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STORING CARBON
HOW IT AFFECTS UNDERGROUND FORMATIONS
NATURAL GAS
THE NEW KING OF POWER GENERATION
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April 2016 www.power-eng.com
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SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT, NORTH AMERICAN

POWER GENERATION GROUP Richard Baker
(918) 831-9187 richardb@pennwell.com
Power Engineering is the flagship

media sponsor for
NATIONAL BRAND MANAGER Rick Huntzicker

(770) 578-2688 rickh@pennwell.com
CHIEF EDITOR Russell Ray
(918) 832-9368 russellr@pennwell.com
ASSOCIATE EDITOR Sharryn Dotson
(918) 832-9339 sharrynd@pennwell.com
ASSOCIATE EDITOR Tim Miser
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FEATURES 120
The Intermountain
16 Energy
Storage Project
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(540) 252-2137 wayneb@pennwell.com
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(804) 815-9186 barryc@pennwell.com
The $1.5 billion Intermountain Energy Storage

Project in Utah will be the largest of its kind, using wind power
to store large amounts of compressed air in underground salt
caverns.The history and technology behind this grand project
are detailed inside.
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(918) 832-9378 deannat@pennwell.com
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No.4, April 2016
YEARS
ABOUT THE COVER: The Milford Wind farm near Milford, Utah will generate power that
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1604PE_1 1
34
Dominions Approach to
Optimizing Spray Dry Absorbers
An Update on CCS
Research & Development
Will the storage of carbon dioxide affect the structural integrity

of underground formations? The National Energy Technology
Laboratory says No and explains why.
40
Hyper-Local Weather Data

Provides Accuracy to Central
Hudson Gas & Electric
Weather plays a key role in the amount of energy used in the U.S., and
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DEPARTMENTS
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4/7/16 2:54 PM
OPINION
Energy Storage:
Thinking BIG
BY RUSSELL RAY, CHIEF EDITOR
he widespread deployment of
cost-effective, grid-scale energy
storage solutions may still be
distant, but the technology appears to be
commercially viable. The next step: Getting projects funded and online.
Storing electricity on a large scale
has been pursued for years by electric
utilities in hopes of using the power
to cover periods of peak demand. The
ability to store large amounts of power will help power producers fill the
production gaps created by growing
amounts of intermittent generation
such as solar and wind power.
After years of limited progress, several capable systems for storing large
amounts of power have emerged from
research and development efforts borne
from new mandates for energy storage
capacity and public demand for cleaner
power supplies. Some grid-scale systems
are viable now, while others are on the
verge of viability.
The progress in energy storage technology is reflected in last years development efforts. According to a report by
GTM Research and the Energy Storage
Association, the U.S. deployed 221 MW
of new storage capacity in 2015, up 243
percent over the previous year. By 2020,
energy storage capacity in the U.S. is projected to reach 1.7 GW valued at $2.5 billion, the report showed.
We can look back at 2015 as the year
when energy storage really took off,
said Ravi Manghani, the reports author.
While most of the growth was limited
to a single wholesale market of PJM, we
expect growing interest for storage in several markets.
Spawned by the recent extension of
the federal Investment Tax Credit (ITC),
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GTM expects the U.S. will add half a

GW of storage capacity between 2016
and 2020. This added capacity will be
coupled with renewable power projects,
beneficiaries of the 30 percent tax credit.
Of the additional storage driven by the
ITC, most of that capacity will be utility
scale, GTM said.
While most of the attention is paid
to the development of the next-generation system of battery storage, the
granddaddy of all energy storage projects will rely on another form of storage technology compressed air and
will be built in the high desert of rural
Utah. In this issue of Power Engineering,
our cover story examines the history
and the technology behind this grand
project the $1.5 billion Intermountain Energy Storage Project.
The Intermountain project is the largest of its kind, using wind power to store
large amounts of compressed air in four
underground salt caverns, each capable of
storing enough high-pressure compressed
air to fill the Empire State Building.
Whenever energy storage comes up
these days, everyone talks about chemical batteries, said Robert Schulte of
Schulte Associates LLC and a consultant
to Burbank Water & Power, one of the
projects developers. In certain cases,
chemical batteries can supply as much as
20 MW, but the project at Intermountain
targets 1,200 MW of storage or more.
If the project is realized, it will serve
as a litmus test for how power producers can use energy storage to deal with
growing amounts of intermittent generation, grid integration costs, and stricter
emission standards. It will also serve as
a testing ground for the benefits of compressed air energy storage technology,
especially its ability to absorb excess

