Petroleum Development Oman

DRAWINGS
Training Package

PTP 3.3

Cause & Effect

STANDARD DRAWING - GENERAL
ITEM N.o V-902
NAME
TEST SEPARATOR
2290X9150
SIZE
DESIGN
OPER OIL 5724M3/D
DUTY
PC

FLARE
YIB -1-1043-03
COMPRESSOR
YIB -1-1093-05
LP FLARE

YIB -1-1093-02

NOTES
1. FOR STEAM DATA SEE

YIB -1-1806-002
YIB

1809

Issue Location:
Revision: 1.0
Date:05-05.2000
Produced by the Fahud Training Centre.
Copyright protected, unauthorised copying of all or part of this package is forbidden.

PRODUCTION TRAINING PACKAGE

DRAWINGS PTP-3.3
This subject is covered in 3 individual packages.
Package 3.1
Package 3.2
Package 3.3

: Numbering & Identification.

: Process Engineering Drawings.
: Cause & Effect.

Following are the contents covered in each package.

Package 3.1
Contents

: Numbering & Identification.

: Introduction, Numbering & Identificationof Drawings, Instrument Identification &
Numbering & Instrument Symbols.

Package 3.2
Contents

: Process Engineering Drawings.

: Introduction, Piping Identification, Piping& Mechanical Symbols, PFS, UFS, PEFS,
UEFS & PSFS.

Package 3.3
Contents

: Cause & Effect.

: Introduction, KSLD, FLD, HazardousArea Classification Drawings, Cause &
Effect Drawings (Shutdown Matrices) &
Plot Plans.

DRAWINGS
TRAINING PACKAGE PTP 3.3

Cause & Effect

Table of Contents:Page
1. Key Single Line Drawings

04

2. Functional Logic Drawings

05

3. Hazardous area Classification Drawings

12

4. Cause & Effect Drawings

14

5. Plot Plans

16

1. Key Single Line Drawing

A Key Single Line Drawing is the electrical network in a plant and target user is
electrical engineering section.
The entire electrical distribution network of all voltage levels prevailing in a station is
shown in a key single line drawing.
Commencing at the main supply point (primary, power inlet point) all distribution
branches and equipment will be included.
The following data of interest also may be obtained from KSLD.

Power rating of all major equipment.

Location and interconnection of switchboards and equipment.
Schematic and general arrangement of electrical equipment.
Emergency power and lighting system.

Sample KSLD

Interpretation of KSLD is to be done by competent electrical person only.

Points to remember: 1. KSLD is electrical drawing.

2. Ask if in doubt.
3. Not for general use.

2. Functional Logic Diagram

Terms Function and Logic are widely used in control engineering.
Function in our context is any activity performed by any equipment.
A switch functions are on and off.
A valve function open close or transit may be important for process sequence.
It is required often to keep some valves open before proceeding further to start a
pump (or similar activity) for process reasons.
In process operations, it is common to adopt a method in which activity is being done
one after another in a definite order to accomplish a target major activity.
This is called a sequence.
In operations of oil & gas facilities major activities (startup of a gas compressor,
startup of a transfer pump, lining up a separator etc.) are divided into many single
activity groups to be performed in sequence.
For example: (From pump startup sequences)
Confirm there is enough suction pressure for pump.
Inlet valve is open.
Discharge valve is closed.
There is no hazard warning.
There is no electrical fault.
The pump selection is proper.
(Many such activities collectively complete the start up of a pump- a major activity.)
Some activity can be done at the same time with another.
From the above example, no hazard and no electrical fault can be confirmed at the
same time. However, the suction pressure and inlet valve open cannot be done at
the same time. Suction pressure can be checked only after inlet valve is opened.
According to PRIORITY, the activity is arranged for execution.
Priority is decided by the requirement for the operation we have chosen to complete
successfully and safely a major activity.
The requirement or conditions are gathered from manufacturer guides, previous
research reports and scientific knowledge.
These activities are arranged in an order/sequence, what is performed first and what
next?
In a simple word, logically.
Logic for event control is the way we want the activities to happen strictly following
the requirement.
LOGIC IN OUR CONTEXT IS:
EXECUTION OF A SEQUENCE OF EVENTS IN A PRE-DETERMINED
ORDER AFTER A SET OF CONDITIONS IS MET.

