University of Stirling

P h . D. U n i v e r s i t y o f
Manchester

Fulbright Student Scholarship

ABC-CLIO, Inc.

One Asia Foundation Scholarship

20142012

Distinction

2015
2016

90%

2015
100
185.9
275

-i-

-ii-

-iii-

-iv-

-v-

-vi-

-vii-

-viii-

iv

vii

001

1.1 -

002

1.2 -

003

1.3 -

008

011

2.1 -

011

2.2 -

013

2.3 -

018

2.4 -

024

2.5 -

029

031

3.1 -

031

3.2 -

036

3.3 -

039

3.4 -

045

3.5 -

046

3.6 -

049

050

4.1 -

052

4.2 -

059

4.3 -

071

4.4 -

074

4.5 -

078

080

5.1 -

081

5.2 -

091

5.3 -

098

5.4 -

105

5.5 -

108

109

6.1 -

109

6.2 -

114

6.3 -

118

121

7.1 - Zoroastrianism

121

7.2 - Judaism

126

7.3 - Hinduism

133

7.4 - Sikhism

139

7.5 -

144

161

170

Samuel
Huntington1993clash
of civilizations

2001
9112015
Charlie Hebdo

communal violence
hate crime

-001-

9112001911
Osama bin Laden
Al-Qaeda
3,000

Charlie Hebdo20151

Muhammad

1.1 -

-002-

1.2 -
religion
religio

-003-

1.2.1 -
Ninian Smart
1927-20011998
Seven Dimensions of Religion

practical and ritual

dimension

experiential and
emotional dimension

mysticism

-004-

narrativemythic
dimension

d o c t r i n a l a n d
philosophical dimension

ethical and legal

dimension

social and institutional

dimensionreligioussocialization

-005-

material dimension

1.2.2 -

monotheism

-006-

--

f o l k
religion

-007-

animism

totemismpolytheism

1.3 -

-008-

sect

116
-009-

ZoroastrianParsi
Parsee

Jew

American Jew

Chinese Christian
Chinese Muslim

-010-

-
2.1 -

-011-

142419

-012-

2.2 -

2.2.1 -

-013-

1958

2.2.2 -

-014-

1946

1947

1960

-015-

19491950
1972
1977
1992

1946

1965

2016

-016-

-017-

2.3 -

11924

-018-

194570

1949

1951

1947

1950
195760

-019-

1971-1982

3
19681982
1979

-
2006182-196

-020-

http://www.
daoist.org/ccta/ccta.htm201621

http://
www.yuenyuensocialservice.org.hk/web/index.php
201621
4

-021-

121-155
37-40
-022-

2010
2010-2017

-023-

2.4 -

100300

-024-

-025-

2002

1978
-026-

1991

1996
1998

7
YouTube
-027-

http://zh.daoinfo.org/w/index.
php?title=Portal:%E9%81%93%E6%95%99%E8%97%9D%E8
%A1%93&variant=zh-hant201621
-028-

2.5 -

-029-

-030-

3.1 -
10
11

10

11
-031-

-032-

-033-

-034-

-035-

DHYANA

3.2 -

12
12
-036-

13

14

15

13

14
15

-037-

-038-

3.3 -

-039-

18831906

26

1918

1930

16 - 1945-1960

16

1942

-040-

1945
193219471924
1949
1945

59
1945
1957

(1950)
- 1960-1980

19451945

-041-

1960

17
18

1950
1416

171962
19641966
1967
1963
18

-042-

1970

1966
1970

1977
19731976
78
1976

-043-

- 1980

1995
1996

1999

19
19
http://www.hksyu.
edu/bepp/
-044-

3.4 -

20

2019
-045-

mindful nations

3.5 -

-046-

2015100

21

21

http://www.hksyu.edu/bepp/

20151015
http://news.mingpao.com/pns/dailynews/web_tc/
article/20151015/s00001/14448454393862016
221
-047-

-048-

3.6 -

-049-

-
Christianity

Jesus ChristChristian
Christ

Abrahamic faiths
Abrahamic religions
29

CatholicismEastern Orthodoxy
Protestantism()

