ContempClinDent.2015Mar6(Suppl1):S18S23.

PMCID:PMC4374312

doi:10.4103/0976237X.152932

Retentionofresinbasedfilledandunfilledpitandfissuresealants:A
comparativeclinicalstudy
V.RajashekarReddy,NagalakshmiChowdhary, 1K.S.Mukunda, 1N.K.Kiran, 1B.S.Kavyarani, 1andM.C.Pradeep
Correspondence:Dr.V.RajashekarReddy,DepartmentofPedodonticsandPreventiveDentistry,SharavathiDentalCollegeandHospital,
Alkola,Shimoga577205,Karnataka,India.Email:drvrajashekarreddy@gmail.com
Copyright:ContemporaryClinicalDentistry
ThisisanopenaccessarticledistributedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionNoncommercialShareAlike3.0Unported,which
permitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycited.

Introduction
Pitsandfissuresaregenerallyconsideredasfaultsorimperfectionsincuspalodontogenesis.Theyhavebeen
consideredasthesinglemostimportantfeatureleadingtothedevelopmentofocclusalcaries.Thecomplex
morphologyofocclusalpitsandfissuresmakesthemanidealsiteforretentionofbacteriaandfoodremnants,
renderingtheperformanceofproperhygienedifficultorevenimpossible.[1]Themostcariessusceptible
periodofthefirstpermanentmolaristhelongeruptionphaseastheenamelisimmatureduringthisperiod.
Preventivemeasuressuchascontrolofbacterialplaqueandtopicalapplicationoffluoridesolutionshave
littleeffectonsuchsurfaces.Moreeffectivemeasuresare,therefore,necessary,suchasapplicationof
occlusalsealants.[2]
Since1920'sseveralattemptshavebeenmadetoprotectpitsandfissures,suchasphysicalblockingof
fissureswithzincphosphatecement,prophylacticodontotomyandfissureseradicationwerealltried,but
withlittlesuccess.Nevertheless,theseeffortstopreventpitandfissuredecaysucceededonlyafter1955,
whenBuonocorepublishedhisclassicstudydocumentingapioneermethodformechanicalbondingof
acrylicresintothedentalenamelpreviouslyetchedwithphosphoricacid.Thefirstclinicalbenefitfrom
Buonocore'sworkwastheintroductionofthefirstdentalpitandfissuresealant,NuvaSeal(L.DCaulk)in
February1971alongwithitscuringinitiatorandultravioletlightsource,theCaulkNuvaLite.[3]
Thepropertiesrequiredofanidealfissuresealantincludebiocompatibility,anticariogenicity,adequatebond
strength,goodmarginalintegrity,resistancetoabrasionandwear,andcosteffectiveness.Theclinical
efficiencyoffissuresealantsisdirectlyrelatedtotheirretention.[4]Retentiondependsonmorphologyofpits
andfissures,adequateisolation,conditioningofenamel,applicationtechniques,particularmaterial
characteristicslikeviscosity,surfacetension,andadequateadhesion(thatis,penetrationofthematerialinto
thepreviouslyetchedsystemoffissures).[5,6]
Inrecentyearsresinbasedfilledandunfilledfluoridatedsealantshavebeenintroduced,andfluoridehas
beenaddedasacariespreventiveingredient.[7]Theeffectivenessandsuccessofthesealantdependonits
retentionbypenetratingintothepitsandfissuresandintothemicroporesoftheetchedenamelsurface.[4]
HencethepresentstudywasconductedtoevaluateandcomparetheretentionoftheResinbasedfilled
(HeliosealF,IvoclarVivadent)andunfilled(Clinpro,3MESPE)pitandfissuresealants,whichisimportant
fortheireffectiveness.
MaterialsandMethods
ThepresentstudywascarriedoutintheDepartmentofPedodonticsandPreventiveDentistry,SriSiddhartha
DentalCollegeandHospital,Tumkur,Karnataka.