renewable generation and reproduce it
when that power is needed.
Meanwhile, energy storage costs
have been declining rapidly and will
continue to fall. The market for large
scale energy storage technologies received a big boost in October 2013,
when California adopted the nations
first energy storage mandate. The measure requires the states investor-owned
electric utilities to buy 1.3 GW of energy storage capacity by the end of 2020.
The California mandate has accelerated the development of storage technologies and efforts to bring costs down.
In January, the World Energy Council
(WEC) said in a report the associated
costs of energy storage technologies will
fall 70 percent by 2030, which will lead
to strong growth in the global adoption
of energy storage.
But the adoption of energy storage
should not be determined solely on cost.
Energy storage is seen by many as a game
changer for the power sector. Its flexibility could help utilities and grid managers bring more balance to supply and
demand, making the grid more resilient
and efficient.
As the WEC noted in its report, focusing on the levelized cost of storage can
be misleading because the metrics used
to determine the levelized cost are arbitrary. Energy storage should be viewed
as an essential component of grid expansion. A narrow focus on costs alone
drives the common misperception that
energy storage is more expensive than it
really is, the WEC wrote.
If you have a question or a comment,
contact me at russellr@pennwell.com.
Follow me on Twitter @RussellRay1.
www.power-eng.com
4/7/16 2:54 PM
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4/7/16 2:54 PM
INDUSTRY NEWS
Total U.S. Sales of
Electricity Down Last Year
Total U.S. electricity sales in 2015 fell

1.1 percent from the previous year, representing the fifth time sales have fallen
in the past eight years, according to a reportpublished last month by the U.S. Energy Information Administration.
The slump reflects declining electricity sales in the industrial sector and
little growth in sales to the residential
and commercial building sectors, despite growth in the total number of
households and commercial buildings.
The report cites market saturation,
increased-efficiency electrical equipment, slowing economic growth, and
the changing composition of the economy as drivers in the current down
trend.
In addition to decreased electricity
sales to residential and commercial
customers, the report also notes reduced sales in the industrial sector, but
notes these decreases mainly reflect
economic factors.
EIA: More Than 80% of

2015s Retired Generating
Capacity was Coal-Fired
Nearly 18 GW of electric generating
capacity was retired in 2015, according
to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), and more than 80 percent of that wascoal-fired.
About 30 percent of those coal retirements happened this month after the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys Mercury and Air Toxics Standards
(MATS) rule went into effect.
According to the EIA, some plants
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applied for and received one-year extensions and will retire this month. Several plants received additional extensions beyond April based on their roles
in grid reliability.
The EIA noted that much of the countrys existing coal capacity was built between 1950 and 1990. Coal units that
were shuttered in 2015 were primarily
built between 1950 and 1970. The average age of those units was 54 years.
Nearly half of the countrys coal capacity that retired in 2015 was in Ohio,
Georgia, and Kentucky. Each of those
states retired at least 10 percent of their
coal capacity last year.
Other states with traditionally high
levels of coal-fired generation, including Indiana, West Virginia and Virginia, each retired at least 1 GW.
Consumers Energy Closes

Seven Oldest Coal Plants
Consumers Energy confirmed it
will close its seven oldest coal-fired
power plants by the middle of the
month, amounting to two-thirds of the
companys coal fleet. The retirements
will reduce the companys carbon footprint by 25 percent, while reducing its
emissions by 40 percent.
Collectively generating just under
1,000 MW, the companys Classic Seven plants have operated in Michigan
for more than six decades. Plants include: B.C. Cobb 4 and 5; Muskegon;
J.C. Weadock 7 and 8; Hampton Township (Bay County); J.R. Whiting 1, 2,
and 3; and Luna Pier.
GE to Deploy Robotic
Inspection Tools for
Gas-Fired Power Plants
GEs Power Services business will deploy advanced robotic inspection tools
to inspectnatural gas-firedpower plants
owned by utility Alinta Energy in Australia and New Zealand.
GEs DIRIS and TurboRotoscan inspection systems will be used in 19 generators
manufactured by GE, Alstom, Mitsubishi,