Bible
Old Testament
-050-

N e w Te s t a m e n t

Messiah

4
Joseph
Virgin Mary
St. Mary

26
John the Baptist

Early Church29
22
22

33
2933

-051-

The Way

4.1 -

73778166
27
243923
Canon
deuterocanonical
books
46397
23
-052-

5054391115

Canon Law

4.1.1 -

GodLord
Yahowah
JehovahAllah

Trinity
of Divinity
392
395

1054
1517

Reformation1517-1648

-053-

Filioque

-054-

grace

Original Sin

Adam

Immaculate conception

-055-

Golden Rule
Laws of
Moses

-056-

4.1.2 -

The Lords
PrayersThe Apostles Creed

B a p t i s m
Confirmation
Eucharist
-057-

Penance
Holy Orders

MatrimonyMarriage
Extreme unction

1225
1
50

-058-

4.2 -

4.2.1 -

- 1842-1950

-059-

24
1865

25
1915

1954

24

251943

-060-

1909
1921
- 1950-1970

50
1955188
196234410

50

50

1952195426
26
1952:
1967
-061-

- 1970-1997

1970

1974462314

27
1976

1954

27Cell Church

CCN
-062-

28
29

CCN

28

John Wimber
Anaheim

29

-063-

141

30

30

2003

-064-

31

4.2.2 -

1600

32

- 1841-1945
1841

31

32
513
48
48

-065-

1847

18451892

1843
1852

1921

- 1945-1960

-066-

33

1946
1957
34
- 1960-1980

1962

33

34

-067-

1951430001967
2419866.2%

35

1969

1970

- 1980-1996

199636
35

361981263,405564874
-068-

32914

37

199195

- 1997-

242,491609562
4425
37

-069-

1997
()
2009
30353,0002015
384,00051
21
2000

2007

-070-

4.3 -

1313

-071-

70

2000

-072-

198360%

-073-

2005
2006

4.4 -

-074-

38

39

40

38

39

40

-075-

41

41

-076-

2009

21

-077-

42

4.5 -

42

-078-

http://www.chineseapologetics.net/cults/cult_definition.htm

http://ccbiblestudy.net/Topics/85Discern/85index-T.htm

h t t p : / / l r i p . o rg / c f t f c / ? pa g e _ i d = 6 5 5

http://lrip.org/cftfc/?page_id=607
-079-

-
Islam
MuslimMoslem

1622%
2050

Sunni
ShiaShiite85%

Muhammad
570-632Mecca

25

-080-

Kaaba350
Black Stone610
Mount Hira
Night Journey
Gabriel

Allah

22
63262

5.1 -

610632

-081-

622
Yathrib630

622Anno
Hegirae, A.H.
Medina
Medina
Charter

630
10,000

632

632661caliph

Ali ibn Abi

-082-

Talib

632661

Abu Bakr
632-634
QuranKoran
Uthman ibn Affan
644-656

66113

Umayyad Dynasty661-750

Abbasid
-083-

Dynasty750-1258

Fatimid Dynasty
909-1171
909

Hadith
Sharia

12

11

-084-

Seljuk Turks
Seljuk Empire1037-1194
1171
Mamluk
Dynasty1171-15171258

13

1113

Byzantine
Empire330-1453
8

Reconquista700
1492

1095Crusade

-085-

200

1318

Ottoman
Empire1299-1923
145316

1683

Mongol Empire
1206-1368Timurid Empire
1370-1507
1500

Safavid Empire15011736

-086-

Mughal Empire1526-1857

191945

1914-1918
1800

16
1500

-087-

1858

1945
1917

1922-1991
1940

1923-

-088-

116

1945

1945
1939-1945
1947

1960

1948

-089-

1991
90%

1969
Organization of Islamic Cooperation, OIC
57

Al-QaedaISIS

19781979
Ayatollah Mousavi
Khomeini

-090-

19251979

Osama bin Laden

2001911
20159

5.2 -
114

-091-

islam
iman

ihsan

Six Main
BeliefsSix Articles of Faith

-092-

2425

-093-

Five Pillars of Islam

Shahada

There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is

his messenger.

