The Global Warming Scare

David Pratt
November 2006

Contents
1. Introduction
2. The ever-changing climate
3. IPCC pseudoscience challenged
4. CO2 fixation, Kyoto and beyond
5. Sun and climate
6. Modelling fantasies
7. Global alarmism
8. New science and technology
9. Sources

1. Introduction
According to the reigning ideology in climate science, most of the slight warming of the
earth over the past century is due to anthropogenic (man-made) emissions of
greenhouse gases, and unless drastic steps are taken to curb these emissions the
present century will see worldwide catastrophes increased droughts, floods, storms,
hurricanes, agricultural disasters, and disease. This alarmist message is constantly
repeated by mainstream scientific publications, environmentalist organizations, and the
world media. The UKs chief scientist Sir David King has said that global warming is so
serious that Antarctica is likely to be the worlds only habitable continent by the end of
this century!
Although it is frequently claimed that the science behind global warming is settled and
that consensus prevails, this is far from the truth. The earth has been alternately
warming and cooling for billions of years, and many scientists argue that present climate
change is in no way unusual and could be caused mainly by natural processes. It is true
that the late 20th century was warmer than the earth has been for some 400 years, but
400 years ago a large part of the earth was in the grip of the Little Ice Age from which
we are still emerging.
Climate reconstructions for the past thousand years reveal a fairly coherent picture of
major climatic episodes: Medieval Warm Period, Little Ice Age, and Recent Warming,
but the amplitude of the temperature variations in different reconstructions varies
significantly a sign that the science is still very uncertain. A team of climatologists

recently commented:
So what would it mean, if the reconstructions indicate a larger (Esper et al.,
2002; Pollack and Smerdon, 2004; Moberg et al., 2005) or smaller (Jones et
al., 1998; Mann et al., 1999) temperature amplitude? We suggest that the
former situation, i.e. enhanced variability during pre-industrial times, would
result in a redistribution of weight towards the role of natural factors in
forcing temperature changes, thereby relatively devaluing the impact of
anthropogenic emissions and affecting future temperature predictions.
(Esper et al., 2005, p. 2166)
Many researchers believe that about a thousand years ago, during the Medieval Warm
Period, much of the earth was substantially warmer than today.
The standard view, as championed by the UNs Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC), is that greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2), are the
principal driver of climate change. Since CO2 alone cannot explain the magnitude of the
temperature increase of about 0.6C over the last century, a positive water vapour
feedback has to be invoked. However, a host of empirical observations are leading a
growing number of climatologists to conclude that the suns role has been
underestimated. The Little Ice Age, for example, coincided with a decline in solar
activity, and solar influences have also been linked to the current warming. Geoscientist
Jn Veizer (2005, p. 20) writes: empirical observations on all time scales point to
celestial phenomena as the principal driver of climate, with greenhouse gases acting
only as potential amplifiers.
The current fixation on carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion makes little
sense; by far the most important greenhouse gas is water vapour, but its role is often
minimized or ignored in the public discussion. Moreover, the correlation between
temperature changes and CO2 increases over the past century is poor. Most of the
warming took place in the first half of the last century whereas 80% of the increase in
CO2 didnt happen until after the Second World War. From 1940 up to the mid-70s,
when the buildup of CO2 was accelerating, global temperatures actually fell. This gave
rise to scare stories about global cooling and the threat of an imminent new ice age,
which would bring wholesale death and misery to mankind. And then, as now, humans
were identified as the main culprits: the release of fine particles (carbon and sulphur
aerosols) was identified as the principal cause of the cooling.
The modern global warming hysteria was ignited in 1988. During a second consecutive,
unusually hot summer, a NASA scientist testified before Congress that his computer
models predicted an average global temperature rise of 0.45C between 1988 and 1997
and 8C by 2050 due to greenhouse gas buildup. Despite enormous uncertainties in his
simulations, belief in a looming global warming catastrophe soon became the politically
correct view. Just 12 years earlier the National Science Board had announced that we
were heading for a new ice age! But fashions in science can change as abruptly as in
other domains of life.
The earths climate is an immensely complex, dynamic, nonlinear system in which small
changes in initial conditions can have disproportionately large effects. Even weather
forecasts for the next day or two are often unreliable. The forecasts made for the rest of
this century based on biased and highly simplified computer models should be taken

with a huge pinch of salt. The models embody prevailing assumptions about the
dominant role of CO2 in forcing climate change and the existence of unverified
mechanisms for amplifying its effects. At the same time, they essentially ignore a link
between sun and climate, and are unable to handle the key role played by clouds.
As more and more variables have been incorporated into the models, climate forecasts
have had to be revised downwards. In the 1980s climate modellers were predicting
temperature rises of 1.5 to 2.0C by 2000 more than five times what most scientists
now believe occurred. So while atmospheric CO2 has increased substantially, the large
temperature increase predicted by the IPCC models has not occurred. The IPCCs
response is to speculate on what cooling factors must be offsetting the predicted rise,
rather than to reassess its assumptions.
Despite over $50 billion spent on climate change research over the last 15 years,
humans role in the modest warming over the past century remains highly controversial.
Too little is known at present about the natural internal variability of the climate system
and its various feedback mechanisms to say for certain what effect additional CO2 is
having. Thousands of independent scientists disagree with the consensus position that
CO2 is the dominant factor, but their views rarely receive a fair hearing in high-profile
science journals and the media. A recent survey found that 30% of scientists disagreed
to some extent that climate change is mostly the result of anthropogenic causes, and
that less than 10% strongly agreed (Murray, 2006).
A Canadian scientist who dared to ask critical questions at a meeting on global warming
was shocked by the virulent reaction: it was as if I was back in the Middle Ages and had
denied the Virgin Birth. Geologist Gerrit van der Lingen (2005) remarks:
The global warming debate has left the realm of science a long time ago. It
has become totally politicised. Any scientific criticism is not met with a
scientific response, but with name-calling and a stepping up of the scare
tactics. Some sceptics have even lost their jobs or are told to shut up or else.
...
It is clear that the politicising of climate science has resulted in an
abandoning of good scientific practice and ethics.
While dissident scientists with links to coal or oil companies are automatically dismissed
as biased and untrustworthy, the financial interests of salaried green activists and
government-funded greenhouse bureaucrats and researchers are ignored.
Palaeoclimatologist Mike Jorgensen (2004) says that although green groups such as
the Sierra Club, Friends of the Earth, and WWF, like to present themselves as non-profit
and non-partisan, they are really neither.
They are just as biased and unscientific in their approach as the big oil, car,
and chemicals companies are. They make money from fear mongering to
collect funds from well meaning, concerned, but scientifically naive people.
...
Global warming advocacy is big business, hundreds of millions in
research and other funds are available annually for those scientists and
organizations who spout the party line ...
The media tend to uncritically publicize the doctrine of anthropogenic global warming

and make little effort to present a balanced perspective. Warming incidents, such as
collapsing ice shelves and record high temperatures, grab the headlines, while cooling
incidents, such as thickening of ice caps, snow in Saudi Arabia, and record low
temperatures, are ignored. UK Foreign Secretary Margaret Beckett recently compared
climate sceptics to advocates of Islamic terror, and said that both should be denied
access to the media!
In an article entitled Got a problem? Blame global warming!, John Brignell presents a
list of over 300 phenomena that have been blamed on human-caused warming.
Examples include: allergies, bananas destroyed, bananas grow, blackbirds stop singing,
diarrhoea, extinction of pygmy possums, five million illnesses, glacial retreat, glacial
growth, Maple syrup shortage, outdoor hockey threatened, rainfall increase, rainfall
reduction, societal collapse, sour grapes, spiders invade Scotland, tree beetle attacks,
wolves eat more moose, and yellow fever. The Stern Report (October 2006), which
breaks new ground in climate sensationalism, adds many new items to the list, such as
increased gender inequalities, with men migrating and women subject to
impoverishment, forced marriage, labour exploitation, trafficking, and natural disasters!
All scientists accept that there has been some degree of overall planetary warming
during the past hundred years, though the exact value is disputed. A wide range of
factors are at work and, contrary to the prevailing fad, humans are arguably a long way
from being the most significant.

2. The ever-changing climate

The climate is in constant flux. Warming and cooling cycles have succeeded one
another throughout the earths history, with a periodicity ranging from tens of millions of
years to several years.

Fig. 2.1 Changes in global climate through time. (www.scotese.com)

There is evidence that virtually the entire earth may have been covered with ice sheets
twice in the Precambrian, 700 million and 2.4 billion years ago. During the Phanerozoic
(the period since the beginning of the Cambrian, 545 million years ago), the earth has
passed through eight great climate cycles. For more than 90% of the earths history,
conditions were much warmer than today. Two million years ago forests extended
nearly to the north pole. And as recently as 125,000 years ago, temperatures were so

high that hippopotami and other animals now found only in Africa made their homes in
northern Europe.