and Brush. The systems will alert the utility to potential generator issues, giving it
time to evaluate its options. Inspections
will begin this month and be performed
through 2020.
GE Hitachi Nuclear
Reactor Inspection Tool
Reaches Milestone
A remote-operated-vehicle inspection
tool has reached a milestone in the examination of nuclear reactor components.
GE Hitachi Nuclear Energys remotely-operated Stinger In-Vessel Visual
Inspection (IVVI) tool successfully facilitated the examination of more than
1,000 nuclear reactor components. The
Stinger was recently used during a refueling outage at an unnamed U.S. nuclear reactor, the ninth deployment of
the inspection tool. It was first used at
Plant Hatch in 2013.
Stinger is able to examine the complete range of components from the reactor vessel flange to the annulus floor
through advanced camera and remote
positioning technology. High-resolution video can be transmitted in real
time for analysis by NRC-certified
technicians in North Carolina. With
new camera and lighting capabilities,
Stinger now has the ability to conduct
cladding examinations on reactor pressure vessel interior walls.
Siemens Opens
Cyber Security Centers
in US and Europe
Siemens opened its Cyber Security Operation Center in Europe and
the U.S. to protect industrial facilities
worldwide
The center has a joint location in Lisbon
and Munich, and one in Ohio. Industrial
security specialists at the sites will monitor industrial facilities all over the world
for cyber threats, warning companies in
the event of security incidents and coordinating proactive counter measures.
www.power-eng.com
4/7/16 2:54 PM
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4/7/16 2:54 PM
These protective measures are part of

Siemens plant security services, which
range from security assessments and the
installation of protective measures, to
continuous surveillance of power plants.
TransAlta to Decommission
Canadas Oldest Wind Farm
TransAlta Corporation will decommission Canadas oldest wind farm,
Cowley Ridge in Pincher Creek, Alberta.
Commissioned in 1993, Cowley
Ridge was Canadas first commercial wind farm, featuring 57 turbines
and generating 16 MW of clean energy.
The turbines were mounted on 24.5-meter lattice towers.
Canada now has an installed wind capacity of 11,205 MW.
Decommissioning will take place
through June, followed by site
reclamation.
TransAlta is reviewing options to repower the site with new wind turbines.
Duke Energy Names New

Chief Fossil/Hydro Officer
Duke Energyhas named Regis Repko
the companys new senior vice president
and chief fossil/hydro officer. RepkosucceedsCharlie Gates, who announced his
retirement in March.
Repko will be responsible for the operation of the companys regulated fossil/hydro generation fleet in six states,
including outage and maintenance services. He will help shape the companys
generation stragety as Duke rebalances
its portfolio to reduce carbon emissions.
Dominion, Microsoft Partner to Bring
New Solar Project to Virginia
A partnership between the Commonwealth of Virginia, Microsoft, and Dominion Virginia Powerwill bring a new
20-MW solar facility to the state.
Dominion will build the facility
on company-owned land in Fauquier
County adjacent to its Remington generating station.
This partnership will help lower
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1604PE_6 6
carbon emissions in Virginia and diversify our energy portfolio, while growing
the solar and data center industries in
Virginia, said Gov. Terry McAuliffe.
Areva TN to Supply Used

Nuclear Fuel Storage System
Areva TN signed two $200 million
long-term contracts with U.S. utilities to
supply used fuel storage solutions.
Areva will supply its NUHOMS
dry-shielded canisters and the NUHOMS
horizontal storage system, which will
house the canisters on site. The canisters
are designed to store fuel assemblies from
pressurized water reactors, including
high-burnup, short-cooled fuel.
In the U.S., nearly 1,000 used fuel
canisters are currently loaded at more
than 30 sites.
MHPSA G-Series Gas

Turbine Headed to Power
Plant in North Carolina
NTE Energy picked Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems Americas Inc. to
supply an M501GAC gas turbine for a
power project in North Carolina.
The turbine is set for the Kings
Mountain Energy Center, which will
produce 475 MW of electricity in combined-cycle mode. The plant will be
built, owned, and operated by NTEs
affiliate, NTE Carolinas LLC. It is set
for commercial operation in 2018.
The turbine to be installed at Kings
Mountain will be manufactured at
MHPSAs Savannah Machinery Works
in Georgia.
Oregon Senate Passes