2.1 CONTROL LOGIC

CONTROL LOGIC IS THE PHYSICAL IMPLEMENTATION
OF FUNCTIONAL NEEDS BYGIVING A SET OF MACHINE LANGUAGE COMMANDS.

When a major activity (Compressor startup, Pump startup, Seperator lineup) is

performed, there are many steps of operation. In automatic control, these steps are
achieved by machines or devices. Devices require SIGNALS or commands for it
to operate. The electric/electronic circuit containing all interconnected devices is
termed as Control Logic Circuit.
Commands are like:
Start lube oil pump.
Start opening inlet valve
Close bypass valve, etc
Permissive:
(Permissive is a condition when met with, another command can be accepted for
execution) Example:
Lube oil pressure reaches above requirement with in a decided time
(e.g.: 10 seconds).
Inlet valve opens fully.
Tank level is not low.
The commands and conditions are arranged and chronologically (according to time of
occurrence) represented in a written document called logic drawing.
Logic drawing shows inputs, outputs, transfer functions and processing.
Input
Any signal received (a command, a status condition, or a process condition)
that is necessary to allow further activity.
Output:
Signal result of the particular branch of logic.
Transfer function:
Denotes the location of the same signal if used elsewhere in the drawing.
Processing:
Processing denotes follow the rules of logic as required.
The process logic command and activity is termed functions and mostly
represent functions of equipment, status of machines, relative positions of
process parameter values. (Level, Pressure etc.). These are electrical
/electronic signals sent to the logic control circuit. The circuit gives output in
response to these inputs.
This is processing.
A record drawing of all functions in a major activity is called FLD

2.2. FUNCTIONAL LOGIC DIAGRAMS:

Functional Logic Diagrams (FLD), together with Process Engineering Flow Schemes
provide the basis for design of systems like:
- Safeguarding system (safety shutdown/safety interlock)
- Sequence control system
- Automatic start-up systems.
Functions are normally indicated on the PEFS and UEFS by means of a tagged
rectangle square.
PZA
,

FZA
,

PDS

GBS

The letter Z for identification shows safeguarding function and sequence

function permissive uses letter S.
Making use of Cause and Effect matrices/Shut down matrices, FLD is drawn.
FLD provide information of the functioning of the logic circuit and logical
interconnection only. They may not contain any details as to how they are
connected electrically.
FLD is divided into the following sections:
-

Input function section

Logic function section
Output function section
Transfer indicator section

FLD represents mutual relation ship between Input signals and

Output signals, often with title FLD or chart of conditions.

Sample FLD.

INPUT

Ref.No
:

Location of circuit. (SSL, DCS, RCT, RP, etc.)

Ref.
No:

OUTPUT

PZA
V.345

HS34
MOS

LZA
V.345
HS35
MOS

&

2
0.
4
2
1
2
0.
4
2
1

2
0.
4
2
1

AREA, EQUIPMENT NUMBER, DRAWING DETAILS, LOGIC NUMBER.