ConsentwasobtainedfromtheschoolauthoritiesforscreeningofschoolchildrenfromSriSiddagangaMutt,
Tumkur.Onehundredandfiftychildrenagedbetween6and9years,1st,2ndand3rdstandardchildren,
wereexaminedintheDepartmentofPedodonticsandPreventiveDentistryusingamouthmirroranddental
explorer.Theinclusioncriteriaspecifiedthatthehealthycooperativechildrenofage69yearswithallfour
newlyeruptedpermanentfirstmolars,whichwerecariesfree,nonrestoredandunsealed,occlusalsurface
fullyvisibleandfreeofmucosaltissueanddeeppitsandfissuresindicatedforpitandfissuresealanthave
beenselected.Thechildrenwithcarious,restoredanddevelopmentalanomaliesofpermanentfirstmolars
wereexcludedfromthestudy.
Outof150childrenexamined,56childrenhadfulfilledtheinclusioncriteria.Ethicalclearancetoconduct
thestudywasobtainedfromtheInstitutionalEthicalCommittee.Writtenconsentfromthelegalguardianof
childrenfromSriSiddagangaMuttwastaken.
Asingleoperatorcarriedoutscalingproceduresforeachchild,followedbyprophylaxisusingslurryof
pumiceandarotatingbrushtoensureremovalofdebrisfromthefissures.Theocclusalsurfacesofallfour
firstpermanentmolarswerethenthoroughlyflushedwithwatertoremovealltracesofpumiceslurry.An
explorertinewasusedtoremoveasmuchresidualplaqueaspossiblefromtheocclusalsurfacesofpitsand
fissures.Isolationofpermanentfirstmolarswasobtainedusingcottonrolls,andsalivaejectorwasheldbyan
assistant.[4]
Theocclusalsurfaceofpermanentfirstmolarswasdriedand37%phosphoricacidetchant(3MESPE)was
appliedwithadisposablenylonbrushintothepitsandfissures,andextendeduptothecuspalinclines.Each
toothwasetchedfor45s,andthenrinsedthoroughlyfor30susinganoilfreeairwatersyringe.Thecotton
rollsweresubstitutedtakingcarenottocontaminatetheetchedsurfaceswhichwerethenthoroughlyblow
dried.Etchingwasconfirmedbyadullfrostywhiteappearanceoftheenamel.Ifsalivarycontamination
occurred,thesurfacewasagaincleaned,driedandreetched.[4]
Thelightcureresinbasedsealant,HeliosealF(IvoclarVivadent)andClinpro(3MESPE)wasapplied
randomlyusingsplitmouthdesigntechniqueonpermanentfirstmolarsandlightcuredusinglightcureunit
(3MESPE).Highpointswerecheckedusingarticulatingpaperandcorrected.Polishingwasdoneusing
compositepolishingburs(SHOFU)inasinglevisit.Allthechildrenwererecalledforassessmentofsealant
retentionatintervalsof2nd,4th,6th,8th,10thand12thmonthbyasingleblindexaminerthroughoutthe
studyperiod.RetentionofthesealantsatthespecifiedtimeintervalswasevaluatedusingSimonsen'scriteria.
[8]DatacollectedwereenteredinMicrosoftExcel2007andanalyzedusingSPSS,16software(IBM
Corporation).Descriptivestatisticslikepercentageandproportionwascarried,andthetestofsignificance
wasdoneusingZtest(differencebetweentwoproportions).
Results
Comparisonoftheretentionofresinbasedfilled(HeliosealF)andresinbasedunfilled(Clinpro)
sealant

