ABSTRACT

This is the design and implementation of a fire alarm / smoke detector with
water sprinkler. This system was design to automatically detect fire or smoke
and triggers the alarm and the water sprinkler if not reset by the user.
The design makes use of a microcontroller AT89s52 to control the outputs
when it receivers input from the transducers.
This design can be used in different areas like the hospitals, school
environment and in banks etc.

INTRODUCTION
1

This is the design and construction of a microcontroller based fire alarm

system with smoke and heat detection using some sensitive electronic
transducers as the device sensor and other components which made up the
circuit. This design is gotten from the design and construction emergency
light system which is aimed to secure the homes from fire, power failure and
other disruptive situation. The system is a microcontroller based design
which its main core controller makes use of a microcontroller AT89s52 to
trigger the alarm unit and water sprinkler to quench fire. This device is an
active device which keeps every part of the rooms in check for fire outbreak
in the home and its environment. From many time has different homes and
industries suffer fire outbreak in companies, industries, homes and some
other place where fire security is needed. Properties are now expensive that
owners protect them from many problems lie fire outbreaks, theft wired
intruder alarms system are used, rusting for metals and other destructive
devices.
Fire alarm system is also called fire emergency light system where it takes
care of fire outbreaks in homes and other desired place where it is needed to
controller home and office residential through some electrical sensor like the
thermistors and the light dependent resistor for smoke detection and
operation. System activations and controls are also needed to execute this
operation as it helps to alerts the people in charger of what is about to
happen through smoke rising and blocking the smoke sensors (LDR) and the
ldr derive alerting the microcontroller by sending a 1/0 message to the
2

microcontroller which triggers the alarm system and stops when reset. This
concept was used as a result of many references gotten from other existed
designs we encounter during our research work.
The performance of this project in various ways made it possible to have a
high recommendation via homes, industries and any other required place
where the installation of this device is needed to perform its operation, many
companies who has suffered under this hazardous condition has carried out
for such a device to reach them at a high recommendation

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fire sensor 1
Power supply

Alarm unit

Smoke sensor1
Water sprinkler

Microcontroller unit

Reset butn

Definition of important terms

This list the various terms use in this report, the components involved
and the way they worked to help in the development of this project.
Terms described and listed like:
1. Voltage Regulation
2. Power supply
3. Microcontroller unit
4. The alarm unit
5. Light Emitting Diode
6. Transistors
7. Resistors
8. Light dependent resistor
9. Thermistor
This materials are also described in details of there working principals
and connection which aids to the design and construction of this
project

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF THE DESIGN

4

U2

B1

7805

12V

VI

VO

C2

GND

100u

10.00
+tc

RT1

R3

PTC_NICKEL

1k

RV1

U1

36%

R1

Q1

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

BD131

1k
10k

R4

P1.7
P1.6
P1.5
P1.4
P1.3
P1.2
P1.1/T2EX
P1.0/T2

31
30
29

1k

0%

R2
1k

Q2
BD131

X1

RST

18

XTAL1

10k
1

R6

17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10

1k

BUZ1

BUZZER

28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21

C1
10u

32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39

R9
R10

RL1

1k

R8

1k

R11
1k

AT89C52

TORCH_LDR

P0.7/AD7
P0.6/AD6
P0.5/AD5
P0.4/AD4
P0.3/AD3
P0.2/AD2
P0.1/AD1
P0.0/AD0

XTAL2

19
CRYSTAL

P2.7/A15
P2.6/A14
P2.5/A13
P2.4/A12
P2.3/A11
P2.2/A10
P2.1/A9
P2.0/A8

EA
ALE
PSEN

RV2

P3.7/RD
P3.6/WR
P3.5/T1
P3.4/T0
P3.3/INT1
P3.2/INT0
P3.1/TXD
P3.0/RXD

Q4

1k

R5

Q3
2N3904

R7
220r

10k

D1
LED-RED

LDR1
2N3904
12V

PROGRAM FLOWCHART

Alarm = 0
pump = 0
Goto start

If reset =
1

Start

Read P1.0 & P1.1

If any is
PROGRAM SOURCE CODE
=1

org 000h
alarm equ p2.0
Alarm = 1
Pump = 1

Wait for reset

heat equ

p1.0

smoke equ p1.1

Stop

rst equ p2.1

relay equ p0.5
start:
setb heat
clr relay
setb smoke
clr alarm
here: jnb smoke, buzz
jnb heat ,buzz
sjmp here