Bill to Abandon Coal
Power by 2030
Oregon Gov. Kate Brown is expected
to sign into law a bill that would eliminate the states use of coal for power
production.
Senate Bill 1547 requires Oregons
electric utilities to abandon coal by
2030. The bill also increases the
Renewable Portfolio Standard for the

states three largest utilities, requiring
them to procure at least half their electricity from renewable energy sources
by 2040.
SB 1547 also creates a community
solar program, changes criteria for generating renewable energy certificates,
and ensures facility decommissioning
costs are recovered.
SB 1547 gives the Public Utility
Commission (PUC) broad rule-making and regulatory authority, capping
the annual rate increase at 4 percent
and establishing a mechanism for exemption of compliance would result in
adverse financial impact to ratepayers.
The PUC is required to report back to
the Oregon legislature.
MTU Onsite Energy

to Supply 160 Gensets
to VPower Group
MTU Onsite Energy, a division

ofRolls-Royce Power Systems, has contracted to supply 160 gas-powered gensets to VPower Group, a company with
expertise in decentralized power generation. The deal allows VPower to secure production capacity within MTU,
making it possible to meet customer
demand on short notice. The gensets
will be based on MTUs 16V 4000 L32
units, each with an output of 1,560 kW.
In 2014, the two companies teamed
up to deliver 32 natural gas-powered
gensets to Myanmar Electric Power
Enterprise (MEPE), with another 64
units following in 2015. The gas-powered MEPE is directly tied to Myanmars power grid and stabilizes the
countrys domestic power supply.
www.power-eng.com
4/7/16 2:54 PM
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4/7/16 2:54 PM
ENERGY MATTERS
Are Gen IV Nuclear

Reactors the Future?
TERRY GARRETT, P.E., BURNS & MCDONNELL
odays nuclear power plants generate electricity at stable costs

and produce near-zero carbon
emissions. Currently, there are 437 operating nuclear reactor power plants and
more than 60 under construction (five
in the US) ranging from 500 megawatts
electrical (MWe) to 1,700 MWe. However,
not all reactors are competitive and such
large power plants are not well suited for
deployment in emerging countries. The
next generation of nuclear power plants
will continue to be carbon-free, but even
more importantly, they will be a viable
energy source for both emerging and developed countries.
The 1950s saw the first generation of
commercial nuclear reactors. Between
1970 and 1990, utilities were placing
orders for large MWe reactors. Around
2008, small modular reactor designs
(SMRs) emerged. These smaller MWe versions of current reactor technology have
improved safety features and modular
construction that lead to shorter deployment times and improved economics.
SMRs are an important and arguably an
evolutionary step to advancing the next
generation of reactors (Gen IV).
International cooperation is being realized, most notably through the Generation IV International Forum (GIF). The
GIF was created in January 2000 and today has 13 members. The Mission Innovation initiative was launched in November 2015 on behalf of 21 governments to
accelerate public and private global clean
energy innovation with the objective to
make clean energy widely affordable.
Gen IV global research and development is expanding with several Gen IV
technology types under consideration.
In 2002, GIF selected six types, from
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1604PE_8 8
nearly 100 concepts, as Gen IV systems.

Further, GIF has divided the research and
development amongst working groups
formed by laboratories, universities, and
government agencies, according to the experience and interest of each. Multiple nations have both SMR and Gen IV reactors
in various phases of market readiness.
Government, industry, and environmental support for nuclear is increasing.
The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission agreed to develop design-specific
guidelines for SMRs. In November 2015
at a White House Summit on Nuclear
Energy, the executive branch reinforced
the important role nuclear plays in providing reliable, zero emissions electricity.
The U.S. Nuclear Infrastructure Council
is working with National Labs to bring
advance reactors to the market place. The
Department of Energys (DOEs) Gateway
for Accelerated Innovation in Nuclear will
provide access to the technical, regulatory, and financial support necessary for
commercialization. At the COP21, four
of the worlds leading climate experts,
urged countries to recognize that nuclear
energy is the only viable path forward
to the needed rapid decarbonization of
the worlds energy systems. [COP is the
Conference of the Parties, referring to the
countries that have signed up to the 1992
United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change.]
Industry investment is broad. The Mission Innovation participating governments will seek to double their research
and development investment over the
next five years. Twenty-eight wealthy individuals from ten countries have formed
the Breakthrough Energy Coalition to increase the public research pipeline. DOE
awarded $40 million matching funds for
development of two advanced reactors.