At2ndmonthevaluationofresinbasedfilledpitandfissuresealant,77.68%(87teeth)showedcomplete
retention,17.86%(20teeth)showedpartialretention,and4.46%(5teeth)showedcompletemissingof
sealant.Whereas,83.04%(93teeth)showedcompleteretention,16.07%(18teeth)showedpartialretention,
and0.89%(1tooth)showedcompletemissingofresinbasedunfilledpitandfissuresealant.During
4thmonthevaluationofresinbasedfilledpitandfissuresealant,75.89%(85teeth)showedcomplete
retention,19.64%(22teeth)showedpartialretention,and4.46%(5teeth)showedcompletemissingof
sealant.Whereas,83.04%(93teeth)showedcompleteretention,16.07%(18teeth)showedpartialretention,
and0.89%(1tooth)showedcompletemissingofresinbasedunfilledpitandfissuresealant.Thedifference
inthedegreeofretentionratebetweentwosealantswasnotstatisticallysignificantduring2ndand4thmonth
evaluation.
At6thmonthevaluationofresinbasedfilledpitandfissuresealant,71.43%(80teeth)showedcomplete
retention,22.32%(25teeth)showedpartialretention,and6.25%(7teeth)showedcompletemissingof
sealant.Whereas,80.36%(90teeth)showedcompleteretention,18.75%(21teeth)showedpartialretention,

and0.89%(1tooth)showedcompletemissingofresinbasedunfilledpitandfissuresealant.Thedifference
incompleteretentionandpartialretentionoftwosealantswasnotstatisticallysignificant,butthecomplete
missingofsealantwasmoreinresinbasedfilledpitandfissuresealant,whichwasstatisticallysignificant
(P<0.05)whencomparedwithresinbasedunfilledpitandfissuresealant.
At8thmonthevaluationofresinbasedfilledpitandfissuresealant,63.39%(71teeth)showedcomplete
retention,28.57%(32teeth)showedpartialretention,and8.04%(9teeth)showedcompletemissingof
sealant.Whereas,80.36%(90teeth)showedcompleteretention,18.75%(21teeth)showedpartialretention,
and0.89%(1tooth)showedcompletemissingofresinbasedunfilledpitandfissuresealant.Thedifference
incompleteretentionandpartialretentionoftwosealantswasnotstatisticallysignificant,butthecomplete
missingofsealantwasmoreinresinbasedfilledpitandfissuresealantwhichwasstatisticallysignificant
(P<0.05)whencomparedwithresinbasedunfilledpitandfissuresealant,asseenin6thmonthfollowup.
At10thmonthevaluationofresinbasedfilledpitandfissuresealant,57.14%(64teeth)showedcomplete
retention,34.82%(39teeth)showedpartialretention,and8.04%(9teeth)showedcompletemissingof
sealant.Whereas,69.64%(78teeth)showedcompleteretention,27.68%(31teeth)showedpartialretention,
and2.68%(3teeth)showedcompletemissingofresinbasedunfilledpitandfissuresealant.Thecomplete
retentionofthesealantwaslessinresinbasedfilledpitandfissuresealantwhichwasstatisticallysignificant
(P<0.05)whencomparedwithresinbasedunfilledpitandfissuresealant.
During12thmonthandfinalevaluationofresinbasedfilledpitandfissuresealant,53.57%(60teeth)
showedcompleteretention,37.5%(42teeth)showedpartialretention,and8.93%(10teeth)showed
completemissingofsealant.Whereas,64.29%(72teeth)showedcompleteretention,32.14%(36teeth)
showedpartialretention,and3.57%(4teeth)showedcompletemissingofresinbasedunfilledpitandfissure
sealant.Therewasnostatisticallysignificantdifferenceintheretentionrateofresinbasedfilled(HeliosealF)
pitandfissuresealantwhencomparedwithresinbasedunfilled(Clinpro)pitandfissuresealants[Table1
andFigure1].
Comparisonoftheretentionofresinbasedfilled(HeliosealF)andresinbasedunfilled(Clinpro)
sealantbetweenupperandlowerteeth

