Regional Development

GMJT3124

Introduction

Development
Definitions:
Contested (dipertandingkan) nature of
the term development
Time-space-people specific

Modernity as development
The condition of being modern,
new or up-to-date
Locating people in time
Relative to socio-economicpolitico-cultural dynamism over
space
Generally defined in relation to
achievements in Europe and
enlightenment period
Modernity as progress to
eradication of cultural practices

Development
Development as process of economic attainment
Work of international organizations like World Bank
Division of countries based on per capita GNP/GDP or GNI

Development
Development as human development - UNDP
Measured as enlarging choices (HDI)
A long and healthy life, knowledge and descent living
Human development domain
Human development indicators
Scale and measurement
Individual, community, nation
Proxy measures: GNP, HDI indices etc
Data: availability, quantitative-qualitative,
Inequality at spatial and cross section levels
Measures of inequality: Gini coefficient

Actors involved in development:

Individual, household, community, government,
NGO, companies, organizations

WORLD GEOGRAPHIC REALMS

Geographic realms change over time.

Where geographic realms meet, transition
zones, not sharp boundaries, mark their contacts.

TRANSITION ZONES

An area of spatial change where peripheries of

two nearby realms or regions join
Marked by a gradual shift (rather than a sharp
break) in the characteristics that distinguish
neighboring realms

GEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION

CONCEPT OF

SCALE

The
World

Realms
Regions

REGIONS

Areas of the earths surface marked by

certain properties
Scientific devices that enable us to make
spatial generalizations

Based on criteria we establish

Criteria can be:

Human (cultural) properties

Physical (natural) characteristics

or Both

REGIONS

All regions have:

Area
Boundaries
Location

FORMAL REGION
Marked by a certain degree of homogeneity in
one or more phenomena

Also called a uniform region or homogeneous

region
Examples:

Corn Belt
Megalopolis

FUNCTIONAL REGION
A region marked less by its sameness than its
dynamic internal structure
A spatial system focused
on a central core
A region formed by a set
of places and their
functional integration

Example: Los Angeles Metropolitan Area

HINTERLAND

Literally means country behind

A term that applies to a surrounding area
served by an urban center
Urban center is the focus of goods and
services produced in the hinterland, and is the
latters dominant focal point as well

Periphery

Periphery

Core

Climate

Planning
Definition: Planning is
planning include a sequence of actions which are
designed to solve problems in the future Glasson
Problems: social or economic
Future: depends on level of planning

a way of thinking about social and economic

problems, planning is oriented predominantly towards
the future, is deeply concerned with the relation of
goals to collective decisions and strives for
comprehensiveness in policy and program. Wherever
these modes of thought are applied, there is a
presumption that planning is being done
- Friedman

Physical Planning
1. Physical planning: land use, communication,
utilities etc.
Originating through the exercise of regulating and
controlling town development (not possible through
market)
Example:
Spatial Planning
Urban and Regional Planning
Environmental Planning
Transportation Planning
Houseing/real estate development
Insfrastructure development planning

Economic Planning
2. Economic planning:
Concerned with the economic structure, employment,
prosperity (work more through market mechanism)
Economic planning is to make decision with respect
to the use of resources.
In communist countries the government makes
bothmicro and macro economic decisions.
Microeconomic decisions include what goods
andservices to produce, the qualities to produce,
theprices to charge, and the wages to pay.
Macroeconomics decisions include the rate
ofinvestment and the extent of foreign trade.

Allocative planning
3. Allocative planning is concerned with coordination, the resolution of conflicts ensuring
that, the existing system is ticking over
efficiently through time in accordance with
evolving policies. It is also known as regulatory
planning. ( Glasson, J.,1978.,p.20).

Imperative Planning
4. Innovative planning, on the other hand is
more concerned with improving/developing
the system as a whole,
introducing new aims and objectives
attempting to change on a large scale.
For this reason it is sometimes known as
development planning.

Planning
5. Single objective planning
Ideal goal expressed in abstract terms improved the
inequality or to improve the living standard
Objective capable of attainment and measurement
Purpose is explicit rather than implicit

6. Multi objective planning

Goals and objectives are social economic nature
Manifest and latent aims

7. Indicative planning
Lays down general guidelines advisory in nature

8. Imperative planning
Command planning involves specific directives

Regional Planning
deals with the efficient placement of land-use
activities, infrastructure, and settlement
growth across a larger area of land than an
individual city or town.
Regional planning is a sub-field of
urban planning as it relates land use practices
on a broader scale.
Definitions:
As areas displaying some coherence or unity of
economic decisions Boudeville
An area which is large enough to enable substantial
changes in distribution of population and
employment to take place within its boundaries, yet
which is small enough for its planning problems to be
seen as a whole Keeble
are geographical regions suitable for the designing
and implementing of development plans for dealing
with the regional problems Glasson
Identification of planning regions involve some
compromise.

Planning Region
Administration of planning regions
Planning is not really planning if not implemented
Region needs to coincide with Administrative
boundary
To be administratively viable region must satisfy:

Large enough to support professional administrators

Encompassing commuter hinterland
Human catchment area like of health and education
Able to provide necessary talents for their services
Topographic factors sewerage or transport system
Regional consciousness

Regional Planning
Levels of Planning:
National planning
Regional planning
Definition: in its various forms,
can be seen as an attempt to guide
the development of a region Glasson

Levels of regional planning

Multi national regional planning

Sub-national regional planning
Local authority level planning
Town planning

Activity 1
Work in pairs
Find the reason, why
do region needs
regional planning?
Explain and give an
example.
Please answer the
question through your
padlet.

Need for Regional Planning

Pressure for governmental

action at regional level

Regional culture, political

identities, desire for
autonomy and self fulfillment
and administrative efficiency
Physical and environmental
necessities
To reduce regional imbalances
Supportive device for national
and local planning
Economic instabilities
Institutional changes