buzz: acall clock

jnb rst,start
setb relay
sjmp buzz

clock:
setb alarm
acall delay
clr alarm
acall delay
ret
delay:
mov r0,#255
mov r1,#100
mov r2,#10
loop: djnz r0,loop
7

djnz r1,loop
djnz r2,loop
ret; end

PSEUDOCODE
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.

SETB P1.0 AND P1.1, CLR ALARM AND PUMP RELAY

MONITOR BOTH HEAT SENSOR AND SMOKE
IF SENOSRS ARE BOTH LOW TRIGGER THE ALARM
IF ALARM IS TRIGGER PUMP WATER
WAIT FOR RESET BUTTON TO BE PRESSED
IF PRESSED STOP RELAY PUMP, STOP ALARM AND GOTO TO BEGIN

TEST AND OBSERVATION

System Test
When the circuit is powered through a 12volts battery supply, the point
reads zero at initial a reset on the reset button is pressed to initialize the
whole circuit then it will start its normal operation. When the sensors are all
ready to work the light emitting diode is powered to illuminate the light
dependent resistor which sense the smoke when it passes across the ldr
surface and cast a shadow upon the plate of the ldr to send a signal in 1s
and 0s to the transistor derive which carries this information to the
microcontroller for processing and command execution and display the
room which is involved in the fire. The same is to the fire sensor when it
receives heat from fire or the radiation of that fire and sends the signal to it
driver which message the microcontroller for it to send or execute
assignment.
Other Tests

For capacitors the DMM was switched to the 22uf range and the capacitors
were inserted into the slot provided for it by the meter. Finally the output
voltages were tested using an external load input for voltage output test.

BILL OF ENGINEERING MEASUREMENT AND EVALUTION

To carry out this project, some things were put into consideration.
Among those things, the cost of components used for the construction was
the priority. The table below shows the components that are used in the
project construction, the quantity and also the price of those components.

S/N

COMPONENT

VALUE

QUANTITY

UNIT

BULK

PRICE

PRICE

BATTERY

9V 1amp

80

80

CAPACITORS

470Uf:25v

120

360

8YARDS

80

600

5000

5000

CABLE
CONNECTOR

CASING

Building

LEAD

One row

30

950

SOLDERING

700

700

IRON
9

TRANSPORT AND

3000

ARRYS NET
PRICE
10

12V DC water

25w 12VDC

3000

3000

pump
TOTAL

13,500

CONCLUSION
9

The fire alarm system with smoke detector is a kind to system to be

concentrate on, because of the effects of fire outbreak in homes and in our
various places of involvements fire alarm system with smoke detector is
need in the following places:
REFRENCES
a. Donald G. Fink and H. Wayne Beaty, Standard Handbook for
the Electrical Engineers, Eleventh Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York,
1978.
b. Electronics Device and Circuit Theory, Boyletad L. Robert
and Nashelsky Louic, Seventh edition, 1999, Prentice Hallo, New
Jersey.
c. ABB (2003) Manual on Load Transfer
1 A Textbook of Electrical Technology, B.L. Theraja
and A.K. Theraja, 1999, 23rd reprint edition, S. Chand &
Company Ltd, New Delhi.
2. 5 Paul Horowitz and Windfield Hill, The Art of Electronics, 1989, 2nd
3.
4.
5.
6.

Edition, Pp 7- Pp 8, Pp 55 Pp 58, Pp 614 Pp 622.

.6 Atmel Corporation Data Sheet on AT89C51, 0285D-B-12/97
7 NTE Electronics Inc., ECG Data Book, January 2002, 10th Edition.
8. Giorgio Rizzoni, Principles of Electrical Engineering, 2003, 3rd Edition,
9. Ronald .J Tocci, Digital Systems, Arentice Hall. Inc. USA, 1988.
a. 10 Mark Burgess, C programming tutorial, (K & R version 4).

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