Atthefinalmonthevaluationoftheretentionofresinbasedfilled(HeliosealF)andresinbasedunfilled
(Clinpro)sealantbetweentheupperandlowerteeth,42.86%(24teeth)showedcompleteretentiononupper
teethand64.29%(36teeth)onlowerteeth.About44.64%(25teeth)showedpartialretentiononupperteeth
and30.36%(17teeth)onlowerteeth.About12.50%(7teeth)showedcompletemissingonupperteethand
5.36%(3teeth)onlowerteethinfilledresinbasedsealantand58.93%(33teeth)showedcompleteretention
onupperteethand69.64%(39teeth)onlowerteeth.About37.5%(21teeth)showedpartialretentionon
upperteethand26.79%(15teeth)onlowerteeth.About3.57%(2teeth)showedcompletemissingonupper
teethand3.57%(2teeth)onlowerteethinunfilledresinbasedsealant.Therewasnostatisticallysignificant
difference.
Discussion
Cariesoccurrenceinthepitsandfissuresoftheocclusalsurfaceofmolarsisresponsibleforabout6790%
ofcariesinchildrenfrom5to17yearsofage.Cariesfrequentlyoccursonthesesurfaces,andprogressionof
thelesioncanoccurquiterapidlybecausethepitsandfissurespredisposeocclusalsurfacestodecay.[9]
Sealantshavebeendevelopedtoprotectthepitsandfissuresfromcariesbypreventingtheimpactionoffood
andbacteria,whichproduceacidicconditionsthatresultincariesinitiation.Thesepitandfissuresealantsare
largelyacceptedaseffectivenoninvasivetreatmenttopreventorarrestocclusalcaries.Theefficacyof
sealantsinpreventingcarieshasbeenassociatedwiththedurationanddegreeofsealantretention.[5,10]The
retentionratebecomesamajorpointofconcernwhenastudyteststheclinicalperformanceofafissure
sealantmaterial.
Mechanicalretentionofsealantsisthedirectresultofresinpenetrationintopitsandfissuresandporous
etchedenamelsurfaceformingmicromechanicaltags,[10]wheretheviscosityofthesealantplaysan