Salah

-094-

Zakah
2.5%

Sawn

Hajj
12812

Jihad

-095-

halal

haram

-096-

-097-

5.3 -

2730200
14

10012010

5.3.1 -
1841
8
1271-1368

18
1947

East India Company

-098-

Jardine, Matheson & Company

1841

1947

local boys
1980

-099-

1990

Seth Ebrahim
Noordin

18411
1842
Abdoolally Ebrahim & Co. HK Ltd.
20
19461949
1819

1970

1980

-100-

2006

19

5.3.2 -

-101-

Incorporated Trustees of the Islamic

Community Fund of Hong Kong
18501970

20
Islamic Union of
Hong KongPakistan Association
of Hong KongHong Kong
Dawoodi Bohra Association
Seth Ebrahim Noordin
Indian Muslim Association of Hong Kong

1849
1896
19311963

-102-

1981
18701963

25,00019171922

1978

1949-

1953
1982
-103-

United Muslim Association of Hong

Kong

1973-Pakistani Students
Association Hong Kong

2003
Serving Islam Team-HK
2009

20132015

-104-

2014

AAA

5.4 -

2001911

Islamophobia

-105-

2015

1990
-106-

2006

-107-

5.5 -

-108-

6.1 -

-109-

6.1.1 -

-110-

6.1.2 -

-111-

6.1.3 -

James
-112-

HsuThe Written Word in Ancient China

6.1.4 -

BUDDHA
BUDDHA

-113-

6.1.5 -

6.2 -

-114-

6.2.1 -

Edward B. Tylor, 1832-1917

Animism

-115-

-116-

-117-

6.3 -

551

-118-

2014

-119-

-120-

7.1 -
Zoroastrianism

Zoroaster2013
194,000
71,000
69,00017,800
Abrahamic
faiths

166
30
-121-

57
7

Parsee
Parsi
Zoroastrian

Avesta

Yasna, Ys.72
17Gatha

-122-

Ahura Mazda
Wise Lord

Vohu Manah
43 Asha Vahishta
Kshatra Vair ya
Armaiti
H a u r a v a t a t
Ameretat

Spenta Mainyu
Angra
MainyuAhriman

43Good mind

-123-

Mithra
Chinvat Bridge

sadrekusti

-124-

7
1172
72

Humata, Hukhta, Hvarshta

good thoughts, good words, good deeds
good religion
good mind

-125-

7.2 -
Judaism
6%
Abrahamic
Faiths

-126-

anti-Semitism

20001750
Ur
75Abraham

Promised Land of Canaan

Israel
11

1948514
JudaismJew

Ancient

-127-

Israelites
ethno-religious

O r t h o d o x
Judaism

Reform JudaismProgressive
JudaismLiberal Judaism

Conservative
Judaism

Ta n a k h H e b r e w
BibleTalmud
24Torah
-128-

613

571rabbi

YHWHYahweh
YahowahJehovah

Moses

Satan

-129-

Messiah

Ten Commandments

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

-130-

.
.

Adonai
G-dG*dGod
Yahweh

ShemaBirkat
Ha-Mazon

kippahtallit
tefillin

Sabbath

-131-

synagogue

Star of David

13

kashrut
kosher
food

-132-

7.3 -
Hinduism

14%

River Indus
Civilization33001300
Vedic Civilization1500
500

Sruti

-133-

Veda
1,017Rig Veda
Book of Manta
M a n t r a
Brahmana
A r a n y a k a s
Upanishads

Smriti
Bhagavad Gita
Laws of Manu18
Purana

Brahman

Ultimate RealityWorld
Soul
atman
Trimurti
-134-

BrahmaVishnu
Shiva330

5Gautama
Buddha

samsara
karma

moksha

caste system

-135-

Brahmin
Kshatriya
Vaishya

Shudra

Dalit
untouchable

dharmayoga

Sanatana dharma
Varnashrama
dharma

-136-

Sadharana dharma

jnana
yogabhakti yoga

karma yoga
Hindu

-137-

Dvija

720

2050

-138-

7.4 -
Sikhism
15
200

0.36%90%

Nanak Dev Ji1469-1538

Guru Nanak
-139-

1499
Sikh

Guru Gobind Singh1675-1708

Adi Granth

Guru Granth Sahib

Sahijdhari
SinghLion
Khalsa1699

Brotherhood of the Pure

Singh
Kaur

-140-

5,80036

True Name

- -
karma

Five Thieves
Five EvilsFive Vices
Five
VirtuesFive Weapons

-141-

Three
Golden RulesThree Pillars of Sikhism
naam japnakirat karowand
ke chhako

-142-

gurdwara

turban
chiffon

Five Articles of Faith

K
5Kkesh

kangha

kara

kachera
-143-

kirpan

7.5 -

2505,00041
1%

-144-

7.5.1 -

1841

18

East India Company160018581834

Jardine, Matheson & Company

-145-

SassoonKadoorie

1841

1844

Phallanjee
18411842

ModyKotewallBisney
Ruttonjee
Belilios

1940

-146-

1945

19
1946-1949

1947

1971

1947

-147-

1979

1948
Gurkhas
1960

1980

-148-

1880

1940

1960

1978

1882601968200
19972,50020155,000

1992

7.5.2 -

-149-

1980

1850

1900
1 9 8 0
1901
Ohel
Leah Synagogue
Modern Orthodox Judaism
Ohel Leah Synagogue
CharityIncorporated Trustees of the
Jewish Community of Hong Kong1904
Jewish
Recreation Club1995
Jewish Community Centre

