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SOLID WASTE
Normally solid or semi-solid materials, resulting from human and animal
activities, that are useless, unwanted, or hazardous.
Dead animals
SOLID WASTE GENERATION
Domestic, trade and Institutional Wastes
• Domestic waste - food and other discarded waste materials such as paper,
plastic, glass, metal, rags and packaging materials
Bio-medical Waste
• variety of infectious and toxic wastes generated by hospitals, nursing homes
and health care establishments
causes an adverse impact on human health if not disposed in a scientific
manner.
Industrial Waste
• Industries produce a lot of hazardous waste which is required to be
disposed of following standards laid down by the pollution control boards at
designated sites.
• But in practice, most industrial solid waste is being disposed of in an
unscientific manner surreptitiously on open plots or on the roadside or in
water bodies in urban areas, creating environmental pollution and sub-soil
contamination.
Construction and Demolition Waste
• This waste is generated mainly by repair, maintenance and reconstruction
activities
contains bricks, cement concretes, stones, tiles, wood etc.
MUNICIPAL or URBAN SOLID WASTE
Waste type that includes predominantly
Urban Waste household waste (domestic waste) with
sometimes the addition of commercial
wastes collected by a municipality within
a given area. They are in either solid or
Organic Inorganic semisolid form and generally exclude
industrial hazardous wastes.
Non-
•tend to resist decomposition and, therefore, break down very slowly.
Fermentable
STREET WASTE
WASTES
GENERATED • generated by natural phenomena and are difficult to avoid
• include dusts blown from unpaved areas, and leaves and flowers
BY NATURAL that fall from trees and plants in the community
CAUSE
• Motor vehicles deposit dirt and mud, as well as oil and rubber
on the roads
WASTES • Particulate matter from diesel emissions also accumulates on
GENERATED streets, trees, and building surfaces, creating a public nuisance
BY TRAFFIC • traffic wastes are unavoidable; however, it is possible to control
them through public education and the promulgation of
appropriate rules and regulations
WASTES • There are two major sources of wastes generated by the public:
1) litter thrown onto the streets by pedestrians, 2)
GENERATED residential and commercial wastes swept or discarded from
BY THE PUBLIC private premises.
CATEGORIES OF MSW
• food and kitchen waste, green waste, paper (can also
Biodegradable waste be recycled).
Domestic hazardous
waste (or household • medication, e-waste, paints, chemicals, light bulbs,
fluorescent tubes, spray cans, fertilizer and pesticide
hazardous waste) & toxic containers, batteries, shoe polish.
waste
MSW VARIATION WITH REGION
The characteristics and quantity of the solid waste generated in a region
are not only a function of the living standard and lifestyle of the region's
inhabitants, but also of the abundance and type of the region's natural
resources.
Environmental Impact
A major adverse impact is its attraction of rodents and vector insects for which
it provides food and shelter. Impact on environmental quality takes the form of
foul odours and unsightliness. These impacts are not confined merely to the
disposal site. On the contrary, they pervade the area surrounding the site and
wherever the wastes are generated, spread, or accumulated.
Health Impact
Studies have shown that a high percentage of workers who handle refuse, and of
individuals who live near or on disposal sites, are infected with gastrointestinal
parasites, worms, and related organisms. Contamination of this kind is likely
at all points where waste is handled.
HIERARCHY OF
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
BASED ON THE
Prevention • Prevent the production of waste, or reduce the amount generated.
CONCEPT OF
Minimization
• Reduce the toxicity or negative impacts of the waste that is
generated.
Reuse
• Reuse in their current forms the materials recovered
from the waste stream.
Recycling
• Recycle, compost, or recover materials for use as
direct or indirect inputs to new products.
Energy Recovery
• Recover energy by incineration, anaerobic
digestion, or similar processes.
Reduce
• Reduce the volume of waste prior to
disposal.
Street sweeping:
MANUAL SWEEPING
The most common method of collection of all types of
municipal waste as most of the waste is disposed of on
the streets. Street sweepers are employed by many
municipal organisations.
MECHANICAL SWEEPING
The majority of mechanical sweepers are mobile units
that use a vacuum system to collect the waste materials.
These are mostly employed in developed countries.
DISPOSAL
Disposal refers to the final disposal of
municipal solid wastes in terms of the
specified measures to prevent
contamination of ground-water, surface
water and ambient air quality.
Selecting a disposal method depends almost entirely on costs, which in turn are
likely to reflect local circumstances.
Waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations, for
urban and rural areas, and for residential and industrial producers. Management
for non-hazardous residential and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is
usually the responsibility of local government authorities, while management for
non-hazardous commercial and industrial waste is usually the responsibility of
the generator.
Farmers have been using compost made out of cow dung and other agro-
waste. The compost made out of urban heterogeneous waste is found to be of
higher nutrient value as compared to the compost made out of cow dung and
agro-waste. Composting of MSW is, therefore, the most simple and cost
effective technology for treating the organic fraction of MSW.
III. The third function is the preparation of the compost product for safe
and nuisance-free storage and/or the upgrading of the product so as to
enhance its utility and marketability.
COMPOSTING SYSTEMS
SMALL SCALE
• Compost pits
• Vermi-composting
• Compostable toilets
• German mound
• Sheet composting
1.
LARGE SCALE
• Windrow composting
• Vermi-composting
• Mechanical biological treatment
Woodchips
& sawdust Worms
Leaves
Nitrogen is added to the pile in the
Kitchen form of manure, meal, or greenery to
waste
Grass generate heat, which facilitates
clippings rotting and kills all undesirable
Water organisms. Once the pile is slightly
Shredded
newspaper & dampened, it is covered. As heat and
Air
cardboard steam build up, the waste
Bacteria decomposes over time into nutrient-
rich substance compost, which can
then be applied to plants as a fertilizer.
INDUSTRIAL (LARGE SCALE) COMPOSTING:
WINDROW COMPOSTNG
These rows are generally turned to improve porosity and oxygen content, mix
in or remove moisture, and redistribute cooler and hotter portions of the pile.
Anaerobic
Combustion Gasification Pyrolysis Fermentation Esterification
Digestion
Municipal solid waste in the furnace of a moving grate incinerator capable of handling 15 metric tons (17
short tons) of waste per hour. The holes in the grate elements supplying the primary combustion air are
visible.
The incineration of raw (unprocessed) wastes is practiced throughout the
world, particularly in European countries where it has been in use for
decades.
The simplest and crudest method of incineration is open burning. With the
successive changes that have taken place in technology in general and in
environmental concerns, the combustion process gradually has become
subjected to increasingly “controlled” conditions. Initially, the main
objective of the process was to reduce the volume of the material
requiring disposal. Later, the products of combustion (hot gases) were used
to generate steam.
DISPOSAL
WASTE
HEATING
USED HYDROCARBONS
PRODUCT OIL FROM
AND WASTE
PYROLYSIS
GASES REFINERY
+ OIL
GASES
THERMAL GASIFICATION AND
BIOGASIFICATION
“Gasification” is a term applied to the
conversion of wastes into a gaseous fuel. It
is used even though not all of the recovered
energy is in the form of a combustible gas.
Indeed, with certain processes, the fraction
in the form of a combustible gas may be
much less than that in a solid or a liquid form,
or in both.
In principle, gasification is the thermal decomposition of organic matter in
an oxygen deficient atmosphere producing a gas composition containing
combustible gases, liquids and tars, charcoal, and air, or inert fluidising
gases.
Because gasification can be a complex and expensive undertaking, recourse
to it for energy recovery should be considered only in certain special
circumstances. For example, there might be a local need for an organic gas as a
chemical feedstock or a gaseous fuel to supply a gas-fired industrial process.
Such circumstances preclude the presence of an economical supply of fossil
(“natural”) gas.
LAND FILLS
Landfilling is the disposal of residual solid wastes on land in a facility
designed with protective measures against pollution of ground water, surface
water and air fugitive dust, wind-blown litter, bad odour, fire hazard, bird
menace, pests or rodents, greenhouse gas emissions, slope instability and
erosion.
Sanitary landfill is the cheapest satisfactory means of disposal, but only if
suitable land is within economic range of the source of the wastes; typically,
collection and transport account for 75 per cent of the total cost of solid waste
management.
In a modern landfill, refuse is spread in thin layers, each of which is compacted
by a bulldozer before the next is spread. When about 3 m (10 ft) of refuse has
been laid down, it is covered by a thin layer of clean earth, which also is
compacted. Pollution of surface and groundwater is minimized by lining
and contouring the fill, compacting and planting the cover, selecting proper
soil, diverting upland drainage, and placing wastes in sites not subject to
flooding or high groundwater levels. Gases are generated in landfills through
anaerobic decomposition of organic solid waste. If a significant amount of
methane is present, it may be explosive; proper venting eliminates this
problem.