importantroleinpenetratingandformingmicromechanicaltagsfortheirretentionontheetchedsurface.[11]
Resinsealantsthatpossessbothlowviscosityandexcellentwettingpropertieshavebeenrecommendedfor
dentaluse.[12]Overaperiodsealantsundergoabrasivewearandhencefillerparticleshavebeenaddedto
sealantstoincreasetheirwearandabrasionresistance.Additionoffillerparticleslowersthesealant'sability
topenetrateintofissuresandmicroporositiesofetchedenamel.[11]Astherewerelessclinicalstudies
comparingtheretentionrateofresinbasedfilledandunfilledfluoridereleasingpitandfissuresealants,the
presentstudywasconductedtoevaluateandcomparetheretentionabilityofcommerciallyavailable
HeliosealF(filled)andClinpro(unfilled)resinbasedpitandfissuresealants.
Followingthesplitmouthdesign,thisstudyusedHeliosealF(filled)andClinpro(unfilled)resinbasedpit
andfissuresealants.Thisdesignwasundertakeninwhichbothsealantmaterialsweretobeappliedinthe
samemouthoncontralateralteethtodirectlycomparethematerialperformanceundersimilarenvironmental
conditions.Also,beforeapplicationofsealantsalltheteethwerepretreatedbyprophylaxiswithpumice
slurryusingbristlebrushinaslowspeedhandpiece.
Thesuccessfulbondingofresinsealanttoenamelisdependentonadequateandproperconditioningof
enamel.Inthepresentstudy,37%phosphoricacidgel(3MESPE)wasusedwithanetchingtimeof45s.
Etchingroughensthetoothsurfaceandproducesahoneycomblikestructuresothattagsofsealantcan
penetratedeeplyintotheenamelandformaneffectivemechanicalbond,thusretainingthesealant.[4]
Duringtheapplicationprocedureaccordingtothemanufacturer'sinstructions,bothmaterialswereableto
placeeasilyusingsyringeandneedletips.Comparativelyclinprosealanthadverylessairbubblesinclusion
duringapplication,andthepinkcolorofthesealantmadethevisualizationbettertoapplythesealantonall
thepitsandfissureseasilywhencomparedtoHeliosealF.Alltheairbubbleswereremovedusingsharp
explorerbymanipulatingthematerialinpitsandfissuresandensuredthatalltheairbubbleswereremoved
andlightcuredfor20s.
Variousauthorshaveuseddifferentcriteriatoassesssealantretention.Theuseofvaryingcriteriawithlackof
cleardefinitionsledustoselectSimonsen'scriteriaforevaluationofsealantretention,whicharerelatively
simpletofollow.[8]Inmostofthestudies,evaluationofthesealantwasdoneat3rd,6th,9thand
12thmonth[13]orat3rd,6th,and12thmonth,[9]orat6thand12thmonth[14]orat12thmonth[7,15]during
1yearfollowupperiod.Inthisstudy,sealantswereevaluatedforretentionat2nd,4th,6th,8th,10thand
12thmonthtoensurethecompleteretentionofthesealantatshortregularintervalsandprovidethenecessary
treatmentifrequired.
Atthefinalmonthevaluation,theresultsshowedthattherewasnostatisticallysignificantdifferencein
completeretention,partialretention,orcompletemissing(P>0.05)betweenresinbasedfilledandunfilled
pitandfissuresealants.Thisresultwasinaccordancewithothersimilarstudiesdone.[7,14]Theresinbased
unfilledpitandfissuresealant(Clinpro)clinicallyperformedbetterwhencomparedtoresinbasedfilledpit
andfissuresealant(HeliosealF).Andpartialretentionofsealantswas37.50%(42teeth)and32.14%(36
teeth)inresinbasedfilledandunfilledpitandfissuresealantsrespectively,whichisbetterwhencomparedto
otherstudies.[7,15]WendtLKandKochG,hadanopinionthatifsomepartofthesealantismissinginthe
fissuresthereisstillenoughmaterialinthedeeperparttopreventcaries.[16]Completemissingofthesealant
wasonly8.93%and3.57%inresinbasedfilledandunfilledpitandfissuresealantsrespectively,these
resultsweresimilartotheotherstudies.[9]
ThestudydonebyMcCourtfoundthatsealantswithoutfillerprovidedgreaterpenetrationintoenamel,
especiallyintofissuresthansealantsincorporatingamicrofiller.[17]Rocketal.wereofthesameopinionin
theevaluationofretentioncapacitiesofsealantswithandwithoutfiller,thesealantswithoutfillershowed
significantlybetterresultsafter3years.[18]However,otherauthorshavenotfoundsignificantdifferencesin
eitherretentionorbondstrengthbetweensealantswithandwithoutfillerandhavereportedthatboth
penetrateintofissuresequallywell.[19]Apreviousstudyshowedthatevenifacidetchinggelsorsolutions
werescrapedintothefissureswithanexplorertine,thegels,solutionsorsealantsdidnotpenetratebeyond
theregionoffissureconstriction.[20]Thismayexplainthereasonwhytherewasnostatisticallysignificant
differenceinretentionratesbetweenresinbasedfilledandunfilledpitandfissuresealant,whichshowsthat