Over $1.6 billion of investment is going
to 46 new reactor companies. Some of
the U.S.s largest companies have made
public announcements on investments to
create a Gen IV design including General
Electric, General Atomics, and Lockheed
Martin.
According to The International Atomic
Energy Agency (IAEA), an accessible, affordable and sustainable energy source
is fundamental to the development of
modern society and they predict a global demand for primary energy 1.5 to 3
times higher in 2050 as compared to today. Being a carbon-free source of energy
is a huge advantage, but Gen IV reactors
will need to be economically competitive
to renewables. With the simpler Gen IV
technology, improved safety, and physical
protection, the economics should prove
to be less costly to build, operate, and
maintain. All of these attributes contribute to a viable energy source with more
sustainable commercialization.
However, obstacles remain and the
new technology will be challenged to expand in the open power market without
a guaranteed cost savings. Gen IV will
be more likely to expand in state-owned
utilities willing to take the technology
risk such as China, India, Saudi Arabia,
KEPCO in Korea, and South Africa. In the
U.S. market there are several large utilities
(TVA, Southern Company, Duke Energy)
that have a history of accepting similar
technology risk.
Investments to commercialization,
continued international cooperation,
government support, and multi-years
worth of effort are needed, but by many
indications, Gen IV reactors will be the
next nuclear renaissance.
www.power-eng.com
4/7/16 2:54 PM
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4/7/16 2:54 PM
GAS GENERATION
Gas-Fired Generation
and the Environment
BY BONNIE MARINI, DIRECTOR OF POWER PLANT PRODUCT LINE, SIEMENS
ts no secret that fossil fuel independence remains a trending topic

in the national energy conversation; however, the energy discussion
cannot evolve beyond a superficial
layer without considering the implications of relying entirely on renewable
energy. The elimination of fossil fuel
use introduces significant challenges
ranging from weather-dependent production variation to the practicality of
large-scale electricity storage. The way
to overcome the challenges associated
with unreliable renewable generation is
to identify the best choice of a reliable
power partner.
The Achilles heel of renewable generation is dependence on factors which
cannot be controlled. Wind and solar resources are weather and time (daylight)
dependent. Though research continues, electricity storage is currently impractical on very large scales. In most
regions, there isnt enough hydro to
provide for local power needs, and in regions where there is, periodic droughts
and increasing demands on the water
shed make even these resources unreliable. To enable a reliable supply of
electricity, renewable generation needs
a reliable, dispatchable partnering power source. It can be argued that when it
comes to the environmental impact, the
choice of partnering technology may be
even more important than the choice to
use renewables.
The use of renewable generation is
meant to reduce our reliance on greenhouse gas generation. When you burn a
fossil fuel, you release carbon dioxide, a
greenhouse gas, into the environment.
Lower carbon content fuels produce
less carbon dioxide than higher carbon
10
1604PE_10 10
content fuels. Higher plant efficiency

means less fuel burned per kilowatt generated, so less carbon dioxide is released
per kilowatt in a higher efficiency plant.
Therefore, the two levers in controlling
carbon dioxide emissions are the choice
of fuel and the efficiency of the plant.
The key operational requirement for
a good partner with renewable generation is flexible dispatch, making the
best choice for a partner plant one that
burns clean fuel and has high efficiency
and high flexibility.
Of the fossil fuels, natural gas has
among the lowest carbon content (about
45 percent less than coal and about 25
percent less than gasoline), so it is a good
choice for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Historically, gas-fired combined cycles were only designed for base load, leaving simple cycle gas fired power plants to
be the faster moving facilities, but the capability of combined cycles has changed dramatically over the past decade. Today, fast
starting flexible gas-fired combined cycles,
like Flex-Plants from Siemens are opening the opportunity to use high-efficiency
combined cycles instead of lower-efficiency simple cycles to back up renewables.
Flex-Plants offer tremendous flexibility to support fluctuating renewables.
A combined cycle can ramp power up
as fast as a simple cycle. With systems
like Siemens Co-Start, the plant can
achieve full plant power in well under
an hour. These plants can ramp up and
down at the full ramp rate of the gas turbine and are available with features that
enable duct-fired facilities to provide
ancillary services with supplemental
megawatts.
While these capabilities are far beyond those of plants designed just a
few years ago, the really remarkable