Fig. 2.2 Temperature curve for the last 6 million years, based on an ocean core. (Carter,
2006)

The past million years have seen 8 to 10 ice ages, each about 100,000 years long, with
short, warm interglacial periods of about 10,000 years. The difference in globally
averaged temperatures between glacials and interglacials is about 5C.
The transition between glacial and interglacial conditions can take place in
less than a thousand years sometimes in as little as decades. Such
dramatic climatic shifts occurred near the end of the last major ice age,
about 15,000 years ago. First, a brief warming occurred, and then the ice
age returned for roughly a thousand years. Finally, by 11,500 years ago, the
climate quickly warmed again. Ice core data indicate that temperatures in
central Greenland rose by 7C or more in a few decades. (Marshall Institute,
2006, p. 27)
The present interglacial warm period (known as the Holocene), which began about
10,000 years ago, has experienced a series of major temperature swings. A long-lasting
Holocene Warming took place 3500 to 6000 years ago, when the average temperature
was 2C warmer than today.
This was when forests and herd animals numbering millions thrived across
what today are barren Siberian tundra, the Sahara was green and traversed
by rivers, and the plains of Europe and North America resembled safari
parks. None of this was due to fossil-fuel power plants or refrigeration
industries operated by the Vikings or Paleolithic village dwellers. (Hogan,
2004, p. 241-2)

During the Medieval Warm Period (or Medieval Climatic Optimum), from about 900 to
1300 AD, the earth was up to 3C warmer than today. This made it possible for the
Vikings to colonize Greenland and Newfoundland. The forest boundary in Canada
reached 130 km further north than today, and in Poland, England, and Scotland
vineyards flourished. The warmer climate brought a flowering of prosperity, knowledge,
and art to Europe. Agricultural yields increased, marshes and swamps dried up,
removing breeding grounds for mosquitoes that spread malaria, and wetlands were
turned into productive farmland. In general, civilization has tended to flourish during
warm periods, while cold periods have brought more drought, famine, disease, and
wars.
The Medieval Warm Period was followed by the Little Ice Age, which lasted
intermittently from about 1350 to 1850. The Thames river in England froze regularly in
winter with ice thick enough for fairs to be held on it, and people were able to travel from
Poland to Sweden across the Baltic Sea on sleighs, staying overnight in taverns built on
the ice. We are still emerging from the Little Ice Age, and this is an important factor
behind the moderate rise in temperature since the late 19th century.
Based on a detailed analysis of 240 proxy climate studies from all parts of the world,
Soon & Baliunas (2003) concluded that the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age
were probably global in extent. Neither is explained by changes in atmospheric
concentrations of CO2 and other greenhouse gases, since these remained relatively
constant. Many researchers contend that a decline in solar output was a primary factor
in triggering and sustaining the Little Ice Age, and that an increase in solar output may
be responsible for much of the warming in the 20th century (Balling, 2005).

Figure 2.3 Surface temperature in the Sargasso Sea (Northern Atlantic), as

determined by isotope ratios of marine organism remains in marine
sediment. The horizontal line is the average temperature for this 3000-year
period. The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and Little Ice Age (LIA) are
clearly evident. (Bluemle, 1999)

Temperature records based on thermometer readings began only in the mid-19th

century. Temperatures in earlier times have to be inferred from proxy data (e.g. tree
rings and isotope ratios) and are therefore more uncertain. The instrumental record
shows that the globally averaged surface temperature remained nearly level from 1856
to about 1910, rose until 1945, declined slightly until about 1975, and then increased
again. The overall increase during the 20th century was 0.45C according to
AccuWeather, 0.5C according to the US National Climate Data Center, and 0.6C
according to the IPCC. The highest warming rates occurred in land areas poleward of
30N, and minimum (night) temperatures have increased much more than maximum
(day) temperatures. But some parts of the globe (e.g. northeastern Canada and western
Greenland) have cooled considerably since 1960.
The main natural driver of the climate system is the intensity of solar radiation reaching
the earth, determined by changes in the sun and shifts in the earths orbit and axial tilt.
About a third of the radiation entering the atmosphere is either reflected or absorbed by
clouds and airborne particles (aerosols). Low-level clouds reflect solar radiation and
have a cooling effect, while some high-level clouds have a warming effect. Sulfatebased aerosols tend to cool the earth whereas black carbon (soot) tends to warm it.
Two thirds of the incoming solar energy reaches the earths surface and is either
absorbed or reflected depending on the surface brightness (albedo); snow and ice
reflect much of the energy, while bare soil absorbs it. Some of the energy reaching the
surface is redistributed by atmospheric and oceanic circulations. Greenhouse gases,
such as water vapour, CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and chlorofluorocarbons,
absorb the energy reradiated by the surface, warming the atmosphere. Volcanic
eruptions emit both greenhouse gases and aerosols. Science still lacks a detailed,
integrated understanding of how solar energy and the various components of the
climate system interact.

3. IPCC pseudoscience challenged

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) advises the UN on climate
issues. It published assessment reports in 1990, 1996, and 2001, and its fourth report
will appear in early 2007. Each report includes a summary for policymakers, which is
an openly political document heavily influenced by government bureaucrats. The IPCC
is not an impartial body, as most of the lead authors are enthusiastic proponents of
anthropogenic global warming. Since the mid-1990s it has come under increasing
criticism for its biased and pseudoscientific practices, and several scientists have
resigned (New Zealand Climate Science Coalition, 2006b). For instance, Chris
Landsea, a world authority on hurricanes, resigned in January 2005, saying that the
IPCC process was motivated by pre-conceived agendas and scientifically unsound.
The Summary for Policymakers in Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis states:
The global average surface temperature (the average of near surface air
temperature over land, and sea surface temperature) has increased since
1861. Over the 20th century the increase has been 0.6 0.2C. ...

New analyses of proxy data for the Northern Hemisphere indicate that the
increase in temperature in the 20th century is likely to have been the largest
of any century during the past 1,000 years. It is also likely that, in the
Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the
warmest year. (IPCC)
In the light of new evidence and taking into account the remaining
uncertainties, most of the observed warming over the last 50 years is likely
to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations. (IPCC)

Fig. 3.1 The year by year (blue curve) and 50 year average (black curve)
variations of the average surface temperature of the northern hemisphere for
the past 1000 years. The grey region is supposed to represent the 95%
confidence range (i.e. level of uncertainty), but no one knows how it was
calculated and Mann refuses to say. (IPCC, 2001)

In support of its claim that the 1990s were the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest
year for a millennium, the 2001 IPCC report quoted the work of Mann, Bradley &
Hughes (1998, 1999; MBH98/99) and reproduced their now infamous hockey stick
graph (see fig. 3.1). The graph shows fairly constant temperatures for the last
millennium followed by a dramatic rise in the 20th century (the blade of the hockey
stick). The accepted view before that, as embodied in a graph in the IPCCs 1990 report
(fig. 3.2), was that the world had undergone a Medieval Warm Period that was warmer

than today.

Fig. 3.2 Graph from the IPCCs 1990 report.

In the 1990 graph, the current warming falls within the range of natural historical
variation, whereas the hockey stick graph makes it look anomalous and alarming. The
existence of the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age, and further back the Dark
Ages Cold Period and the Roman Warm Period, had been accepted in textbooks for
decades. But such natural climate fluctuations are an embarrassment to the hypothesis
that mankind is mainly to blame for the present warming. Indeed, one global warming
zealot, in an unguarded moment, stated: We have to get rid of the Medieval Warm
Period (see Deming, 1995, p. 249). That is exactly what Manns team did.
Statistical experts Ross McKitrick and Steve McIntyre published a critique of the hockey
stick in the peer-reviewed journal Energy and Environment in 2003 and further critiques
in 2005 (www.climateaudit.org; McKitrick, 2005). They criticized MBH98/99 for
inappropriate data selection and incorrect use of statistical methods. They had great
difficulty getting the necessary information from Michael Mann, who put many obstacles
in their path. He refused to release his computer code, saying that giving them the
algorithm would be giving in to the intimidation tactics that these people are engaged in
and that if we allowed that sort of thing to stop us from progressing in science, that
would be a very frightening world!
The MBH temperature reconstruction was based mainly on bristlecone-pine datasets,
even though the IPCC had recommended against reliance on bristlecone pines because
20th century CO2 fertilization accelerated annual growth, creating a false impression of
exceptional recent warming. Moreover, their statistical model had given these datasets
390 times more prominence than the other datasets they had used. McKitrick and
McIntyre found that MBHs statistical methods nearly always produce a hockey stick
shaped graph, even when random numbers are used. They also discovered that MBH
had excluded from their calculations a dataset covering the later medieval warm period,
which had been stored in a computer file marked Censored-Data. After correcting
these various errors, they found that the 15th century contained an extensive warm
period with a higher temperature than the late 20th century.