-150-

1980

Chabad-Lubavitch
United Jewish Congregation of Hong Kong

1985

1969
1991

Zionism

-151-

1988

1995

Incorporated Trustees of the Zoroastrian

Charity Funds of Hongkong, Canton and Macau
1822

ZoroastrianBuilding1921

1852

Khalsa Diwan Sikh

Temple1901

-152-

1880

201949
The Hindu Association
1952

1960

Hong Kong
Nepal Hindu Association20

-153-

7.5.3 -

1949

19561967

-154-

18611865

18801891

1860

-155-

Dorabjee Naorojee
Mithaiwaka1880

18901891

1911

1887
Alice Memorial Hospital

1940
1949

-156-

1947Hong
Kong Jewish Womens Association

1951

1956

-157-

7.5.4 -

-158-

2007
Hong Kong Heritage Project

-159-

44

44Chen, Li,
Cooper Corey, & Bettinazzi, Gabriele. (Dec. 14, 2013). Hong Kong
Sikhs discuss faith, discrimination. West HK stories. Video clip.
http://courses.jmsc.hku.hk/mjonline/hong-kong-sikhs-discuss-faith
-discrimination/
-160-

-
1841

1841

19

1947

-161-

20

1941-1945
1946-1949
1949
1958-1961
1966-1976

1947

-162-

1960

1970

1980

1990

21

-163-

1976

383
19916199771

-164-

23%

-165-

1978

45

45

-166-

911

911

Muhammad Arshad
Asher Oser
46

1904-1907

46Lee, Danny (Feb. 8, 2015). Muslims and Jewish

Leaders in Hong Kong bridge a difficult divide. South China
Morning Post. http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/
article/1706321/muslim-and-jewish-leaders-hong-kongbridge-difficult-divide
-167-

Oamar Minhas

47

911

47 Heaver, Stuart (2014, February 15). Peace be with you:

175 years of Islam in Hong Kong. Post Magazine. Retrieved
from http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/
article/1710695/peace-be-you-175-years-islam-hong-kong
-168-

-169-

Brodd, J. (2003). World religions: a voyage of discovery. 2d. ed.

Winona: St. Martins Press.
Fish, M.P. (2013). Living religions. 9th ed.Upper Saddle River:
Pearson.
Forward, M. (2001). Religion: a beginners guide. Oxford:
Oneworld.
Hopfe, L.M., Hendrickson, B.R. & Hendrickson, B. (2015). Religions of the world. 13th ed. Boston: Pearson.
Huntington, S.P. (1993). The clash of civilizations? Foreign Affairs, 72(Summer), 22-49.
Nigosian, S.A. (2008). World religions: a historical approach.
Boston: Bedford/St. Martins.
Pew-Templeton. Global religion futures project. http://www.
globalreligiousfutures.org/
Prophet Mohammed cartoons controversy: timeline (2015,
May 4). The Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.
co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11341599/Prophet-Muhammad-cartoons-controversy-timeline.html
Smart, N. (1998). The worlds religions. 2d ed. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.

-170-

(1988). . .

Berger, P.L. (1969). The Sacred Canopy. New York: Doubleday.

. (1996). . : .
. (2014). .
, 27.
. (1989). . : .
. (2011). - . :
.
2002.

2006-. .
. (2010). . : .
. (2010). . : .
. (1990). . :
.
. (1990). . In
, (pp. 29-34). : .
. (2009, 12 30). . Retrieved
from : http://zh.daoinfo.org/
wiki/Portal:%E5%AE%AE%E8%A7%80

-171-

. (1976). . : .
. (2007). . :
.
. (2006, 1 4).
. Retrieved from : http://
www.cuhk.edu.hk/cpr/pressrelease/060104c.htm
. (2014). . :
.
. (2016, 1). . Retrieved 1 21, 2016, from
: http://www.hktaoist.org.hk/index.php?id=112
. (2004). . :
.
. (2002). . , (pp. 81106). : ().
. (2007). : . :
.
. (2010). .
: .