To find out a functional logic in FLD, look in FLD index to locate equipment.
Find out logic number including the equipment number.
Logic index will give page number corresponding to logic number.
Interpretation of FLD requires study of symbols, logic functions and operating
principle. That does not come in the scope of this package.
2.3. Fail Safe Concept and its relation to Logic
Anticipating failure of components, industrial plants are designed fail safe.
In order to design safeguarding systems, it is essential to define the failures
(In the case of loss of functional control).
Safeguarding systems lead process into a predetermined safe state, i.e. de-energized
state.
Loss of functional control can be via a failure of:
- Transmitters
- Trip amplifier
- Utilities such as instrument air or power supply
- Components inside safeguarding systems, such as relays,
Electronic input/output cards, isolator cards, timers etc.,
- Cables; caused by breakage, fire etc.,
- Solenoid valves.
9

Safeguarding systems are preferably designed as normally energized, to have

minimum fail to danger. By convention normally energized (NE) concept means
that under normal operating conditions the input and output signals have the status
(logic level) 1 and under abnormal operating conditions have the status 0.
Basic Logic levels:
Definition of 1 is:
- Signal present.
- Voltage present.
- Switch closed.
- Solenoid powered.

Definition of 0 is:
- Signal absent.
- Voltage absent.
- Switch open.
- Solenoid without power.

These are useful while reading the logic drawings too.

It is true that all logic functions in normal operation are energized. In case of any
power failure, fail safe system returns to the safe state according to design.
However, the status of end element signal alone is mentioned in FLD. To complete
full function explanation, PEFS are also required.
For example: a control valve operated by logic as well as process control (anti surge
valve) holding process pressure in normal operation may be designed to open in the
event of a shut down.
FLD will describe whether the signal to valve is present or not.
The valve can be a signal to open valve or signal to close valve. Function of
control element (valve) is decided in accordance with process requirement. In the anti
surge application, valve will be fail to open.
This information will be there in PEFS.
Points to remember: 1. FLD shows logic sequence in the order of time.
2. FLD is mainly used for trouble shooting.
3. Logic is what we want the process to follow.
4. Input is signal reaching logic circuit.
5. Output is signal going from logic circuit.
6. Logic 1 is power present.
7. Logic 0 is power absent.
8. Control valve can be air to close/open.
9. Confirm drawing is current (with latest modification).

10

Flow Charts
What FC is:

A drawing with the representations of steps (of work process), in their

sequence.
What it can be used for:

To understand and improve the work process

To create a standard Operating Procedure

To create a common understanding of how work should be

done.

When to Use:
When there is a need to identify the actual or ideal path that any product,
process or service follows in order to identify when deviations / failures occur.
A Flow Chart is a pictorial representation showing the sequence
and steps of a process. Flow Charts provide an excellent
documentation of a process and can be a useful tool for
examining how various steps in a process are related to each
other.
The main elements of a simple flowchart are:

BOX

for all activities

CIRCLE

for inputs to or outputs from process

DIAMOND

for a decision that must be made

ARROW

to show the direction of flow from one

activity to the next

Complex flowcharts can use additional symbols for documents, different kinds of
machines, and other types of process, but the idea of a complex chart is essentially the
same as that of a four-symbol chart.
Points to remember:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Flow chart is a pictorial drawing.

It shows a procedure.
Startups, shutdowns can be drawn.
Useful in troubleshooting.

11

Flow chart Example:

Pump Start
Press start

MOTOR

TRIP
ALARM

NO

COMES ON?

NO

YES
YES
INVESTIGATE, RESET

YES

NO

FLOW OK

YES

RESETTED

CALL MAINTENANCE

NO

ADJUST CONTROL

FLOW OK

NO

YES
PUT TO AUTO CONTROL

LOG READINGS

REPORT TO CCR

12

3. Hazardous Area Classification.

In our context, hazard denotes substances that catch fire if ignition heat is available.
Natural gas, oil-handling facilities have materials more easily ignited than others do.
Wide variation is found in ignition properties of these gases or liquids.
They are divided in to groups / gas groups in the order of easiness to be ignited.
Grouping is standardized finding similarities in chemical properties like flash point,
vapor density, LEL-UEL, molecular weight, boiling/melting points and comparing
experimental results.
HAZARD GROUPS:
IEC Group.
I
II A
II B
II C

Gases.
Methane and associated gases in Mining
Propane, Kerosene, Naphtha, Butane, Carbon monoxide, Turpentine, Ammonia etc.
Hydrogen sulfide, Ethylene, Paraformaldehyde,
Acetylene, Hydrogen, Carbon disulfide. (Most easily ignited.)