Prior to McIntyre and McKitricks work, no palaeoclimatologist had attempted to replicate

MBH98/99. In fact, many climate scientists derided the very idea! The fact that the
flawed MBH98 paper passed peer review for Nature magazine speaks volumes. So
does the fact that Nature, along with other leading peer-reviewed scientific journals,
refused to publish McIntyre and McKitricks 2003 article exposing the flawed graph.
Only after prolonged pressure did the editors of Nature publish a correction by MBH,
who falsely claimed that the flaws made no difference to their results.
The IPCC itself never made any attempt to verify the MBH98/99 findings. This may
have something to do with the fact that the lead author of the chapter that gave
prominence to the Mann study was none other than Michael Mann himself! Some senior
climate scientists have severely criticized the system that allows such conflicts of
interest. But it remains in place for the fourth IPCC assessment report, due out in
February 2007. As reviewers of the next IPCC report, McIntyre and McKitrick (2006)
write:
we have expressed concerns to the IPCC about prominent use of graphics
and empirical results from the lead authors own freshly published papers,
which have not been in print long enough to have undergone adequate,
independent review and assessment ...
Independent review is also hindered by the unscientific practice of refusing to disclose
datasets and calculations.
The US House of Representatives science committee asked the National Academy of
Sciences (NAS) to evaluate the criticisms of Manns work and assess the larger issue of
climate reconstructions. In its report (July 2006), it accepted virtually all the criticisms of
the hockey stick, and said that Manns data and methodology did not permit him to
claim with confidence that 1998 was the warmest year of the millennium or the 1990s
the warmest decade. But it still stated that his reconstruction was plausible as studies
by several other scientists had also concluded that the 20th century was warmer than
the Medieval Warm Period.
Another analysis of the hockey stick paper was carried out by a panel of three
independent statisticians appointed by the US House of Representatives energy and
commerce committee. Its report (July 2006) states that the criticisms made by McKitrick
and McIntyre are valid and compelling. Referring to the small band of scientists who
dominate the field of climatology, the panels leader, Edward Wegman, says:
[T]here is a tightly knit group of individuals who passionately believe in their
thesis. However, our perception is that this group has a self-reinforcing
feedback mechanism and, moreover, the work has been sufficiently
politicized that they can hardly reassess their own public positions without
losing credibility. (Wall Street Journal, 2006)
In other words, says the Wall Street Journal, climate research often more closely
resembles a mutual-admiration society than a competitive and open-minded search for
scientific knowledge.
Regarding the claim that many other studies support Manns conclusions, the panel
points out that the scientists concerned often work with Mann, and tend to use the same

datasets. McIntyre and McKitrick (2006) comment:

Weve attempted to replicate these other studies as well, only to run into one
obstacle after another in identifying data and methods similar to the
problems that led to the original congressional questions about the Mann
study. In one case, the authors even refused to identify the sites from which
data was collected for their study!
Despite these pointless obstacles, we know enough about the other
studies to be confident that none of them meets the methodological
standards now recommended by the panel. In fact, somewhat remarkably,
two of the most recent studies even continue to use Manns discredited
principal components series [bristlecone pines].
The hockey stick graph was featured six times in the IPCCs 2001 report, and has been
a key weapon in the campaign to convince the public and politicians of the dangers of
human-caused warming. Although the graph has been convincingly discredited, the
IPCC has not issued an apology or correction and continues to use it in its publications.
The Canadian government circulated a copy of the graph to every household in the
country, but it too has not circulated any correction.
The other main graph that the IPCC presented in its 2001 report to support its claims
about anthropogenic global warming is shown in fig. 3.3. It is based on an analysis of
world temperatures by main author Phil Jones, from the Climatic Research Unit (CRU)
of the University of East Anglia in the UK. Some independent scientists asked Jones for
his basic data, but he replied that he had invested 25 years in his work and wasnt going
to turn it over to people who would try to find something wrong with it!

Fig. 3.3 Variations of the earths surface temperature for the period 1860 to
2000. The temperature is shown year by year (red bars) and approximately

decade by decade (black line). (IPCC, 2001)

The graph has come under strong criticism, because some of the data are of dubious
quality, especially those from third world countries, and because most of them come
from land-based stations that are mostly located in or close to urban centres and are
therefore distorted by purely local warmth from urban heat islands. The urban heat
island effect refers to the fact that the temperature of large cities with lots of asphalt and
concrete can be as much as 5C above normal.
Independent scientists have found that there is no systematic compensation for urban
warming in the Jones dataset. Warwick Hughes says that there is no doubt that the
CRU temperature graphs are contaminated with pervasive and substantial urban heat
which has nothing to do with greenhouse gases. De Freitas (2003, p. 8) states: Where
warming occurs, it results from a rise in the minimum temperature, rather than the
maximum, and in cold climates, in winter, and at night which is what one would expect
from so-called urbanisation effects. Even the IPCC (2001) admits that the urban heat
island effect could account for up to 0.12C of the temperature rise during the 20th
century, or one fifth of the total observed.
A major problem in determining the average near-surface air temperature record for
different periods is that substantial parts of the globe lack the necessary measurements.
Ocean areas off major shipping lanes, ice-covered areas, many arid and
hyperarid areas, and mountainous areas often lack the temperature records
necessary to generate the monthly temperature anomalies for individual grid
cells. And not surprisingly, the area of the earth without valid data increases
further back in time and also during periods of global strife. Less than 30
percent of the planet had temperature records at various times in the
twentieth century, and today, fully 20 percent of the earth is not covered by
the Jones database. ...
[T]he longest, most reliable records tend to originate in land areas of the
Northern Hemisphere, particularly North America, Europe and the former
Soviet Union. These areas should show enhanced warming under a
changing greenhouse, so the fact that the observed greenhouse-only
warming is still beneath the average global projections for the models
remains somewhat troubling to the glib consensus of model rectitude.
(Balling, 2005, p. 54-5)

Fig. 3.4 The thermometer record of surface temperature in the continental

United States shows no appreciable warming since about 1940. (Hansen et
al., 2001)

Balling (2005) identifies various other problems which introduce warming biases into the
temperature record e.g. the switch from traditional mercury-in-glass thermometers to
electronic thermistors, the deteriorating reflectivity of the white-painted shelters in which
equipment is housed, and time-of-observation biases. Furthermore, nearly all
temperature-measuring stations are land-based, whereas 71% of the earth (and 90% of
the southern hemisphere) is covered with water. Far too few temperature-sensing buoys
are deployed at sea to give an even remotely accurate assessment of the atmospheric
temperature trends in these vast areas.
Many marine surface temperatures are measurements of water, not the air
adjacent to its surface ... Indeed, many decades ago, mariners would
measure sea-surface temperature after pulling canvas or wooden buckets
onto the deck and inserting a glass thermometer into the captured sea water.
Later, mechanical injection systems for cooling water were used to measure
sea-surface temperature, introducing an obvious warm bias from the ship
itself. (Balling, 2005, p. 58)
Balling concludes that while the upward temperature trend over the past century is
probably real, the general error is most likely in the positive direction, with a maximum
possible (though unlikely) value of 0.3C (p. 59).
The same climate models that predict warming near the earths surface from CO2

emissions predict even more warming above the surface. However, measurements with
weather balloons (radiosondes) since 1958 and with satellites (microwave sounding
units, or MSUs) since 1979 show that the lower troposphere is not warming at a rate
consistent with the models. The IPCCs 2001 report conceded that the discrepancies
were not fully resolved. But Christy (2005, p. 73) asks:
Why ... was a full page of the brief Summary for Policymakers devoted to
surface temperature charts that depict considerable warming with another
half-page of supporting text, while changes in the full bulk temperature of the
atmosphere far more important for the physics of the greenhouse effect
garnered but seven sentences?
Various adjustments and corrections have been made to the satellite and balloon
data, on the assumption that they ought to match the surface temperature records; this
contrasts with the lack of effort to correct surface records for urban bias. But significant
discrepancies between the two temperature trends remain, especially if account is taken
of the enhanced influence of volcanoes and El Nio events in the lower troposphere.
Gray (2006) writes:
If a temperature sequence comparatively free from these influences (19791997) is chosen, there is no detectable warming in the lower atmosphere for
six of the seven records, and for the seventh, no warming between 1988 and
1997, whereas warming still prevails on the surface over these periods. The
supposed enhanced greenhouse effect is thus currently undetectable in the
lower atmosphere, where it is supposed to be the most prominent, so the
warming on the surface must have some other cause.

Fig. 3.5 Surface and satellite measurements compared.

(www.brightremarks.com/mytrh%25202.htm)

In other words, once the perturbing effects of volcanic eruptions and El Nio oscillations
are removed, the tropospheric data show no significant temperature trend since 1970.
As Balling (2005, p. 68) states: Warming near the surface with little or no warming in

the lower to midtroposphere is not a clear greenhouse signal!