. ( 2014). .: .
. (2008). .: .
. (1993). .: .
-172-

. (1998). .: .
. (1988). .: .
. (2003). . :.
. (2010, 7 28).
. Retrieved from : http://www.
book853.com/show.aspx?id=198&cid=167&page=6
. (2010, 7 28).
. Retrieved from : http://www.book853.
com/show.aspx?id=198&cid=167&page=14
. ..
. (1999, 1). . Retrieved from
: http://www.hkbuddhist.org/index.html
. (2004). .:
.
. ..
. (1997). .: .
. (1991). .: .
. (2009). .: .
. (2015). .: .
. (2007).

-173-

.
. (1996). .:
.
. (n.d.). . Retrieved 2 2016, from :
http://www.pokok.edu.hk/Joomla/index.php/2014-11-1200-56-36/2014-11-14-05-32-48
. (20151031). . (
, )

Bentley, J.H. & Ziegier, H.F. (2011). Traditions and encounter: a

global perspective on the past. 5th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill
Education.
Holy See. (1965). (). 2016
220 Holy See: http://www.vatican.va/chinese/index.html
Hopfe, L.M., Hendrickson, B.R. & Hendrickson, B.(2015). Religions of the world. 13th ed. Boston: Pearson.
Long, D.S. (2010). Christian ethnics: a very short introduction.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Marshall, P. (2009). The reformation: a very short introduction.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nigosian, S.A. (2008). World religions: a historical approach.
Boston: Bedford/St. Martins.
-174-

Norris, W.F. (2002). Christianity: a short global history. Oxford:

Oneworld.
OCollins, G. (2008). Catholicism: a very short introduction.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Parry, K. (ed.) (2007). The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity. Malden: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Spielvogel, J.J. (2013). Western civilization: a brief history. 8th
ed. Wadsworth Publishing.
Woodhead, L. (2004). Christianity: a very short introduction.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
. (200298). . 20162
20 : http://www.catholic.
org.hk/synod/synodindex.html
. (2016222).
. 2016223 : http://archives.
catholic.org.hk/Statistic/ST-Index.htm
. (2008). .
, 124-130.
. (2006) . 2006121
: http://christiantimes.org.hk/Common/Reader/News/
ShowNews.jsp?Nid=38257&Pid=6&Version=0&Cid=150
. (2015822). .
(, )

-175-

. (1987). . : .
. (2012). . : .
. (2002). .
, ( 316-337). : .
. (1990 ). . : .
. (201278). .
: http://www.christianweekly.net/2012/ta2018022.
htm
. (20151211). .
: http://www.hkchurch.org/#!
/c1zo4/566a42d70cf2beecdd82c6fd
. (2016). . 2016213
: http://www.catholic.org.hk/v2/b5/
cdhk/a07chronology.html#3
. (20051). . 2016
223 : http://research.hkchurch.
org/1/sub/1_sub.htm
. (201525). 2014 .
2016223 : https://hkchurch.
files.wordpress.com/2015/02/201502062.pdf
. (2015830). .
(, )
. (2009). .

-176-

: .
. (2015725).
. (, )
. (2014225).
. : http://www.ct.org.
tw/1241386
. (1987).
. : .
. (20151026).
6000. : http://chinese.gospelherald.
com/articles/25500/20151026/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B7%BF%
E8%B1%90%E6%94%B6%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E5%B
A%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%A7%E5%B8%AB%E5%9B%9B
%E5%BA%A6%E6%B7%B1%E8%BA%B9%E8%BA%AC%E5
%90%916000%E6%9C%83%E7%9C%BE%E9%81%93%E6%
AD%89.htm
. (20121225). .
: https://chandoremi.wordpress.com/2012/12/25/1573/
. (2002). . , ( 369383). : .
. (). .
: http://www.ccbiblestudy.org/Topics/85Discern/85GT21.htm

-177-

. (2006125). . 20151218
:
http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/theology/ccs/newsletter/Newsletter_1st_b.pdf
. (2013129). /
. : http://www.chinesetheology.com/EasternLightning.htm
. (2002). .
: .
. (2015514). .
: http://faith100.org/%E8%A3%BD%E9%80%A0%E5%81
%87%E7%A5%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F%
E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8/16220
. (). . : http://
christiantimes.org.hk/Common/Reader/News/ShowNews.
jsp?Nid=78580&Pid=6&Version=0&Cid=150&Charset=big5_hkscs
. (2012). . : .
. (2000). . : .
. (201484). .
: http://hk .apple.nextmedia.com/news/
art/20140804/18821315
. (201546).
2050. Internation Business Times: http://

