Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Learning Outcomes
9.1 Introduction
Engineering
Design
Part
Inspection
Product
Compare product
with design
Activity
GD&T
List the main factors that determine the
manufacturing cost of the stepped shaft shown:
9.1 Introduction
Engineering
Design
Product
Part
Inspection
Tolerance on size
50 0.5
25 0.1
Tolerance on position
9.3 GD&T
9.3 GD&T
20 1
20 1
2
Only hatched space is within
tolerance
20
9.5 Definitions
Feature: Physical portion of a part, e.g. hole,
surface, slot etc.
Second datum
plane
(secondary
plane)
Third
datum
plane
(tertiary
plane)
9.5 Definitions
Language of GD&T is a set of symbols, divided into
five types of dimensioning control:
- form tolerance
- profile tolerance
- orientation tolerance
- location tolerance
- runout tolerance
18 mm
17.89 mm
??
0.055 mm
Example where
flatness control can
be applied:
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.05
ACTIVITY 1
Describe the type of tolerance control shown in
the figure
ACTIVITY 2
Describe the type of tolerance control shown in the
figure
ACTIVITY 3
The language of GD&T is a set of symbols
divided into five types of dimensioning control.
Name the five types of dimensioning control.
10
http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html
FLATNESS
STRAIGHTNESS
Straightness is the condition where
all the points on a surface or an axis
are in a straight line. A straightness
tolerance specifies a zone within
which the surface or axis must lie. In
the example the zone is bounded by
two parallel lines 0.03 mm apart.
When a diameter symbol is added to
the tolerance the derived axis of the
feature must lie within a cylindrical
tolerance zone of 0.03 mm diameter.
When a MMC modifier is added, the
tolerance zone is 0.03 diameter at
18mm diameter and the zone
increases as the feature decreases
from MMC.
CIRCULARITY (ROUNDNESS)
Circularity or roundness is the
condition where all the points
on a surface are in a circle.
Circularity tolerance specifies a
zone bounded by 2 concentric
circles within which the
measured surface must lie.
In the example shown each
circular element must lie
between 2 concentric circles,
one having a radius 0.05mm
larger than the other. Each
circular element of the surface
must also be within the
specified limits of size.
(http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html)
(http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html)
CYLINDRICITY
Cylindricity is the condition
where all points of a surface
of revolution are equidistant
from a common axis.
Cylindricity tolerance specifies
a zone bounded by 2
concentric cylinders within
which the measured surface
must lie.
The tolerance applies
simultaneously to both circular
and longitudinal elements.
(http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html)
(http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html)
11
ANGULARITY
PERPENDICULARITY
Perpendicularity is the
condition of a surface or axis at
a right angle to a datum plane
or axis.
(http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html)
(http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html)
PERPENDICULARITY (ctd.)
PERPENDICULARITY (ctd.)
(http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html)
(http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html)
PERPENDICULARITY (ctd.)
PERPENDICULARITY (ctd.)
4) A zone defined by 2 parallel lines
perpendicular to a datum plane or
axis. In the example shown, each
radial element of the surface must lie
within this zone 0.05mm wide and at
right angles to datum A.
The surface must also be within the
specified limits of size.
(http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html)
(http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html)
12
PARALLELISM
ACTIVITY 4
Describe the type of tolerance control shown in the
figure
ACTIVITY 5
Describe the type of tolerance control shown in the
figure
TRUE POSITION
If position tolerances are to be modified as features depart from
maximum material condition, the MMC modifier must be specified on the
drawing.
A positional tolerance defines a zone within which the center, axis or
center plane of a feature of size is permitted to vary from the true (exact)
position. Basic dimensions establish the true position.
In the example shown, the center of the holes must lie within circles of
0.5 mm diameter when the holes are at 10.25 mm diameter.
As the diameter of the holes increases to 10.5 mm diameter, the
tolerance zones increase proportionately to 0.75 mm diameter.
(http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html)
13
CONCENTRICITY
CONCENTRICITY
CONCENTRICITY
CIRCULAR RUNOUT
Concentricity tolerance
specifies a cylindrical tolerance
zone whose axis coincides with
the datum axis.
In this example, the zone has a
diameter of 0.2mm and the
feature axis must lie within this
zone.
(http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html)
(http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html)
(http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html)
(http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html)
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TOTAL RUNOUT
Perpendicularity
Flatness
In the example shown, the entire surface must lie within the 0.04mm
wide (Full Indicator Movement) tolerance zone when the part is
rotated 360 about the datum axis.
Straightness
Coaxiality
Angularity
Taper
Profile of a Surface
(http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html)
(http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html)
Activity 5
Name the following symbols:
15