4. CO2 fixation, Kyoto and beyond

When first drafted, the Summary for Policymakers in the IPCCs 2001 report stated:
there has been a discernible human influence on global climate. Governmentappointed scientists then changed this to: it is likely that increasing concentrations of
anthropogenic greenhouse gases have contributed substantially to the observed
warming over the last 50 years. In the final version the language was further toughened
up: most of the observed warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been due to
the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations. A UN spokesman admitted: There was
no new science, but the scientists wanted to present a clear and strong message to
policymakers.
Greenhouse gases absorb some of the solar radiation reflected from the earths
surface, thereby warming the atmosphere. Without this greenhouse effect, average
near-surface air temperature would be -18C, rather than +15C, as it is now; in other
words, there would be permanent ice at the equator. CO2 is generally reckoned to
account for 4.2 to 8.4% of the greenhouse effect, whereas water accounts for about
90% some 70% is due to water vapour and 20% to clouds (droplets) (Milloy, 2006a).
Over 99.9% of the earths atmosphere consists of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon.
Whereas CO2 makes up about 95% of the atmospheres of Venus and Mars, it currently
accounts for only about 0.038% of the earths atmosphere (i.e. 380 parts per million),
compared with a pre-industrial revolution figure of about 0.028%. Water in its various
forms ranges from 0 to 4% of the atmosphere and its properties vary according to what
form it is in and the altitude at which it is found. Humans are responsible for about 3.4%
of the CO2 emitted to the atmosphere annually, mostly from the burning of coal, oil, and
natural gas, and the production of cement; the rest comes from natural sources such as
volcanoes, the outgassing of the oceans, and the biosphere. Humans are probably
responsible for about 2.5% of the total greenhouse effect (Milloy, 2006a).
The warming effect of CO2 is roughly logarithmic, meaning that the next 100-ppm
increase adds only half as much heat as the previous 100-ppm increase. This is
because, whereas water vapour absorbs heat across the whole infrared range, heat
absorption by CO2 is confined to two narrow bands, and as CO2 levels rise, more and
more of the long-wave radiation that can be absorbed at those frequencies has already
been absorbed. The New Zealand Climate Science Coalition (2006a, p. 8) writes:
CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is near saturation in terms of its ability
to trap more heat. This means the effects of adding more CO2 into the
atmosphere are likely to be insignificant.
For significant global warming to occur, increased concentrations of CO2
must set in motion positive (or destabilising) feedback processes. Such
processes would cause temperatures to rise by some other mechanism
(such as increased absorption of solar energy) or cause increases in the
concentration of other greenhouse gases, the most important of which is, by
far, water vapour.
Yet to date, scientific evidence suggests that negative (or stabilising)

feedback processes prevail. This means that it is unlikely that higher

concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere will greatly influence the climate.
Most standard computer simulations assume that CO2 concentrations are increasing at
1% per year compared to a measured rate of about 0.45%. This makes the doubling
time for CO2 just under 70 years, compared to the empirical estimate of 120 years. Even
when other greenhouse gases are factored in, the rate of increase is only 0.6%. The
figure of 1% is used for simplicity and convenience, though the IPCC, which uses a
figure of 0.85%, admits that this is arbitrary and on the high side (Lomborg, 2001, p.
278-80). The models therefore run far too fast. They also invoke positive feedback loops
involving increased atmospheric water vapour and neglect negative feedback loops
such as the generation of additional low cloud cover.
The IPCC (2001) predicts that a doubling of CO2 would lead to a temperature increase
of 1.5 to 4.5C. Other researchers believe that a more realistic figure is less than 1C.
For instance, Soon et al. (2001, p. 5) say that analysis of the climatic response to
volcanic eruptions suggests that a doubling of CO2 would lead to a temperature
increase of only 0.3C to 0.5C. Posmentier & Soon (2005) point out that there are
currently no reliable predictions for the response of clouds to increased atmospheric
CO2, and say that a 4% increase in the area of stratus clouds over the globe could
compensate for the warming produced by a doubled atmospheric CO2 concentration.
Our grasp of the carbon cycle and the conversion processes that CO2 engages in is
highly tenuous. A key factor is the residence time of carbon in the atmosphere, but this
is uncertain. It is commonly said to be over 100 years, but Rudesill (2006a) argues that
this is more than ten times too high.
It is instructive that the models used in the IPCCs 1990 report and into the 1990s
predicted far too much warming from CO2 and other greenhouse gases. The
temperature predicted for 2000 was almost half a degree higher than observed. The
IPCC assumes that sulphate aerosols and the depletion of atmospheric ozone are
partially counteracting the warming caused by increases in greenhouse gases. It has
also been argued that the oceans hold the missing global atmospheric warming
predicted by climate models. But the strong oscillations in ocean temperature do not
match variations in atmospheric CO2 content. Stevenson (2000) argues that ocean
warming occurs in 100-year cycles, independent of human influences. It seems very
likely that climate models are overestimating the warming caused by increasing CO2
concentrations and underestimating the associated compensatory feedbacks.
There is no linear relationship between changes in atmospheric CO2 levels and the
global mean temperature. At the end of the 19th century the amount of CO2 discharged
into the atmosphere by world industry was 13 times smaller than now, but the climate at
that time had warmed up, as a result of natural causes, emerging from the 500-yearlong Little Ice Age. During the 20th century, atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and
other greenhouse gases rose steadily, but average surface temperature rose over much
of the globe between 1910 and 1940, fell between 1940 and 1975 despite a more than
threefold increase in CO2 emissions, and has been rising since. The idea of CO2
increases causing temperature increases was abandoned in the 1940s precisely
because global temperatures had not even remotely matched the 1C predicted by the
theory.
Overpeck et al. (1997) found that the Arctic warmed by 1.5C between 1840 and 1955,

during which time the airs CO2 concentration rose by 28 ppm, whereas between 1955
and 1990 the arctic air temperature declined by 0.4C even though the CO2
concentration rose by 41 ppm. Polyakov et al. (2003) found that from 1875 to 2000 the
surface air temperature of the region poleward of 62N hardly rose at all, but then
suddenly climbed 1.7C in just 20 years, even though the atmospheres CO2
concentration rose by a mere 8 ppm. Over the next six decades the CO2 concentration
rose by about 55 ppm, but the region in question experienced no net warming and may
have cooled slightly. This clearly indicates that CO2 is not the main driver of climate
change.
The atmospheric concentration of CO2 reached a low of about 180 ppm during several
periods of glaciation over past 400,000 years, but rose to 300 ppm or more during
interglacials. According to Fischer et al. (1999), ice core records show that at the end of
each of the last three major ice ages, atmospheric temperatures rose 400 to 1000 years
before CO2 levels increased. During the penultimate warm period, there was also a
15,000-year time interval when distinct cooling took place without any change in
atmospheric CO2, and when the airs CO2 content gradually dropped over the next
20,000 years, air temperatures either rose or remained fairly constant. We also know
that, today, the global mean atmospheric concentration of CO2 lags behind changes in
tropical sea surface (and hence atmospheric) temperature by six to eight months. This
is because as the ocean warms, it is unable to hold as much CO2 in solution and
releases it into the atmosphere.
In more ancient times, CO2 concentration in the air is generally thought to have been far
higher than today, without having a dramatic impact on temperature. In the Ordovician
(440 million years ago), the concentration was 18 times higher, but glaciers existed on
the continents of both hemispheres. In the Eocene (50 million years ago) it was six
times larger than today but the temperature was only 1.5C higher. There have been
geological times of global cooling with rising CO2, e.g. during the mid-Miocene (about
12.5 to 14 million years ago), and times of global warming with low levels of
atmospheric CO2, e.g. during the Miocene Climate Optimum (about 14.5 to 17 million
years ago).

