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Balancing Angles
Angles of a closed traverse can be adjusted to the correct geometric total by
applying one of the two following methods:
1. Applying an average correction to each angle where observing conditions
were approximately the same a all stations. The correction for each angle is
found by dividing the total angular misclosure by the number of angles.
2. Making larger corrections to angles where poor observing conditions were
present
Example 1:
For the traverse of figure below, the observed interior angles are given in the the
table shown. Compute the adjusted angles using methods 1 and 2.
Fig 1 Traverse
Solution:
Table 1: Adjusted Angles
Example 2:
Compute the preliminary azimuths for the traverse courses of the figure shown on
the previous sample, based on a fixed azimuth of 2341718 for line AW, a
measured angle to the right of 1515224 for WAE, and the angle adjustment by
method 1 of the table shown on the previous sample.
Table 2: Computation of preliminary azimuth using tabular method
Departure
L sin
(1)
Latitude
L cos
(2)
where L is the horizontal length and the azimuth of the course. Departures and
latitudes are merely change in the X and Y components of a line in a rectangular
grid system, sometimes referred to as X and Y. In traverse calculations, east
departures and north latitudes are considered plus; west departures and south
latitudes, minus.
Departure and Latitude Closure Conditions
For a closed polygon traverse, it can be reasoned that if all angles and distances
were measured perfectly, the algebraic sum of the departures of all courses in the
traverse should equal zero. Likewise, the algebraic sum of all latitudes should equal
zero. And for closed link-type traverses, the algebraic sum of departures should
equal the total difference in departure (X) between the starting and ending control
points. The same condition applies to latitudes (Y) in a link traverse. Because the
observations are not perfect and errors exist in the angles and distances, the
conditions just stated rarely occur. The amounts by which they fail to be met are
termed departure misclosure and latitude misclosure. Their values are computed by
algebraically summing the departures and latitudes, and computing the totals to the
required conditions.
Traverse Linear Misclosure and Relative Precision
linear misclosure
(3)
relative precision
linear misclosure
traverse length
(4)
Example 3:
Based on the preliminary azimuths from Table 2 and lengths shown in Figure 1,
calculate the departures and latitudes, linear misclosure, and relative precision of
the traverse.
Table 3 : Computation of Departure and Latitude
Solution:
In computing departures and latitudes, the data and results are usually listed in a
standard tabular form, such as that shown on the table. In the table, taking the
algebraic sum of east (+) and west (-) latitudes gives the misclosure, 0.026 ft. Also,
summing both north (+) and south (-) latitudes gives the misclosure in latitude,
0.077 ft. Linear misclosure is the hypotenuse of a small triangle with sides 0f 0.026
ft and 0.077 ft, and in this example its values is:
Linear misclosure
[(0.026)2 + (0.077)2]
0.081 ft
0.081 =
2466
1/30,000
Traverse Adjustment
For any closed traverse, the linear misclosure must be adjusted (or distributed)
throughout the traverse to close or balance the figure. This os true even
through the misclosure is negligible in plotting the traverse at map scale. There are
several elementary methods available for traverse adjustment, but the one most
commonly used is the compass rule (Bowditch method)
Compass (Bowditch) Rule
The compass rule adjusts the departures and latitudes of traverse courses in
proportion to their lengths. Corrections by this method are made according to the
following rules:
correction in departure for AB
length of AB (5)
Traverse perimeter
correction in latitude for AB
of AB (6)
Example 4:
Using preliminary azimuths from Table 2 and lengths from figure 1, compute
departure and latitudes, linear misclosure, and relative precision. Balance the
departures and latitudes using the compass rule.
Solution:
Using the given equation, the correction in departure for AB is
-(0.026/2466) x 647.25
-0.007 ft
-0.020 ft
The remaining adjustments for next stations are shown on the table.
Table 4: Balancing Departures and Latitudes by the Compass (Bowditch) Rule
D. Rectangular Coordinates
Rectangular X and Y coordinates of any point give its position with respect to an
arbitrarily selected pair of mutually perpendicular reference axes. The X coordinate
is the perpendicular distance, in feet or meters, from point to the Y axis; the Y
coordinate is the perpendicular distance to the X axis. Although the reference axes
are discretionary in position, in surveying they are normally oriented so that the Y
axis points north-south, with north the positive Y direction. The X axis runs eastwest, with positive X being east. Given the rectangular coordinates of a number of
points, their relative positions are uniquely defined.
Coordinates are useful in a variety of computations, including (1) determining
lengths and directions of lines and angles, (2) calculating areas of land parcels, (3)
making certain curve calculations, (4) locating inaccessible points, (5) coordinates
are also advantageous for plotting maps.
Given the X and Y coordinates for any starting point A, the X coordinate of the next
point B is obtained by adding the adjusted departure of course AB to X A. Likewise,
the Y coordinate of B is the adjusted latitude of AB added to Y A. In equation form this
is
XB
=
XA
+
departure AB
(7)
YB
=
YA
+
latitude AB
For closed polygons, the process is continued around the traverse, successively
adding departures and latitudes until the coordinates of staring point A are
recalculated. If the recalculated coordinates agree exactly with the starting ones, a
check on the coordinates of all intermediate points is obtained (unless
compensating mistakes have been made). For link traverses, after progressively
computing coordinates for each station, if the calculated coordinates of the closing
control point equal that points control coordinates, a check is obtained.
Example 5:
Using the balanced departures and latitudes obtained in example 4, and staring
coordinates XA = 10,000.00 and YA = 5,000.00, calculate the coordinates of the
other traverse points.
Solution:
Table 5: Computation of Coordinates
Inversing
If the departure and latitude of a line AB are known, its length and azimuth or
bearing are readily obtained from the following relationships:
tan azimuth (or bearing) AB
(8)
Length AB
=
=
=
(9)
departure AB
latitude AB
departure AB
sin azimuth (or bearing) AB
latitude AB
cos azimuth (or bearing) AB
[(departureAB)2 + (latitude AB)2]
latitude AB
YB - YA
X B - XA
=
(10)
X B - XA
(11)
Length AB
=
=
=
=
YB - YA
Y
X B - XA
(or X)
sin azimuth (or bearing) AB
X B - XA
(or X)
cos azimuth (or bearing) AB
[( XB - XA)2 + (YB - YA)2]
[( X)2 + (Y)2]
(12)
Equations (8) and (9) are applied to calculate the adjusted length and azimuth of
line AB. All others were computed in the same manner. The results are listed in
table below.
By Equation (8)
tan azimuth (or bearing) AB
517.444
-1.3307555
azimuth AB
-388.835
-530437 + 180
length AB
=
=
[(517.444)2 + (-388.835)2]
647.26 ft
1265523
ASSIGNMENT
Using the compass rule, adjust the departures and latitudes. If coordinates of
station A are X = 2000-m and Y = 1500-m. Determine the coordinates of the
other stations.
Calculate the following, a) the final lengths and azimuth of each line.