The ability to get ignited increases from I to IIC therefore, the IIC group substance is
the most easily ignited material.
Zones are area classifications according to HOW MUCH the hazardous substance is
present and DURATION of its occurrence where the instrument is located.
HOW MUCH of gas present is calculated from source size, velocity of gas release
and availability of ventilation.
Duration.

Standard.

Continuous.
Hazard present continuously
for long time
Primary.
Possibly, present under
normal operations.

More than
1000 hours /
year

Secondary

Less than
10hrs/yaer.

Present under fault condition

for short duration

10-1000 hrs /
year.

Zone.
0
1

Method of protection

Code
.

Intrinsically safe systems

ia

IS category ib
Flameproof
Purge/pressurize
Encapsulation
Oil immersion
Sand/powder filling
Increased safety
In addition, any method
suitable for zone 0.
Non sparking
In addition, any method
suitable for zone 0,1.

ib
d
p
m
o
q
e
ia
n

13

The classification helps us in:

Proper selection
Proper installation
Safe maintenance
Of apparatus used in operational environment to achieve maximum level of safety
possible.
In addition, classification helps to identify areas in operating field that are likely to
become a hazardous place.
These areas will be marked in HAZARDOUS AREA CLASSIFICATION drawing.

Hazardous area classification drawings shall be made as an overlay of the plot plan
and indicates:-

Area classification in accordance with ERD-09-01

Equipments List.
Temperature- classes.
Reference to plot plan.
Prevailing wind direction.

In PDO, the symbols for zones are:

Slanting line.

Slanting cross.

Straight cross

(Zone II.)

(Zone I.)

(Zone 0.)

In Exploration & Production operations, it is difficult to ensure that an explosive gas

atmosphere will NEVER occur.
Therefore, utmost care is taken on design and operation. The area classification
drawing is one of the base documents in monitoring PTW in oil industry.
Any maintenance on equipment affecting area classification is carefully checked to
ensure that the proper PTW practice has been maintained.
Points to remember:
1. Area classification shows places where explosive gas may be present.
2. Depends on gas/vapor strength to catch fire.
3. Poisonous or toxic quality of gas/vapor is not shown in this drawing.
4. Observe strictly PTW / isolation procedure.
5. Area classification drawing include total four zones. Three hazardous zones and
the safe area.
14

4. Cause & Effect

From FLD, process related cause and effect is understood.
In PDO operations, the Fire & gas protection and IPF systems use cause & effect
matrix.
In Fire and Gas system, cause and effect matrix represents relevant levels of alarm
and the related actions taken.
CAUSE:
Cause is any incident that may happen in production area. The cause may be
better understood as a situation if this happens.
Example:
Tank level goes high.
Vessel pressure goes too low.
Engine temperature rise.
Equipment caught fire.
Any of the above is a cause.
EFFECT:
Effect is the result of logic circuit if the cause incident has happened. That means,
effect in other words is this will happen from logic control system.
Example:
Close the inlet.
Isolate the vessel.
Give a warning alarm. (+ More according to design.)
Shut down equipment.
These could be the effect of the causes above.
Cause is something that happens first in the field, and effect is some thing done by
logic circuit, to effect in the field as a reaction to the first one.
If this happens in the field, a signal is sent to logic. Then the logic reacts to it by
sending required signals to field so that this will happen; to ensure that process is
progressing in accordance with design and safety.
For all anticipated incidents in the field, a corrective action is designed and logic
circuit is programmed to execute them when ever such occasion arise.
These are represented in a drawing called cause & effect matrix.

15

CAUSE AND EFFECT IS READ IN TWO STEPS.

