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I.
INTRODUCTION
2cwk w
A =
N ck cos k +
N ck sin k ;
=
k{K }
k{K }
A
A
{ }
N ck sin k
1
k{K A }
arctan
.
N ck cos k
(1)
k K A
Frez ( , t ) =
3wI 2 k wd
sin( t ) +
=1
3wI 2 k wi
sin( + t )
=1
(2)
where (clock wise) CW winding factor, kwd, and (counterclock wise) CWW winding factor, kwi are:
2
2
C12 + C22 ;
k wi =
D12 + D22 ;
3
3
1
2
2
C1 = k wA cos A + k wB cos B +
+ k wC cos C ;
2
3
3
k wd =
1
2
2
C2 = k wA sin A + k wB sin B +
+ k wC sin C ;
2
3
3 (3)
D1 =
1
2
2
;
k wA cos A + k wB cos B + k wC cos C +
2
3
3
1
2
2
kwd 2 kwi 2
p
k k
d =
+
+ 2 wd 2 wi cos2t ;
kwp p
d = dC + dV cos2t
(4)
A.
B.
kwU
kwV
kwW
kwd
kwi
0.7700
0.6422
0.1768
0.4330
0.2389
0.2500
0.1267
0.7700
0.6422
0.1768
0.4330
0.2389
0.2500
0.1267
0.7267
0.6597
0.1353
0.4330
0.3010
0.3536
0.0734
0.7553
0.0589
0.0266
0.0000
0.2576
0.1610
0.0333
0.0286
0.0431
0.1619
0.4330
0.0434
0.0431
0.1067
TABLE 2.
SINGLE LAYER 6-POLE ANALYSIS RESULTS
Space
harmonic
order
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
kwU
kwV
kwW
kwd
kwi
0.3477
0.9295
0.1411
0.2563
0.4861
0.1045
0.1499
0.1300
0.3477
0.9295
0.1411
0.2563
0.4861
0.1045
0.1499
0.1300
0.2452
0.9435
0.1389
0.0488
0.5748
0.1389
0.2079
0.1715
0.0480
0.9339
0.0181
0.0205
0.0334
0.1099
0.1537
0.0294
0.0198
0.0112
0.1381
0.1621
0.0258
0.0101
0.0735
0.0984
(5)
W2 = W1 (0) + U1 ( +9)
In Fig. 4 it is represented the winding diagram for the
double layer configuration.
Compared to the single-layer winding, the new doublelayer winding has a higher distribution factor because the
two layers of each phase winding have different spatial
arrangement (are not in phase). Consequently, the space
harmonic content is improved.
From table 3 it can be seen that reducing space harmonic
content was achieved on the cost of diminishing the
fundamental pitch factor from 0.7553 in single-layer winding
to 0.7488 (-1.4%) for 4-pole connection, and from 0.9339 to
0.8843 (-5.3%) for 6-pole connection.
TABLE 4.
COMPARISON BETWEEN THE NEW DOUBLE-LAYER WINDING AND THE BEST
POLE-CHANGING WINDING KNOWN FROM THE LITERATURE [1] REGARDING
FUNDAMENTAL WINDING FACTORS AND DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENT.
TABLE 3.
PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
OF THE DOUBLE LAYER WINDING SHOWN IN FIG. 4
4-poles winding
Space
CW
CCW
harmoni
waves
waves
c order
1
0.7488
0.0174
2
0.0153
0.0417
3
0.0211
0.0211
4
0.0000
0.3750
5
0.0336
0.0344
6
0.1555
0.0112
7
0.0203
0.1058
8
0.0000
0.0000
9
0.1232
0.1232
10
0.0417
0.0569
11
0.0548
0.0130
6-poles winding
Space
CCW
CW
harmonic
waves
waves
order
1
0.0178
0.0031
3
0.0084
0.8843
5
0.0444
0.0119
7
0.1617
0.0091
9
0.0114
0.0333
11
0.0066
0.0353
13
0.0696
0.1155
15
0.0064
0.0264
17
0.0542
0.0021
19
0.0091
0.0645
21
0.0197
0.0150
0.8887
120.7
U6
118.6
0.8882
120.7
V6
0.8887
In Fig. 6 are plotted the air gap mmf for 4-pole and for 6pole winding connections: a) fundamental (red color), b) the
resultant (blue color) and c) differential wave (green color).