changes are in combined-cycle efficiency.In 2011, Siemens was the first to
break through the 60 percent efficiency ceiling, achieving a 60.47 percent
net efficiency with the Ulrich Hartmann SCC5-8000H combined cycle
in Irsching, Germany. Since that time,
all major OEMs have introduced technology to the market that realize such
efficiencies and greater. While many
of these performance achievements
are currently still awaiting proof in
commercialization, Siemens just announced the commercial operation of
the Fortuna SCC5-8000H plant with a
new record-breaking combined-cycle
net efficiency of 61.5 percent and a fuel
efficiency of 80 percent in combined
heat and power mode.
The impact of plant efficiency on the
environment is quite significant. For
example, a simple cycle with an industry competitive efficiency of 40 percent
burns 380 more pounds of carbon dioxide per kilowatt (CO2/kW) than a combined cycle with 61.5 percent efficiency.
A coal plant with an industry competitive efficiency of 40 percent produces
1,250 pounds more CO2/kW. This is
why industry policies arent just focusing on renewables, but are also encouraging a reduction on the dependence of
coal-fired power and a move to higher
efficiency gas-fired combined cycles.
There isnt a perfect solution for a reliable, zero emissions grid, but there are
better choices today than ever before.
Renewable generation partnering with
high efficiency, flexible gas-fired combined cycles can make a real difference
and keep the lights on for a cleaner,
greener future.
www.power-eng.com
4/7/16 2:54 PM
WE WERE BUILT FOR THIS.
From a single rotable hot section, to a major overhaulour streamlined

processes, innovative project management software and comprehensive
expertise ensure that every project is executed with integrity,
transparency and precision.
US Corporate Office | 660.829.5100
1604PE_11 11
proenergyservices.com
4/7/16 2:54 PM
VIEW ON RENEWABLES
Lessons Learned
From Wind Integration
in ERCOT
BY DAN WOODFIN, ERCOT DIRECTOR OF SYSTEM OPERATIONS
he ERCOT system continues to

lead the nation in installed wind
generation capacity, with nearly
16,000 MW in place at the end of 2015.
This wind generation produced 11.7 percent of the total electric energy used by
consumers in the 90 percent of Texas
served by ERCOT during 2015. At times,
wind generation has served as much as 45
percent of system demand.
Much of this increase has been enabled by the $7 billion expansion of the
transmission system completed in 2013,
known as the Competitive Renewable Energy Zones (CREZ) project. This project,
commissioned by the Texas Legislature
and the Public Utility Commission of
Texas, added major transmission capacity
into areas that have some of the highest
capacity factor wind resources in Texas,
but limited transmission capacity.
How has ERCOT reliably integrated
this amount of intermittent generation
into a system that essentially operates
as an electrical island? Generally, it has
been accomplished through implementation of appropriate market mechanisms, a
flexible resource mix, constantly improving tools and procedures, and rules that
facilitate wind generation being part of
the solution.
ERCOT is a large control area (relative
to an individual utility) in which load
and generation must be balanced at every instant in time. The ERCOT market
economically adjusts aggregate output
of all generation (including wind) in
the region every five minutes to balance
the varying load and generation availability on the system and to maintain
transmission security.
For the market to work reliably, it is
necessary to have sufficient generation
12
1604PE_12 12
online and available at every point in