Fig. 4.1 Global temperature and atmospheric CO2 over geologic time. Late
Carboniferous to Early Permian time (315 to 270 million years ago) is the
only period in the last 600 million years when both atmospheric CO2 and
temperatures were as low as they are today. (www.geocraft.com)

Although CO2 is commonly labelled a pollutant, increases in atmospheric CO2 during the
20th century have significantly increased plant growth rates. Hundreds of experiments
with plants growing in an atmosphere with double the present level of CO2 have shown
productivity increases of between 20 and 50%. Soon et al. (2001, p. 37-38) state:
The impacts of enhanced plant growth and related soil changes may even
provide a strong quenching effect on warming from carbon dioxide. The
vegetation feedbacks as a result of carbon dioxide fertilization have yet to be
correctly incorporated in the climate simulations.
The IPCCs second report, which gave the impression that the science was settled and
humans were known to be significantly interfering with an otherwise stable climate, led
to the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, which calls for substantial reductions in
greenhouse gas emissions by industrialized nations, especially CO2 from fuel burning.
The US and Australia have not ratified the Protocol, nor does it cover China, India, or
developing countries. Most of the signatories are finding it difficult if not impossible to
meet their targets by the deadline of 2012.
Kyoto is a flop. The IPCCs own projections indicate that, if fully implemented, the
Protocol will make the world only 0.15C cooler in 2100 than it would otherwise be; in

other words, the temperature in 2100 will be what it would otherwise have been six
years earlier. And sea level will rise 2.5 cm less by 2100 than it would otherwise do. Yet
implementing Kyoto is estimated to cost 150 billion dollars a year! In other words, the
agreement imposes crippling costs for no discernible environmental benefits.
Bjrn Lomborg, a statistician, environmentalist, and former Greenpeace member,
accepts that man-made greenhouse gases contribute to global warming, but argues that
since the Kyoto Protocol will have negligible effects on climate change, the exorbitant
cost of implementing it represents a colossal waste of resources. The money could be
much better spent in providing health, education, clean water, and sanitation to the third
world; UNICEF estimates that this could be done for just $70-80 billion a year.
In his book The Skeptical Environmentalist (2001), Lomborg exposes the fearmongering tactics indulged in by many environmentalists. He concludes that global
warming is not anywhere near the most important problem facing the world (p. 323),
and that it will be far more expensive to cut CO2 emissions radically than to pay the
costs of adaptation to increased temperatures (p. 318). In response he has been
subjected to vilification; he has been called the Antichrist and the IPCC chairman
compared him to Adolf Hitler.
The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change (October 2006) takes climate
scaremongering to dizzying new heights. It was compiled by a team headed by former
World Bank chief economist Nicholas Stern at the request of Britains Blair government.
It argues that if we dont act, the overall costs and risk of climate change will be
equivalent to losing at least 5% of global GDP [gross domestic product] each year, now
and forever. In the worst-case scenario, the estimates of damage could rise to 20% of
GDP or more, causing major disruption to economic and social activity, on a scale
similar to those associated with the great wars and the economic depression of the first
half of the 20th century. In contrast, stabilizing greenhouse gas emissions at no more
than 550 parts per million (ppm) would avoid the worst impacts of climate change, and
the cost would be limited to around 1% of global GDP each year. Sterns message is
that either we spend $450 billion per year now, or well end up paying up to $9.6 trillion
per year later.
Many scientists and economists have expressed concern at the poor quality of the Stern
report (CSPP, 2006). Economist Richard Tol calls it alarmist and incompetent, and
points out that it selectively quotes only the most pessimistic studies on the impacts of
climate change. Sterns doomsday visions are based on the use of an artificially low
discount rate to assess whether it makes sense to spend money now to reap a
hypothetical payoff in many decades time. Stern never states what discount rate he is
using, but it appears to be less than half the figure of 5 to 6% recommended by the UK
Treasury. Also, the social cost of CO2 is generally put at $2.5 per ton, but Stern uses a
figure of $85 per ton. Stern actually developed a whole new computer model the
forecasts made by existing models were apparently not apocalyptic enough!
Stern claims that stabilizing greenhouse gas emissions at 550 ppm (CO2 equivalent)
compared to the current level of 420 ppm would cost 1% of GDP. But this is
contradicted by the IPCC. In its upcoming report it says that the cost would be up to 5%
of GDP. Incredibly, nowhere does Stern say what the effect of such measures would be
on temperature. It turns out that, according to conventional climate science, they would
reduce the rise in temperature from 2.53C to just 2.42C. One can understand the

reluctance of the Stern review to advertise such a puny effect, says Lomborg (CSPP,
2006, p. 19). This means that on top of the 1 to 5% of GDP spent on curbing emissions,
it would still be necessary to spend money on adapting to higher temperatures.
Moreover, it is naive to think that all the countries of the world, including China and
India, would flawlessly implement Sterns multitrillion dollar, century-long policy
proposal. Nor is there any good reason for them to do so given that orthodox climate
science has probably vastly overrated the role of greenhouse gases and vastly
underrated the role of the sun.
As Balling (2005, p. 69) says: This era should be a time of scientific assessment, not a
time of impulsive policy actions targeted at a problem that may not even be a problem,
and will not be significantly impacted by those very policy actions.

5. Sun and climate

The dominant factor driving the earths climate system is the energy reaching the planet
from the sun. This is determined partly by the amount of energy emitted by the sun and
partly by changes in the earths orbital geometry: the Milankovitch theory takes account
of the 90-100,000-year eccentricity cycle, the 22,000-year climatic-precession cycle,
and a 41,000-year axial-tilt cycle, which are believed to play a key role in triggering the
onset and termination of ice ages.
There is still much to be learned about the impact on climate of the magnetic sunspot
cycle (divided into two half-cycles of about 11 years each), which is modulated by the
approx. 90-year Gleissberg cycle and 210-year DeVries-Suess cycle. The most
important solar cycles are related to the suns irregular oscillation about the centre of
mass of the solar system (Landscheidt, 1998).
There is abundant evidence that throughout the Holocene the earth has alternately
warmed and cooled at 1500 500-year intervals. Braun et al. suggested that these
climate shifts might be linked to a combination of the DeVries-Suess and Gleissberg
cycles (Idso et al., 2006). In a study of the 1500-year climatic cycle on the basis of
solar-related cosmogenic nuclide variations, Bond et al. (2001) found that over the last
12,000 years virtually every centennial time-scale increase in drift ice documented in
our North Atlantic records was tied to a solar minimum, and concluded that the climate
effects were probably felt worldwide.
Other researchers have found evidence of these global, solar-induced climate
oscillations going back over a million years (Idso, 2001). The Medieval Warm Period
and Little Ice Age appear to be the latest examples, with the global warming of the past
century being essentially a solar-mediated recovery from the Little Ice Age. The mini ice
age from 1420 to 1570 coincided with a prolonged lull in the suns activity, and the
Maunder Minimum from 1645 to 1715 was an exceptionally cool period when the sun
had very few spots.

Fig. 5.1 Global temperature and solar activity compared. (www.john-daly.com)

Observations of the surface magnetism of solar-type stars show that their irradiance
varies by up to 0.6%. Our own suns total radiation output currently varies by about
0.1%, which is generally considered too small to have a significant impact on climate.
However, the solar wind (a continuous flow of energetic charged particles released by
the sun) and possible terrestrial amplification mechanisms also need to be taken into
account. A growing number of scientists are becoming convinced that the sun/climate
link is much stronger than so far recognized by the IPCC.
There are various pathways by which solar activity could influence the climate. One
suggestion is that solar-induced changes high in the stratosphere are propagated
downward through the atmosphere and trigger an amplified response in deep ocean
circulations. Another theory highlights the strong correlation between solar activity,
cosmic rays, and low-altitude cloud cover (Svensmark & Friis-Christensen, 1997; Marsh
& Svensmark, 2000; Usoskin et al., 2004; Shaviv, 2005). It proposes that cosmic rays
(high-speed atomic particles originating in exploded stars) ionize air molecules,
transforming them into condensation nuclei for cloud formation. Greater sunspot activity
results in a stronger solar wind and more powerful magnetic fields, which divert more
galactic cosmic rays away from the earth, leading to less low-level cloud formation and
higher surface temperatures.

Fig. 5.2 The correlation between cosmic ray flux (red) measured in low
magnetic latitudes and low-altitude cloud cover (blue) using ISCCP satellite
data. (Shaviv, 2005)

The idea that cosmic rays seed clouds has met with strong resistance from mainstream
climate experts, who prefer to fixate on CO2. The IPCC (2001) concluded: At present
there is insufficient evidence to confirm that cloud cover responds to solar variability.
However, the causal mechanism linking cosmic rays and cloud formation has recently
received support from an experiment in Denmark called SKY (Danish for cloud), which
was carried out in a large reaction chamber containing a mixture of gases to simulate
the atmosphere, and using ultraviolet lamps to mimic the action of the suns rays.
Theodor Landscheidt (1998) contends that the effect of clouds on weather and climate
is a hundred times stronger than that of atmospheric CO2. Even if the atmospheres CO2
content doubled, its effect would be cancelled out if the cloud cover expanded by 1%.
He writes:
The global cloud coverage diminished from its peak at the end of 1986 to its
bottom in the middle of 1990 by more than 3%. According to observations by
V. Ramanathan, B.R. Barkstrom, and E.F. Harrison [1989], clouds have a net
cooling effect of -17 W/m. Svensmark and Friis-Christensen [1997]
conclude from the diminution of this cooling effect between 1986 and 1990
that the solar irradiance has increased by about 1.5 W/m within these three
and a half years. A change of this order is quite remarkable, since the total
radiative forcing by carbon dioxide accumulated since 1750 has been
estimated by the IPCC not to go beyond 1.5 W/m. This means that cosmic
rays, strongly modulated by solar activity, achieve an effect within three and
a half years for which the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
needs centuries. This shows clearly to what extent the greenhouse effect
has been overestimated in comparison with the solar contribution to climate

change, which turns out to be the most important factor.

