5 = 80 m 2

To compensate for the loss of buoyancy of the

central compartment, the draft increases to :
I 150
TL =
=
= 1.875 m
AL
80

Lost Buoyancy Method

The height of the center of buoyancy increases to :
TL 1.875
KBL =
=
= 0.938 m
2
2
The moment of inertia of the waterplane area:

B 3 ( L l ) 5 3 (20 4)
=
= 166.67 m 4
IL =
12 radius: 12
The metacentric
I L 166.67
BM L =
=
= 1.111 m
I
150

Lost Buoyancy Method

The metacentric height:
GM L = KBL + BM L KGI = 0.938 + 1.111 1.5 = 0.549 m

Righting moment for small heel angles

M RL = I GM L sin = 153.75 x0.549 sin = 84.349 sin t.m