-178-

trad.ibtimes.com.cn/articles/43877/20150406/163135.htm

Abdoolally Ebrahim Group. http://www.abdoolally.com/index.

php?target=home&mode=main&lang=en
Armstrong, K. (2002). Islam: a short history. New York: Modern
Library, Random House Publishing Group.
Bentley, J.H. & Ziegier, H.F. (2011). Traditions and encounter: a
global perspective on the past. 5th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill
Education.
Demant, P.R. (2006). Islam vs. Islamism: the dilemma of the
Muslim world. Westport: Praeger Publishers.
El-Najjar, H. (May 21, 2007). Three Levels of Faith: Islam, Iman,
and Ihsan. Al-Jazeerah. http://www.aljazeerah.info/Islamic%20Editorials/2007/May/Three%20Levels%20of%20
Faith%20Islam,%20Iman,%20and%20Ihsan%20By%20Hassan%20El-Najjar.htm
Eri, J.N., & Leung, L.Y. (2014). Understanding South Asian Minorities in Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press.
Heaver, S. (2014, February 15). Peace be with you: 175 years
of Islam in Hong Kong. Post Magazine. Retrieved from
http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1710695/peace-be-you-175-years-islam-hong-kong
Ho, W.Y. (2013). Islam and Chinas Hong Kong: Ethnic identity,
Muslim networks and the new Silk Road. London: Routledge.
-179-

Hopfe, L.M., Hendrickson, B.R. & Hendrickson, B.(2015). Religions of the world. 13th ed. Boston: Pearson.
Lewis, B. (1993). Islam and the West. New York: Oxford University Press.
Mspiration (April 5, 2013). The Hong Kong Iman: Sul a i m a n W a n g . h t t p s : / / m s p i r a t i o n . w o r d p r e s s .
com/2013/04/05/459/
Nigosian, S.A. (2008). World religions: a historical approach.
Boston: Bedford/St. Martins.
OConnor, P. (2012). Islam in Hong Kong: Muslims and everyday life in Chinas world city. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Pakistani Students Association Hong Kong. http://www.psa.
org.hk/
Pew Research Center (April 2, 2015). The future of world religions:
Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050. http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projections-2010-2050/
Plss, C. (2005). Migrants from India and their relations with
British and Chinese residents. In Chu, Cindy Yik-yi, ed. Foreign Communities in Hong Kong, 1840s-1950s. New York:
Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 155-170.
Serving Islam Team. http://www.servingislamteam.com/about.
php
Sonn, T. (2010). Islam: a brief history. 2d ed. West Sussex: Wi-180-

ley-Blackwell.
Spielvogel, J.J. (2013). Western civilization: a brief history. 8th
ed. Wadsworth Publishing.
The Arab Chamber of Commerce and Industry. http://www.
arabcci.org/home.htm
The Incorporated Trustees of the Islamic Community Fund of
Hong Kong. http://www.islamictrusthk.org/
The Islamic Union of Hong Kong. http://www.iuhk.org/index.
php/about-us/iuhk
The Malaysian Chamber of Commerce-Hong Kong & Macau.
http://www.mcchkm.com/
United Muslim Association of Hong Kong. http://www.umahhk.
com/
Vizcaino, B. (Dec. 10, 2014). Hong Kong works to keep Islamic finance momentum as firms balk. Reuters. http://www.
reuters.com/article/hongkong-islam-finance-idUSL6N0TU03K20141211
Yeung, M. (June 6, 2014). Backyard culture. China Daily Asia.
http://www.chinadailyasia.com/focus/2014-06/06/content_15138942.html
. http://www.cmcfa.com/
. http://www.islam.org.hk/e15/
. www.ica.org.hk/
-181-

. http://www.islamic.com.hk/
. http://www.hkiya.org.hk/chi/
. (2015). . http://www.gov.hk/tc/
about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/religion.pdf
. (20151013)..
. http://sanpoyan.journalism.hkbu.edu.hk/%E5%9C%A8%
E6%B8%AF%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E5%8F
%97%E6%AD%A7%E8%A6%96-%E9%85%8D%E5%A5%97
%E6%B3%95%E4%BE%8B%E5%9D%87%E4%B8%8D%E8%
B6%B3/
. (201595). . (, )

(n.d.). Retrieved from : http://www.confucianacademy.

com/load.php?link_id=27621#M_36233
(2013). Retrieved from 75 /2013 : http://
www.districtcouncils.gov.hk/wts/doc/2012_2015/common/
dc_meetings_doc/391/DC_M12_075.pdf
Berger, P.L. (1969). The Sacred Canopy. New York: Doubleday.
Hsu, J.C. (1996). The Written Word in Ancient China. Hong Kong:
Tan Hock Seng.
. (1962-1968). .
: .