In the same vein, Jn Veizer (2005) notes that the cloud-driven changes in earths
radiation budget during last two decades (up to 10 W/m) considerably exceed the
forcing the IPCC (2001) attributes to the entire industrial, i.e. post-Little Ice Age,
anthropogenic greenhouse impact (2.4 W/m). He writes:
The tiny carbon cycle is piggybacking on the huge water cycle (clouds
included), not driving it. In such a perspective, CO2 can amplify or modulate
natural climatic trends, but it is not likely to be their principal driver. (p. 22)
Veizer says that the temperature trend over the past century correlates well with solar
properties such as cosmic-ray flux (CRF) and total solar irradiance (TSI), except
perhaps for the last two decades of the 20th century. Some researchers believe that
solar activity is responsible for no more than 30% of warming since 1970 (Stuart, 2006).
This is often interpreted as a sign that greenhouse gases, specifically CO2, have taken
over as the main climate driver.
However, Veizer points out that climate models generally do not incorporate the active
carbon cycle and its dynamics; CO2 is inputted in the form of energy (~4 W/m for a
doubling of CO2).
These models would yield outcomes in the same general direction,
regardless of the source of this additional energy, be it CO2 or TSI.
Moreover, taking into account the empirical evidence, such as the
unprecedented solar activity during the late 20th century or the coeval
decline in global albedo (earthshine) and considering that the 1915-1999
TSI trend from the Mt. Wilson and Sacramento Peak Observatories can
explain 80% of the 11-year smoothed variance in global temperature, the
celestial cause as a primary driver again appears to be a more consistent
explanation. (p. 20)
He also argues that, while the balloon and satellite data do not show any clear
temperature trend in recent decades, their interannual temperature oscillations correlate
clearly with the solar irradiance and cosmic-ray flux, and he concludes that solar
phenomena were probably the primary climate driver in both the distant and most recent
past.
Landscheidt (1998, 1999, 2000a,b, 2001, 2003), too, argues that solar forcing has been
just as strong in recent decades as in the first half of the last century. He shows that El
Nio, the North Atlantic Oscillation, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, maxima and minima
in global temperature anomalies, drought in Africa and the USA, and European floods
are probably linked to cycles in solar activity. Having already made a number of
accurate forecasts, he predicts that a trend towards global cooling should develop in the
next five to six decades despite the ongoing buildup of greenhouse gases.
Earth scientist Tim Patterson writes:
With our stars variability accounting for about half of all the recorded
warming in the last hundred years, only 0.3C is left over for everything else,
including urbanization and land use. The amount is even less if an additional

0.1-0.2C of natural temperature fluctuation is factored in. If increased CO2

levels have contributed to global warming at all in the past century, its
contribution must have been very minor indeed. (www.envirotruth.org)
We are living in a period of abnormally high solar activity; the latter half of the 20th
century saw the highest sunspot numbers in the past 1150 years. High solar activity
tends to last 50-100 years, followed by a crash. The suns activity will be weaker during
the next decade than for over 100 years, and some calculations suggest that this could
lead to a cooling of the earths atmosphere by 0.2C (Stuart, 2006) greater than the
reduction expected from Kyoto by the end of the century.

6. Modelling fantasies
A serious menace is posed by the large band of climate modellers armed with
supercomputers and wedded to the anthropogenic global warming ideology and
agenda. They are largely responsible for the widespread belief that humans are
disrupting the climate in ways already visible and about to spiral out of control. Although
the IPCC (2001) admits that, since the climate is a coupled nonlinear system, the
prediction of a specific future climate is not possible, the Summary for Policymakers
tends to play down uncertainty and presents alarmist scenarios for which there is no
real evidence.
Climate models (known as general circulation models or GCMs) inevitably fail to do
justice to the immense complexity of the climate system. They reflect our incomplete
understanding of how the various atmospheric, land surface, and oceanic components
interact. Even their own creators admit that they are no more than an attempt at
computer-aided story-telling.
The models embody the basic assumption that CO2 is the principal climate driver and
that variations in solar input are of subordinate or negligible impact. Due to the models
coarse spatial resolution, important climate processes such as clouds or ocean
circulations can only be roughly approximated (parameterized). The models cannot
accurately reproduce the motions of the atmosphere and oceans, and do a poor job of
simulating the natural variability of the climate. Key factors that are still poorly handled
include volcanic eruptions, stratospheric ozone variations, sulfate aerosol changes,
water vapour feedback, and the impact of solar particles and radiation.
Climate models are unable to project or back-cast cyclical climatic behaviour, such as
the El Nio Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which is the warm phase of a natural ocean
cycle and repeats every 2 to 8 years in the tropical Pacific, the 60-to-80-year North
Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Since CO2-based
models produce smooth temperature increases, not sudden jumps, they could neither
predict nor explain the 1976 Great Pacific Climate Shift (a sudden warming, marking a
phase shift in the PDO), or the temperature peak in 1998, when an unusually strong El
Nio led to an increase in water vapour at the equator, causing an almost 1C spike in
worldwide average temperatures. Nor did the models predict the slight cooling that
followed.
Commonly used climate models have higher rates of heat transfer to the deep ocean

than observed, and tend to over-predict the warming of the surface layer by a factor of
up to three. Moreover, the heat content of the upper ocean decreased between 2003
and 2005 by an amount equal to about 21% of the upper-ocean heat gain between
1955 and 2003 (Lyman et al., 2006). This underlines the interannual variability in upperocean heat content something which current climate models are unable to simulate.
As Roger Pielke says, this indicates that we know less about natural- and humanclimate forcings and feedbacks than included in the IPCC Reports.
The present models have errors on the order of 50%. They are unable to calculate
correctly either the present average temperature or the temperature ranges from the
equator to the poles, and have to be tuned to replicate the current climate. But a tuned
model may provide an adequate simulation of present-day climate for the wrong
reasons. Computer-model predictions have consistently been wrong. In 1988, IPCC
models predicted temperatures would rise 0.8C per decade. By 1990, the estimates
were down to 0.3 and by 1995 it was 0.2. The UK Hadley Centres models, too,
predicted a temperature increase for the 20th century that was far too high. To solve the
problem, it simply divided the model output by three to predict the temperature
correctly!
Apart from climate models being speculative, unverified, and deficient, the IPCC uses
them to project global temperature increases based on unrealistic future scenarios.
Some of them include absurd assumptions such as an 11-fold increase in coal
production, or a GDP for African countries higher than that of the US by 2100.
Unfortunately the results of these climate computer games tend to be reported in the
media as facts. As De Freitas (2003, p. 10) says: There is a difference between
scientific findings and scientists speculations. Often the public is not told which is
which.
Climate models are made more interesting by including positive feedbacks (multiplier
effects) so that a small temperature increase expected from increasing atmospheric
CO2 produces large increases in water vapour, which produce an exponential rather
than a logarithmic temperature response in the models. Steve Milloy (2006a)
comments:
It appears to have become something of a game to see who can add in the
most creative feedback mechanisms to produce the scariest warming
scenarios from their models but there remains no evidence the planet
includes any such effects or behaves in a similar manner. ... [W]e can only
measure what the world actually does, and there simply isnt room in the
measured change for the existence of significant unmitigated positive
feedbacks.
The IPCC expects a doubling of CO2 to lead to a 1.2C temperature increase, but if
feedbacks are taken into account the figure becomes 1.5 to 4.5C. If estimates by other
researchers and modellers are included, the range becomes 0.2 to 6.3C. Milloy
(2006a) says: there has been no narrowing of the estimated range of expected
warming from a doubling of CO2 in fact the range has widened even further as ever
more players attempt to stand out in a crowded publication field.

7. Global alarmism
1998 was the warmest year in the instrumental record (which goes back 150 years), but
it was also the year of a particularly strong El Nio event. Since then, global
temperature has remained fairly stable. 2005 was the second warmest year in the
instrumental record but is in full accordance with the warming trend of 0.17C per
decade during the past 30 years. If this trend were to continue, the 21st century would
experience an average increase in surface temperature of about 1.7C. By making a lot
of unwarranted assumptions, however, the IPCC claims in its 2001 report that the
temperature could increase by up to 5.8C. And the inimitable Nicholas Stern has
recently suggested that the temperature could rise by up to 10C.
It should be borne in mind that the 20th century did not see a constant, steady increase
in temperature, and there is no reason to assume that the present century will be any
different. The late 20th-century temperature rise could represent a culmination, and
perhaps even the last culmination, along a warming trend that started 150 years ago at
end of the Little Ice Age. There are, in fact, empirical computer models which forecast
that early 21st century temperatures will fall (New Zealand Climate Science Coalition,
2006b).
As already explained, there is no proof as yet that increasing CO2 concentrations have
played a significant role in the rise in temperature over the past century, let alone that
they are the main factor. Global warming alarmists, however, denounce anyone who
makes such a statement as a denialist or flat-earther, and repeat the mantra that
there is overwhelming evidence that anthropogenic CO2 is the main cause of climate
change. They also like to give the impression that a warming climate will bring only
more calamities and suffering, but no benefits (e.g. warmer winters, wetter deserts,
faster-growing plants).
In his book and accompanying documentary, An Inconvenient Truth (2006), global
warming evangelist Al Gore accuses scientists who disagree with the consensus of
spreading disinformation. But as Marco Lewis (2006) and Iain Murray (2006) have
documented in detail, Gore indulges in countless distortions of his own. A few examples
are presented below.
As far as Gore is concerned, scientists who question the anthropogenic global warming
dogma are just as untrustworthy as scientists funded by the tobacco industry. But as
John Rudesill (2006b, p. 22) cautions, alarmist appeals delivered by politicians in the
guise of universal consensus science with no fair acknowledgement of contrary views
are likely to be more about money and power than about objective science.