neitherfissuresealantshowedcompletepenetrationintoconstrictedfissures.
Inthepresentstudy,theresinbasedfilledpitandfissuresealant(HeliosealF)showed53.57%complete
retention,37.50%partialretentionand8.93%completemissingofsealantat12thmonthevaluation.The
resultswereslightlybetterthaninastudyconductedbyGanssetal.,[15]whereonly42.3%ofsealantwas
completelyretainedby1yearandinanotherstudydonebyBargaleandRajshowedonly36.9%of
completeretentionofsealantafter1year.[21]
Inourstudy,resinbasedunfilledpitandfissuresealant(Clinpro)showed64.29%completeretention,
32.14%ofpartialretentionand3.57%ofcompletemissingsealantat12thmonthfollowup,whichshowed
verygoodresultsthaninthestudydonebyDharandChen[22]whereonly24%ofthesealantwas
completelyretainedby1year.
Inthepreviousstudies,variousotherresinbasedfilledsealants(5598.5%)andunfilledsealants(70100%)
hadshowngoodresultswithcompleteretentionofsealantbytheendof1year.[7,14,15]Thecriteriafor
patient/toothselection,theisolationtechniqueused,theoperativetechnique,thechoiceofmaterialsandthe
clinicalperformanceevaluationmethodsusedhavepossiblybeenassociatedwiththevariationinresults
foundamongstudies.
Theretentionrateinthisstudyislowwhencomparedtootherstudies,[7,23]whererubberdamisolationwas
used.Inourstudy,wedidnotuserubberdamisolationaswewantedtoassesstheretentionofthesealants
usingthetechniquesthatwouldbeadoptedincommunityprograms.
Inourstudy,retentiononthemaxillaryteethwithbothresinbasedfilledandunfilledpitandfissuresealants
waslesswhencomparedtomandibularteethasreportedinotherstudies.Thesuperiorretentionin
mandibularteethcouldbebecauseofdirectvision,gravityaidedflowofthesealantandwelldefinedpits
andfissures.[24,25]Also,theeffectofocclusalstressonthesealantofthemaxillarymolarappearedatan
earlierstageoferuptioncomparedwiththatofthemandibularmolar.Thedecreaseinretentionratesfoundin
89yearoldchildrenmayberelatedtotheocclusalstressthatoccursduringeruption.Intheearlierstagesof
mandibulareruption,themaxillaryteethcontactonlymandibularcusps,notyetreachingthesealant.[13]
After1yearevaluation,theteethsealedwithresinbasedfilledandunfilledpitandfissuresealantswere
foundtobecompletelycariesfreeinourstudy.Thiscouldbeduetothefluoridereleasingpropertiesofboth
thesealants.Thefluorideisknowntohaveantibacterialactivitybymeansofinhibitionofthebiosynthetic
metabolismofbacteria.Theadditionoffluoridetopitandfissuresealanthasbeenappliedwidelyin
commercialmaterialsandinresearch.Fluoridereleasedfromdentalrestorativematerialsaffectscaries
formationbyreducingthedemineralization,enhancingremineralization,interferingwithplaqueformation
andinhibitingmicrobialmetabolism.[26]
Dentalsealantsareaproventoolincariesprevention.[4]Whetherthepreventionofcariesisdueto
obturationofthefissures,ortothelocalpresenceoffluoride,ortobothmodesofaction,itwouldappearthat
longtermretentionofsealantsisaprerequisiteforcariesprevention.Asatisfactorygoalmightbetosealthe
pitsandfissuresoftheteethforthefirstfewyearsaftereruptionwhentheriskofcariesattackishighest.[13]
Itisimportanttotargetsealantsonthemostsusceptiblesurfacesofthemostthesusceptibleteeth.A
complicationofthisphilosophyisthattheseteethandsurfacesareoftenthemostdifficulttosuccessfully
seal,leadingtohighratesoffailure.[27]Sealantsuccessispositivelyassociatedwitheruptionstatusofteeth
becausethemorefullyeruptedatoothis,thegreatertheabilitytomaintainadryfield.However,sealingof
theteethshouldbedoneassoonasiteruptsintotheoralcavityandreapplicationofthesealantshouldbe
doneassoonasthesealantislostcompletelytopreventfurthertreatmentnecessity.
Conclusion
Thestudyconcludedthattherewasnostatisticallysignificantdifferenceintheretentionratesbetweenresin
basedfilled(HeliosealF,IvoclarVivadent)andunfilled(Clinpro,3MESPE)pitandfissuresealants,butthe
retentionratesofresinbasedunfilled(Clinpro)pitandfissuresealantwasslightlyhigherandclinically
shownbetterperformancethanresinbasedfilled(HeliosealF)pitandfissuresealant.Theretentionof

sealantonmandibularteethwasseentobesuperiortothatonmaxillaryteethinbothresinbasedfilledpit
andfissuresealant.
Footnotes
SourceofSupport:Nil.
ConflictofInterest:Nonedeclared.

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FiguresandTables
Table1

Comparisonoftheretentionofresinbasedfilled(HeliosealF)andresinbasedunfilled(Clinpro)sealant

Figure1

Comparisonoftheretentionofresinbasedfilled(HeliosealF)andresinbasedunfilled(Clinpro)sealant
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