-182-

. (1967). ().
. (1991). .: .
. (2004). .: .
. (2006). -. .
. (1987). ()().:
.
. (2003). .: .
. (1993). .: .
. (2009, 12 30). . Retrieved
from : http://zh.daoinfo.org/
wiki/Portal:%E5%AE%AE%E8%A7%80
. (2005, 2 14). . Retrieved 2 14,
2016, from : http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/
art/20050214/4660654
. (2010). .: .
. (2015). .: .
. (2004). .:
.
. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.gov.hk/tc/about/
abouthk/factsheets/docs/religion.pdf
. (2014). .:

-183-

.
. (2016, 1). . Retrieved 1 21, 2016, from
: http://www.hktaoist.org.hk/index.php?id=112
. (1986). .:
.
. (2015). . In
, (p. 384). : .

Bentley, J.H. & Ziegier, H.F. (2011). Traditions and encounter: a

global perspective on the past. 5th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill
Education.
Clothey, F.W. (2006). Religion in India: a historical introduction.
London: Routledge.
Eri, J.N., & Leung, L.Y. (2014). Understanding South Asian Minorities in Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press.
Grim, B.J., Johnson, T.M., Skirbekk, V. & Zurlo, G.A. (Eds.) Yearbook of international religious demography 2014. Leiden:
Brill.
Hopfe, L.M., Hendrickson, B.R. & Hendrickson, B.(2015). Religions of the world. 13th ed. Boston: Pearson.
Keezhangatta, J.J. (2008). Blue-collar Indians: imperceptible
yet important in Hong Kong. In Kesavapany, K., Mani, A. &
Ramasamy, R. Rising India and Indian communities in Asia,
-184-

pp. 207-228.
Nigosian, S.A. (2008). World religions: a historical approach.
Boston: Bedford/St. Martins.
Plss, C. (2005). Migrants from India and their relations with
British and Chinese residents. In Chu, Cindy Yik-yi, ed. Foreign Communities in Hong Kong, 1840s-1950s. New York:
Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 155-170.
Spielvogel, J.J. (2013). Western civilization: a brief history. 8th
ed. Wadsworth Publishing.
The Zubin Foundation (2015). The status of ethnic minorities
in Hong Kong, 1997-2014. http://www.zubinfoundation.org/
index.php/en/2013-12-27-07-21-21/2014-05-13-07-51-61
(2008). . .
. (2014). .
.
. (2013)...
. (2015). . http://www.gov.hk/tc/
about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/religion.pdf

Boyce, M. (1975-1991). A History of Zoroastrianism. (3 vols.)

Leiden: Brill.
Hertz R.P. (2009). Zoroastrianism. 3rded. New York: Chelsea
House Publishers.
-185-

Nigosian, N.A. (2003). The Zoroastrian faith: tradition and modern research. Montreal &Kington: McGill-Queens University Press.
Stausberg, M., & Vevaina, Y. S-D. (2015). The Wiley Blackwell
Companion to Zoroastrianism. Malden: John Wiley & Sons.
Stewart, S. Ed. The Everlasting Flame: Zoroastrianism in history
and imagination. London: I. B. Tauris.
The World Zorastrian Organization. https://www.w-z-o.org/default.aspx
Trivedi, A. (July 17, 2013). In Hong Kong, a Once Prominent
Parsi Community Faces Demise. Time. http://world.time.
com/2013/07/17/in-hong-kong-a-once-prominent-parsicommunity-faces-demise/
. (2006325). . http://www.hab.gov.hk/
file_manager/sc/documents/whats_new/from_the_desk_of_
secretary_for_home_affairs/shaarticles110_20060325_c.pdf

Atkinson, K. (2004). Judaism. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers.