(courtesy of Ken Fallin)

Gore makes the false claim that the rate of global warming is accelerating. He calls CO2
the most important greenhouse gas, ignoring the fact that water vapour is the leading
contributor to the greenhouse effect. He presents a graph of CO2 levels and global
temperatures during the past 650,000 years, but fails to mention that it shows that
global temperatures were several degrees warmer than the present during each of the
past four interglacial periods, even though CO2 levels were lower. He implies that
throughout this period, changes in CO2 levels preceded and largely caused changes in
global temperature, whereas CO2 changes generally followed global temperature
changes by hundreds to thousands of years (Lewis, p. 2, 25).
Gore claims that CO2 concentrations in the Holocene (the period since the last ice age)
never rose above 300 ppm in pre-industrial times, and that the current level (380 ppm)
is far above the range of natural variability. However, proxy data indicate that, in the
early Holocene, CO2 levels exceeded 330 ppm for centuries and reached 348 ppm
(Lewis, p. 26).
Gore assumes that rising CO2 levels are responsible for recent rising temperatures and
declining sea ice in the Arctic, whereas both are within the range of natural variability.
He fails to mention that arctic temperatures in the 1930s equalled or exceeded those of
the late 20th century, that the rate of warming during the earlier decade was 50%
higher, and that the Arctic during the early- to mid-Holocene was significantly warmer
than today (Murray 2006).
He warns that meltwater from Greenland could disrupt the Atlantic thermohaline
circulation (the ocean conveyor belt that, along with the Gulf Stream, keeps Europe
relatively warm in wintertime). This is based on research indicating that a major
disruption occurred 8200 years ago when a giant ice dam burst in North America,
allowing two lakes to drain rapidly into the sea. He forgets to mention that the lakes
injected more than 100,000 cubic kilometres of freshwater into the sea, whereas
Greenland ice melt contributes just a few hundred cubic kilometres a year (Lewis, p.
102-3).
Gore claims that global warming endangers polar bears even though polar bear
populations are increasing in Arctic areas where it is warming and declining in Arctic

areas where it is cooling. He states that polar bears have been drowning in significant
numbers based on a report that four drowned polar bears were found in one month in
one year, following an abrupt storm!
Gore portrays the collapse in 2002 of the Larson-B iceshelf a formation the size of
Rhode Island as a harbinger of doom. For comparison, the Larson-B was 1/180th the
size of Texas and 1/246th the size of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Small areas of the
Antarctic Peninsula, where the iceshelf was situated, also broke up in earlier times. But
according to a forthcoming report from the IPCC, climate models based on
anthropogenic forcing cannot explain the anomalous warming of the Antarctic Peninsula
(Murray 2006). The recent temperature increase in this part of Antarctica may be due to
a small change in the position of low pressure systems. Although Gore gives the
impression that all of Antarctica is losing ice mass, from 1992 to 2003 the East Antarctic
Ice Sheet gained mass (from snow accumulation) faster than the western ice sheet lost
mass, yielding a net increase in Antarctic ice (David et al., 2005).
Lewis writes:
[Gore cites] Turner et al. (2006), who found a 0.5C to 0.7C per decade
wintertime warming trend in the mid-troposphere above Antarctica, as
measured by weather balloons, but neglects to mention that Turner et al.
found much less warming about 0.15C/decade at the Antarctic surface,
or that NASA satellites, which also measure troposphere temperatures,
show a 0.12C/decade Antarctic cooling trend since November 1978. (p. 98)
Gore manages to blame anthropogenic global warming for each and every negative
climate event. An example is the European heat wave of 2003 but this is generally
attributed to an atmospheric pressure anomaly, not global warming. Gore exaggerates
the link between global warming and the frequency and severity of tropical storms. Even
the IPCC admits that storm intensity and frequency are dominated by interdecadal and
multidecadal variations, and that no significant trends are evident over the 20th century.
Gore automatically assumes that retreating glaciers are evidence of anthropogenic
global warming. But things are not so simple: many glaciers have been retreating since
the Little Ice Age, long before any increase in man-made greenhouse gases, while
others have been static or are advancing. Despite the warming, the worlds two major
icecaps appear to be stable, and there is no compelling evidence that modern glacial
changes fall outside natural climate variability.
Gore cites the shrinking snows of Kilimanjaro as an illustration of the havoc wrought by
global warming. But Kilimanjaros glacier began to recede around 1880, well before the
modern era of greenhouse warming. Moreover, the Kilimanjaro glacier has retreated in
periods of both global warming and cooling and even in a period of regional cooling.
The strong recession of all glaciers in equatorial East Africa in modern times seems to
be caused mainly by reduced precipitation and increased shortwave radiation due to
decreases in cloudiness (Lewis, p. 7).
The number of floods has been increasing, but so have the reporting and recording of
floods. For Gore, flood damage data are clear evidence of a global-warming ravaged
planet. For instance, he blames global warming for severe floods in Chinas Sichuan
and Shandong provinces in 2003, even though far more damaging floods struck those

areas in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Gore blames global warming for the disappearance of Lake Chad, a disaster more likely
stemming from a combination of regional climate variability, population increase, and
overgrazing. He claims global warming is drying out soils all over the world, whereas
evaporation studies indicate that the earths surface is generally becoming wetter. He
warns that global warming is destroying coral reefs, even though todays main reef
builders evolved and thrived during the Mesozoic, when temperatures and CO2 levels
were far higher than today (Lewis, p. 102-3).
Gore blames global warming for the resurgence of malaria in Kenya, even though
several studies found no climate link and attribute the problem to decreased spraying of
homes with DDT, anti-malarial drug resistance, and incompetent public health
programmes. In The Lancet (June 2004) nine leading malariologists criticized models
linking global warming to increased malaria as misleading and displaying a lack of
knowledge (Murray, 2006). Gore insinuates that global warming is a factor in the
emergence of some 30 new diseases over the last three decades, but cites no
supporting research or evidence.
Sea level has risen by over 120 metres since the end of the last ice age. During the last
century it rose by about 18 cm and showed no sign of accelerating. If present trends
continue, it will rise by about 31 cm (about one foot) by 2100 (Lewis, p. 72). The IPCC
(2001) projects a sea level rise of 9 to 88 cm for 1990-2100, mainly due to thermal
expansion and loss of mass from glaciers and ice caps. However, in its forthcoming
2007 report it reduces the expected rise to between 14 and 43 cm.
But none of this is scary or gory enough for Gore, who creates the impression that sea
levels could rise by 20 feet (6 metres) within our own lifetime! He presents 10 pages of
before-and-after photographs showing what 20 feet of sea level rise would do to the
worlds major coastal communities. Lewis comments:
There is no credible evidence of an impending collapse of the great ice
sheets. We do have fairly good data on ice mass balance changes and their
effects on sea level. Zwally et al. (2005) found a combined
Greenland/Antarctica ice-loss-sea-level-rise equivalent of 0.05 mm per year
during 1992-2002. At that rate it would take a full millennium to raise sea
level by just 5 cm. (p. 104)
Gore cites the Polynesian island of Tuvalu as a place where rising sea levels are forcing
residents to flee their homes. In reality, sea levels at Tuvalu fell during the latter half of
the 20th century and even during the 1990s, allegedly the warmest decade of the
millennium (Lewis, p. 105). Alarmists also like to claim that the Maldives in the Indian
Ocean are about to disappear beneath the ocean waves. But a study in 2004 found that
the sea level there had been falling for the last 30 years (Van der Lingen, 2005).
Further warming could in fact slow down rather than accelerate the ongoing rise in sea
levels: Modest warming of the Earth would increase evaporation from the oceans,
leading to increased deposition of snow on the polar ice caps, principally in the
Antarctic. ... During the strong warming episode of 1920-1940, sea-level rise did not
accelerate but actually stopped (De Freitas, 2003, p. 9).