Fig. 6. Computed air gap mmf for 4-pole and for 6-pole double-layer
winding. The vertical axes are calibrated in the phase reference system.
kw1CW/
kw1CCW
dC
dV
4 poles winding
Neven Srb
Actual
winding [1]
winding
0.7182/
0.7488/
0.0174
0.0239
0.0279
0.0033
0.0247
6 poles winding
Neven Srb
Actual
winding [1]
winding
0.8703/
0.8843/
0.017
0.0084
0.0389
0.0266
0.0260
0.0118
A.
(6)
a.
a.
b.
b.
c.
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
80
4 poles
70
Efficiency [%]
60
50
40
a.
30
20
10
0
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
6 poles
70
Efficiency [%]
60
50
40
b.
30
20
actual paper winding
10
0
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
V. CONCLUSIONS
The paper presents a new pole-changing winding
developed on a stator structure having 4/6 poles and 48 slots.
Starting from a single layer pole-changing winding, a new
double layer winding was designed. Compared to the best
known pole-changing winding [1], the new winding produces
better performance due to increased fundamental winding
factors and diminished space harmonic content.
The new winding was analysed using FEM and tested on
an induction motor built on the base of a 3 kW/15000 rpm
motor with 100mm frame, developing 2.2 kW/1.5 kW rated
power for 4/6 poles, respectively. The new winding can be
used in general applications as the air gap flux density is very
balanced at both speeds, resulting in an almost constant
torque.
Compared to known windings, because of the higher
fundamental winding factors for both polarities, the new
winding allows for either reduced iron losses at same number
of turns per phase or diminished Joule losses at same value
of the air gap flux density.
[1]
[2]
B.
TABLE 5.
EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL RESULTS FOR THE INDUCTION MOTOR IN
THE FRAME 100 WITH RATED POWER 2.2 KW/1.5 KW, 4/6 POLES
Experimental
results
new winding
4
poles
6
poles
Numerical
results
new
winding
4
poles
6
poles
Numerical
results
Neven Srb
winding [1]
4
poles
6
poles
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
VI. REFERENCES
Neven Srb: Winding technique of electrical motors, Technicka kniga,
Zagreb, 1990.
M.V. Cistelecan, H. B. Cosan, and M. Popescu: Tooth Concentrated
Fractional Windings for Low Speed Three Phase a.c. Machines,
ICEM2006, Chania, Greece, Sept. 2006
B. Heller, V. Hamata: Harmonic field effects in induction machines,
Academia Publishing House, Prague, 1977.
M.V. Cistelecan: Three phase a.c. winding for pole changeable
electrical machines in the ratio 4:6, Romanian patent RO-122795
issued 29 January 2010.
Cedrat, Flux 10 Users Guide, Vol.1-5, Meylan, 2007
T. Tudorache, L. Melcescu, "FEM Optimal Design of Energy
Efficient Induction Machines", Advances in Electrical and Computer
Engineering, vol. 9, pp. 58-64, 2009.
VII. BIOGRAPHIES
Leonard Marius Melcescu was born in Pitesti-Arges in Romania in 1970.
He graduated in 1995. and the obtained his Ph. D. in electrical engineering
from POLITECHNICA University of Bucharest, Romania, in 2006. He
is currently teaching Electrical Machines and drives at POLITECHNICA
University of Bucharest.
Mihail V. Cistelecan (M94), born in 1947 in Tg.Mures (Romania),
received the MS degree as electrical engineer from Technical University of
Cluj-Napoca, Romania, in 1969 and the Ph. D. in electrical machines and
drives from POLITECHNICA University of Bucharest, Romania, in
1990.
Ovidiu Craiu was born in 1966 in Bucharest, Romania. He graduated from
POLITECHNICA University of Bucharest, Romania, where he obtained
in 1996 a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Machines. After being involved in
human rights projects for almost 10 years he returned in 2007 to
engineering business. He is currently teaching Fundamentals of Electricity
and Electrical Machines at POLITECHNICA University of Bucharest.
H. Baris Cosan was born in Izmir, Turkey, in 1945. He graduated in 1967
the Technical Faculty of Education University of Gazi, Ankara.