DISSOLVED GAS ANALYSIS AS A TOOL FOR FAULT INDICATION

Hydrogen ( H2 )
Methane( CH4 )
Carbon Monoxide ( CO )
Acetylene ( C2H2 )
Ethylene ( C2H4 )
Ethane ( C2H6 )
For Method 5 & 6
Carbon Dioxide ( CO2 )
Nitrogen ( N2 )
Oxygen ( O2 )

41
21
175
17
58
7

ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm

1848
16143
5591

ppm
ppm
ppm

Base on above values following are the results w.r.t different methods.
1. Doernenburg's Method
Result :

NO FAULT

2. Roger's Method
Result :

Arcing High Energy Discharge

3. IEC 60599 & IS 10593 Ratio Method

Result :

NO FAULT

4. DUVAL Triangle Method

Result :

High Energy Discharge ( Arcing )

5. CO2/C0,O2/N2 & C2H2/H2 Ratio Method

Result :1) Paper Degradation
Result :2) No Excessive consumption of oxygen
6. Key Gas Method
Result :

NO FAULT

"False" indication in result for any methode shows that its not fullfilling its criteria.
Method No 6 : will come in picture when very high concentration of gases in individual % .

1) Internal fault in oil produce the gaseous byproducts hydrogen ( H2 ),

Methane ( CH4 ), Acetylene ( C2H2 ), Ethylene ( C2H4 ), and Ethane
( C2H6).
1. Doernenburg's
2) When cellulose is involved, the fault produce methane ( CH4 ),
hydrogen( H2 ),Carbon monoxide( CO ) and carbon dixide( CO2 ).
3) Partila Discharge ( PD ): PD of cold plasma ( corona ) type, resulting
in possible X-wax deposition on paper insulation, or of the sparking type,
including pinhole, carbonized perforations
( punctures ) in paper,
which, however, may not be easy to find ;
4) Discharge of low energy : in oil or/and paper, evidenced by larger
carbonized perforations through paper ( punctures ), carbonization of the
paper surface ( tracking )or carbon particles in oil ( as per tap changer
operation in oil )
5) Discharge of high energy : in oil or/and paper, with power followthrough, evidence by extensive destruction and carbonization of paper,
metal fusion at the discharge extensive destruction and carbonization of
paper, metal fusion at the discharge extremities, extensive carbonization
in oil and , in some cases, tripping of the equipment, confirming the large
current follow through;
6) Thermal fault in oil/paper, below 300 Deg C if the paper has turned
brownish and above 300 Deg C if it has carbonized. Thermal fault above
700 Deg C if there is strong evidence of carbonization of the oil, metal
coloration ( 800 Deg C ) of metal fusion ( > 1000 Deg C )

0
0
0

C2H4/H2
C2H2/C2H4
C2H2/CH4
C2H6/C2H2
0
2. Roger's

Ratio 1 ( R2 ) , C2H2/C2H4
Ratio 2 ( R1 ) , CH4/H2
Ratio 3 ( R5 ) , C2H4/C2H6

Arcing High Energy Discharg

3. IEC 60599 & IS 10593

Ratio C2H2/C2H4
Ratio CH4/H2
Ratio C2H4/C2H6
0
0
NO FAULT
6. Key Gas Method
319
CO
H2
CH4
C2H6
C2H4
C2H2
0
4. DUVAL Triangle
96
CH4
C2H2
C2H4

5. CO2/C0,O2/N2 & C2H2/H

1. Doernenburg's
1.414634
0.293103
0.809524
0.411765

C2H2/C2H4
C2H2/CH4
C2H6/C2H2

Thermal Decomposition
Corona ( low intensity PD )
Arcing ( high intensity PD )
NO FAULT

0
0
0

Unit Normal
Low-Energy Density Arcing ( PD )
Arcing High Energy Discharge
Low Temperature Thermal
Thermal < 700 Deg C
Thermal > 700 Deg C
NO FAULT

0
0
1
0
0
0

Partial Discharges
Discharges of low energy
Discharges of high energy
Thermal fault, t < 300 Deg C
Thermal fault, 300 Deg C < t < 700 Deg C
Thermal fault, t > 700 Deg C
NO FAULT

0
0
0
0
0
0

2. Roger's

Ratio 1 ( R2 ) , C2H2/C2H4
Ratio 2 ( R1 ) , CH4/H2
Ratio 3 ( R5 ) , C2H4/C2H6

0.293103
0.512195
8.285714

Arcing High Energy Discharge

3. IEC 60599 & IS 10593

Ratio C2H2/C2H4
0.293103
Ratio CH4/H2
0.512195
Ratio C2H4/C2H6
8.285714

NO FAULT
6. Key Gas Method
54.85893
12.85266
6.583072
2.194357
18.18182
5.329154

Overheated Oil
Overheated Cellulose
Corona in Oil
Arcing in Oil
NO FAULT

0
0
0
0

4. DUVAL Triangle

21.875
17.70833
60.41667

Low Energy Discharge ( Sparking )

High Energy Discharge ( Arcing )
Mix Thermal & Electrical Fault
Thermal Fault < 300 Deg C
Thermal Fault 300 Deg C to 700 Deg C
Thermal Fault > 700 Deg C

0
1
1
0
0
0

Partiaql Discharge
NO FAULT
High Energy Discharge ( Arcing )
5. CO2/C0,O2/N2 & C2H2/H2 RATIO
CO2/CO
O2/N2

10.56
0.346342

Paper Degradation
Excessive consumption of oxygen
No Paper Degradation
No Excessive consumption of oxygen

Trial-Use Guide for the Use of Dissolved Gas Analysis During Factory Temperature Rise Tests ( I

1. Hydrogen ( H2 )
2.Methane ( CH4 )
3.Ethylene ( C2H4 )
4.Ethane ( C2H6 )
5.Acetylene ( C2H2 )
6.Carbon Dioxide ( CO2 )
7.Carbon Monoxide ( CO )

ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm

Sample 1 Sample 2
5
7
5
8
6
7
2
3
0
0
24
36
5
11

Time

ppm/hr
0.1818
0.4545

11.00
0.0000
1.0909
0.5455

Sample 1 time, t 0 = Sample time before the temperature rise test begins
Sample 2 time, t f = Sample time right after the load is shut down. It can also be taken anywhere from 2-6 h after t
Time ( t f - t 0 ) = Heat run interval in hours ( Time Duration between Sample 1 & Sample 2 )
Possible Problem = Test duplicate sample. Investigate cause by reviewing temperature rise test results. Advise cus
Certain Problem = Manufacturer and customer conference. A thermal fault exists. Corrective action should be taken
NOTE: The presence of acetylene (C2H2) during a temperature rise test is cause for serious concern
HC = CH4 +C2H4 +C2H6

Factory Temperature Rise Tests ( IEEEPC57.130/D17 )

Results
No Problem
No Problem
No Problem
No Problem
No Problem

No Problem
Possible Problem

No Problem
Possible Problem

be taken anywhere from 2-6 h after the load is shut down

& Sample 2 )
No Problem
perature rise test results. Advise customer. Extend test duration.
Possible Problem
ts. Corrective action should be taken and temperature rise tests repeated.
cause for serious concern
No Problem
Possible Problem

Possible Problem
Certain Problem

Possible Problem
Certain Problem

Possible Problem
Certain Problem

Possible Problem
Certain Problem