Gore claimed in an interview that the debate in the scientific community is over. But
when confronted with the fact that the best estimates of rising sea levels are far less
dire than he suggests in his movie, he asserted that scientists dont have any models
that give them a high level of confidence, and tried to defend his idiotic claims by saying
that scientists just dont know (Lindzen, 2006).
Gore includes a quotation from Churchill about the era of half-measures and delays
coming to a close. But Iain Murray advises him to read what Churchill said when he was
asked what qualities a politician requires: The ability to foretell what is going to happen
tomorrow, next week, next month and next year. And to have the ability afterwards to
explain why it didnt happen.

8. New science and technology

The experimentally-grounded aether-science model known as aetherometry, developed
by Paulo and Alexandra Correa, has identified fundamental deficiencies not only in
mainstream physics, chemistry, and biology, but also in meteorology and climatology.
What official science lacks above all is any understanding of the world of the aether,
which interpenetrates and largely generates and sustains our physical world of matter.
One of aetherometrys key insights is that the sun does not emit electromagnetic
radiation that then travels through space and is absorbed or reflected in the earths
atmosphere or by its surface. What the sun emits is aetheric (massfree) electric
radiation. Aetherometry sees this electric radiation, whose spectrum it has identified, as
one of the two primary components of the aether. It is ambipolar (whereas massbound
charges such as electrons and protons are monopolar), propagates as longitudinal
waves (whereas electromagnetic radiation consists of transverse waves), and is not
limited to the speed of light.
Photons are considered to be transient, locally-produced vortices of aether; ionizing
photons result from the decay of elements of matter, whereas nonionizing (blackbody)
photons are generated when matter particles decelerate and shed the kinetic energy
gained from interaction with aetheric electric radiation. The local production of photons
has been established experimentally and is confirmed by some of the Correas aetherenergy technologies.
Another key insight is that heat comprises more than just sensible heat which takes
the form of either molecular motion or thermal (infrared) electromagnetic radiation.
According to aetherometry, the second main component of the aether is latent energy:
nonelectric energy with antigravitic properties, associated with the molecules of matter
and their phase states. It is loosely known to chemists and meteorologists as latent
heat, but its true nature remains unexplained by conventional science. The Correas
write:
even though meteorologists are taught that most of the atmospheric energy
budget exists only in the form of latent heat, there is no adequate physics or
physical understanding of the circulation and key role of this latent form of
energy in the atmosphere, nor a real understanding of the energy
conversions into and from it. All arguments are reduced to radiative

treatments of electromagnetic energy, plus the mechanics of the movements

of cold and hot air masses. (Correa & Correa, 2005)
Orthodox science lacks a proper understanding of atmospheric cycles:
Earth climate is inextricably linked to the fundamental allotropic cycle of gas
substrates that constantly regenerates the atmosphere, and in which water
and oxygen play a privileged role. But climate modelers and global warming
acolytes make parameters such as ozone or CO2 concentrations into endpoint references, disregarding the complexity of such interlinked processes.
... Ozone is not an end point, but a stage in the oxygen cycle, and cycles
exist exactly so that systems may self-regulate via negative feedback. (ibid.)
The most fundamental atmospheric cycle is the cycle of water, oxygen, and ozone. It is
noteworthy that official science has never managed to balance the energy budget
(enthalpy) of this cycle. This is one more proof of how far meteorology and climatology
are from grasping their subject. The Correas (2001) were the first to publish a solution
to this problem, showing that the formation of oxygen and water requires the creation of
electrons and photons from aether energy, and that it is through this process that the
bulk of solar energy is transformed into blue light and infrared photons, i.e. radiant
sensible heat. They write:
most such radiant sensible heat is generated as blue light and IR photons,
not by CO2 or water vapour, but by the atmospheric cycle that forms oxygen
from ozone together with the formation of water from atomic oxygen, protons
and electrons. The joint formation of oxygen and water are the main natural
processes releasing heat in the atmosphere. (Correa & Correa, 2005)
The main energy reservoirs are the oceans, as land surfaces cannot hold energy for
long periods, but it is a great mystery to oceanographers and climatologists how the
oceans absorb solar radiation and store it as latent heat. The question of latent heat is
also crucial to understanding processes involving water vapour:
How it forms noncovalent bonds with other molecules, how it rises in the
atmosphere as a function of its latent heat content, how it stores this latent
heat in its phase state, how its latent heat content is trapped in the formation
of clouds all these basic questions have been insufficiently explored to be
understood or incorporated into general climatological models. (ibid.)
The Correas argue that the myth of anthropogenic global warming is based on a lack of
understanding of natural decadal, supradecadal, and intradecadal oscillations (not
trends) in the temperature and chemical composition of the atmosphere.
These oscillations reflect a complex interplay between various natural
factors and their fluctuation, most prominent among which are solar
radiation, atmospheric latent heat, atmospheric electricity and geothermal
energy. Without a serious physical and chemical grasp of these natural
factors, there is little hope that one can isolate the climatic and
meteorological impact of man-made actions deforestation, urbanization,
pollution, warming and cooling. (ibid.)

One of the great myths of media geoscience is that stratospheric ozone protects the
earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. The Correas say that enthalpy
balance and a painstaking analysis of energy and radiation shows that, in fact, ozone
does not absorb harmful UV. Rather, it emits near-UV upon its formation from oxygen.
Once formed, it can absorb near-UV radiation, but this radiation is emitted locally from
free electrons, and does not come from the sun. To say that stratospheric ozone over
Antarctica has decreased over a given period is not proof of anything, as it could be due
to reactions with pollutants or to variations in solar ambipolar radiation.
[C]laims of a hole in the Antarctica ozone and consequent increased
melanoma risk of skin exposure, etc, ... are only further instances of mediadriven alarmist faddism, senseless scientifically, but with plenty of logic when
it comes to the jobs of Antarctic climatologists, or the profits of media
empires and sunscreen industries. (ibid.)
As the Correas say, the atmosphere is far too complex a system, and too dependent on
the oceans, on geothermal energy and solar radiation, to be arbitrarily reduced to
processes driven by single causes, such as the emission of carbon dioxide, or even the
production of greenhouse gases . The main effect of man-made pollution, they say, is
not global warming but a complex alteration of atmospheric chemistry and energy
conversion processes, little of which is being investigated. As a result, the role of CO2 in
warming the atmosphere has been overestimated.
They conclude:
Until a comprehensive account of all forms of sensible heat (radiant and
convective), latent heat (of state, as internal energy or noncovalent) and
electric energy (massbound kinetic energy and massfree radiation) is made,
there will be no science of weather and climate, no meteorology or
climatology that can claim to be a science and is able to predict climate
change and hurricane paths. Until then, it will remain what it is a media
spectacle of pseudoscientists in the pay of the State and corporate interests,
an Official pseudo-Science. (ibid.)
A more accurate understanding of the climate system will therefore require new science.
But there is also a need for new technologies. If the use of oil, coal, and gas for
producing energy is reduced, other energy sources will have to be found. There is
considerable controversy on the extent to which nuclear power and/or renewable
energy sources (e.g. wind power and solar power) could or should contribute to meeting
world energy needs.
Yet there is an infinite source of completely clean energy available the aether. Since
the second half of the 19th century, several researchers have developed free-energy
devices of one type or another, which tap energy from the aether (Tutt, 2001; Mallove,
2001). Key pioneers in this field include Nikola Tesla and Wilhelm Reich, whose work
has been taken further in recent decades by the Correas. Intriguing results have also
been obtained by, among others, Peter and Neal Graneau (extraction of energy from
water arc explosions), Randell Mills (extraction of energy from collapsed hydrogen, or
hydrinos), and various researchers in the field of low-energy nuclear reactions, or cold
fusion.

The Correas have developed three power generation technologies: the patented Pulsed
Abnormal Glow Discharge (PAGD) electricity-generating reactors; the HYBORAC solar
and atmospheric energy converter, which taps the latent heat of metal enclosures
(orgone accumulators, or ORACs); and the patented aether motor (an improvement of
Reichs orgone motor), which extracts massfree energy from ORACs, living beings, the
ground, vacuums, and atmospheric antennas (Correa & Correa, 2006). Whether any
investors are far-sighted enough to back the development and commercialization of
these revolutionary technologies remains to be seen.

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Websites
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CO2science.org
pielkeclimatesci.wordpress.com (Roger Pielke Sr.)
junkscience.com (Steve Milloy)
worldclimatereport.com
drroyspencer.com (Roy Spencer)
climate-skeptic.com (Warren Meyer)
bobtisdale.blogspot.com
rankexploits.com (Lucia Liljegren)

climatescienceinternational.org
climate4you.com (Ole Humlum)
ilovecarbondioxide.com
jennifermarohasy.com
surfacestations.org
appinsys.com/globalwarming (Alan Cheetham)
globalwarmingheartland.org
warwickhughes.com/blog
warwickhughes.com
ross.mckitrick.googlepages.com
globalwarminghysteria.com
meteo.lcd.lu (Global Warming Skeptic)
friendsofscience.org
lavoisier.com.au
climategate.nl
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