ONE: LOCATE THE CAUSE THAT IS UNDER INVESTIGATION.
TWO: FIND THE MARKS AND FIND OUT THE EFFECT PROGRAMMED.

all x marked ones will happen

Effect

if any of this happens

CloseClose
outletinlet
ESDESD
uz 002
uz oo1

Cause

V5 PZA-001 HH
V5 LZA-001 HH
V5 LZA-002 LL
V5 PDSA-001 H
V5 MAN. ESD
STN. ESD

x
x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x

Cause & Effect diagrams are drawn clearly illustrating the incidents affecting a
process by sorting out and tabulating them. All those incidents that can send a logic
signal (A command/input) to the control circuit will be included in the diagram. Then
all possible effects on process due to the incident are marked against tabulated logic
incident.
Points to remember: 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Instrument Protective Functions are marked in this drawing.

Fire and Gas shutdowns are in this drawing.
Look for latest revision of drawing.
Do not archive old drawings.
Understand all the matrix of the station that you are operating.

16

Sample C & E drawing.

VESSAL NO:

TAG NO:

CAUSE

LOGIC NO:

GAS COMP. STOP.

REMOTE WELL S/D

CCR ANN. ON

LOGIC NO:

G/L SHUT DOWN

LOGIC NO:

SEP IN CLOSE

SEP OUT CLOSE

EFFECT

DESCRIPTIONNN

LOGIC NO:

PROCESS

LOGIC NO:

SS

LOGIC NO:

2VESSEL

1VESSEL

TITLE

TAG
LZA1

DESCRIPTION
SEP.LEVL(LL)

LZA2

SEP.LVL(HH)

PZA1

SEP.PRSS.(HH)

HBS1

MANUAL ESD

LZA3
LZA4
PZA2
HBS2

X= INITIATE PRIMARY & SECONDARY ACTION

C= CLOSE
O= OPEN
C= CLOSE AUTO RESET.

DRAWING IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS.

REVISION NUMBER.

Any other symbol used will be shown here.

REFERENCE DRAWINGS IF ANY.

VENDOR DETAILS IF ANY.

AREA.
SITE AREA.
DRAWING TITLE.

17

5. Plot Plans
Shall indicate the following:
- Fences and gates, Emergency exits and Escape routes be marked.
- Buildings, with indication of doors.
- All main equipment (including skid mounted units).
- Vessels shall be shown with base plate outline and
Line co-ordinates of the pump discharge flange.
- Pumps shall be shown with base plate outline, and
Line co-ordinates of the pump discharge flange.
-

Pipe rack main supports

Operating platforms, walkways and stairs.
Benchmarks indicating co-ordinates and elevations.
True north and Plant North with angle included
Prevailing wind direction
Sterile areas around flares, vents and burn pits by means of a
discontinuous line with an arrow text stating Sterile Area Limit
- Earthing and cathodic protection
- Bunt walls
- List of numbers of main equipment indicated on the plot plan,
description.
- Cross- reference to the Key Plan, Foundation Location Plan and
Site Plan.

ATTACH AREA CLASSIFICATION AND PLOT PLAN OF YOUR

AREA / STATION.

SAMPLE. PLOT- PLAN.

18

EQP NO

DESCRIPTION.

A5530

G/L COMP.
TRAIN-1

PLANT NORTH
DIRECTION
MARKING

E5530
K5530

G/L COMPR.

P5510

V5530

FLASH VESSAL

MATCHLINE NUMBER

PIPE WAY
P 55I0
P 5520

A 5530

P 5530

E 5530

EMERGENCY EXIT

P5530

CRDE OIL
EXPOTRT
PUMPS

ROAD

P5520

V 5530
K 5530
MATCHLINE NUMBER

DETAILED SKETCH IF ANY.

REFERANCE DRAWING NUMBERS

AREA, SUB AREA, TITLE, DESCRIPTION.

PDO DRAWING NUMBERS, REVISION NUMBERS.

19