Belilios Public School: http://www.belilios.edu.hk/
Camel School Association: http://www.carmel.edu.hk/
DeWolf, C. (Dec. 9, 2010). Judaism with a Hong Kong Flavour.
Urbanphoto. http://www.urbanphoto.net/blog/2010/12/09/

-186-

judaism-with-a-hong-kong-flavour/
Ginsberg, M. (Apr. 1, 2013). Discover Jewish Life in Hong
Kong. Jewish Business News. http://jewishbusinessnews.
com/2013/04/01/discover-jewish-life-in-hong-kong/
Lazarus, S. (Dec. 14, 2014). The role of Jews in the making of
Hong Kong. SCMP Post Magazine. http://www.scmp.com/
magazines/post-magazine/article/1661441/role-jews-making-hong-kong
Lyons, E. (Aug. 2011). The Jewish Community of Hong
Kong. Museum of the Jewish People. http://www.bh.org.il/
jewish-community-hong-kong/
Neusner, Jacob, & Avery-Peck, eds., (2003). The Blackwell Companion to Judaism. 2d ed. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
Ohel Leah Synagogue. http://ohelleah.org/ols/
Sir Ellis Kadoorie Primary School. http://www.sekps.edu.hk/
Sir Ellis Kadoorie Secondary School. http://www.seksswk.edu.
hk/
Solomon, N. (1996). Judaism: a very short introduction. Oxford:
Oxford Uniersity Press.
The United Jewish Congregation of Hong Kong. http://www.
ujc.org.hk/

Hazari, A. (Nov. 4, 2013). Hindu parents reflect on how to share

-187-

tenants of the faith with their children. South China Morning

Post. http://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/family-education/article/1347390/hindu-parents-reflect-how-share-tenets-faiththeir
Hindu Temple of Hong Kong. http://www.hinduassociationhk.
com/
Hong Kong Nepal Hindu Association. https://www.
f a c e b o o k . c o m / H o n g - Ko n g - N e pa l - H i n d u - A s s o c i a tion-1386604794908853/
Knott, K. (1998). Hinduism: a very short introduction. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Mitra-Thakur, S. (Nov. 3, 2013). Hong Kongs Hindus community celebrates Diwali, the festival of lights. South China
Morning Post. http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1346122/hong-kongs-hindu-community-celebrates-diwali-festival-lights
Wangu, M.B. (2009).Hinduism. 4th ed. Chelsea House Publishers.

Chen, L., Cooper C., & Bettinazzi, G. (Dec. 14, 2013). Hong Kong
Sikhs discuss faith, discrimination. West HK stories. Video clip.
http://courses.jmsc.hku.hk/mjonline/hong-kong-sikhs-discuss-faith-discrimination/
Khalsa Diwan (Hong Kong) Sikh Temple. http://www.khalsad-

-188-

iwan.com/index_topic.php?did=246688&didpath=/246688
Ma, S. (Jan. 26, 2007). Sikh community steeped in history. South
China Morning Post. http://www.scmp.com/article/718852/
sikhs-hong-kong
Nesbitt, E. (2005). Sikhism: a very short introduction. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Singh, N-G. K. (2010). Sikhism: an introduction. London: I. B.
Tauris.
Singh, D. (July 5, 2010). Sikhs in Hong Kong. South China Morning Post. http://www.scmp.com/article/718852/sikhs-hongkong
Tatla, D.S. (2014). The Sikh Diaspora. In Singh, Pashaura, &
Fenech, Louis E., eds. The Oxford Handbook of Sikhism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 495-512.

Hong Kong Religion Stats (2014). NationMaster. Retrieved

from http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/profiles/
Hong-Kong/Religion
Heaver, S. (2014, February 15). Peace be with you: 175 years
of Islam in Hong Kong. Post Magazine. Retrieved from
http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1710695/peace-be-you-175-years-islam-hong-kong
Lee, D. (Feb. 8, 2015). Muslims and Jewish Leaders in Hong
Kong bridge a difficult divide. South China Morning Post.
-189-

http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1706321/
muslim-and-jewish-leaders-hong-kong-bridge-difficult-divide
(1997)..
http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/tc/basiclawtext/index.html
(1991).. http://
w w w. l e g i s l a t i o n . g o v. h k / b l i s _ p d f. n s f / 6 7 9 9 1 6 5 D 2 F E E 3 FA 9 4 8 2 5 7 5 5 E 0 0 3 3 E 5 3 2 / 9 D 2 5 A 7 5 4 D 7 B B D852482575EE00791157?OpenDocument&bt=0

-190-