time to balance the changing generation
and load. Some generation can start in
10 minutes; others may take longer to
be brought online. The ERCOT market
contains a large percentage of relatively
new gas generation that has the ability to
respond flexibly to changing market conditions as load and wind output change
during the day. However, it is important
to have an accurate forecast of the expected wind power production so that owners
of non-wind generation can make appropriate decisions on when to start and shut
down their units economically.
While forecasting is important, it is
just as important to be prepared for when
the forecasts are wrong, as well as to cover variability around the base forecasts.
ERCOT uses several types of ancillary
services (AS) to mitigate these risks to
reliability. Each type of AS is provided
by reserved capacity from resources, both
generation and load, that have particular
characteristics that allow them to help
offset the variability or risk meant to be
covered by that AS. These services are
procured from resources that offer into a
day-ahead market.
Initially, the quantities of AS that were
procured to cover the risks and variability
of load and conventional generation were
generally sufficient to cover the variability
and uncertainty associated with the level of installed wind generation capacity.
Over the past several years, ERCOT began to vary the procured amount of each
type of AS for different times of day and
year based on the level of risk and variability inherent in those hours from the
aggregate of load, wind and conventional generation. As the level of renewables
on the system is expected to continue to
grow, ERCOT has proposed to implement

a new, more flexible suite of AS products
with different characteristics that will allow the risk and variability to be covered
more efficiently and facilitate new types
of resources to enter the market and provide these services.
ERCOT continues to develop and
secure new tools to allow ERCOT operators to better analyze and visualize
wind output and the potential for upcoming changes so they can position
the system for reliable and efficient operations. This year, ERCOT also will add
a new operator desk in its control room,
in large part to facilitate improved monitoring of renewable generation and related system conditions.
The implementation of requirements
for wind generators, such as providing
voltage support and primary frequency
response, allows these generators to contribute to solving system issues. This also
has been important to the successful integration of wind generation.
With more than 5,000 MW of additional wind generation, and nearly
1,200 MW of large-scale solar under
various stages of development, new
technical challenges such as inertia and
system strength are starting to arise.
ERCOT has begun work to formulate a
new AS for inertia and has been leading
groundbreaking studies of wind generators control system behavior when connected in electrically remote areas.
As the independent system operator
for most of Texas, ERCOT facilitates the
participation of all types of resources in
the market in a manner that is efficient,
nondiscriminatory, and maintains the
reliability of the system, and ERCOT will
continue to innovate in this regard.
www.power-eng.com
4/7/16 2:54 PM
2016 Exxon Mobil Corporation. All rights reserved. All trademarks used herein are trademarks or registered trademarks of Exxon Mobil Corporation or one of its affiliates unless otherwise noted.
Up here, there are

no small parts.
Keeping wind turbines and their components up
and running is your job. Mobil has the lubrication
solutions to help, with product technology that
protects against extreme conditions and
maintenance services that help ensure equipment
reliability. Learn more at mobilindustrial.com
1604PE_13 13
4/7/16 2:54 PM
NUCLEAR REACTIONS
Questions, Doubts
Swirl Around
Hinkley Point C
BY SHARRYN DOTSON, ASSOCIATE EDITOR
colleague and I were talking

about the fate of the 3.2-GW
Hinkley Point C project in the
United Kingdom. She said she was not
ready to make a final decision about
whether the project would ever proceed, though she did admit that its
not looking too promising. I was very
forthcoming with my opinion: I dont
think its going to happen. UK government officials say Hinkley Point C is
needed to replace aging nuclear plants
and coal plants set to retire by 2025,
but I dont think this project will be the
answer. The utility is also investing in
nuclear projects at Sizewell and Bradwell in the UK.
Before you say Im a pessimist or anti-nuclear or have little faith in the industry, just let me explain. I am forming
my opinion on the current circumstances surrounding the project that would
use two Areva-designed European Pressurized Reactors (EPRs). The U.S. obviously isnt the only country dealing
with issues surrounding new nuclear
power projects, and the UK has some
doozies it is trying to overcome to get
the plant up and running.
Heres what we know:
The project as it stands will cost
more than the value of the company that is building it. The two EPRs
are expected to cost 23.3 billion
euros ($25.6 billion). EDFs market value, as of mid-March 2016,
is at 22.8 billion euros ($25.2 billion). Journalists are notoriously
bad at math, but even I can tell
you that doesnt add up.
Areva is also financially unstable
14
1604PE_14 14
and not only has been bailed out

capacity to invest abroad.
by the French government, which
The French government says it will
also owns EDF, but EDF bought finalize funding for the project in May,
Arevas nuclear reactor firm.
so maybe things will work out in the
EPRs currently under construction end. The EUs anti-trust regulators apin France and Finland are behind proved the financing plan with CGN
schedule and over budget. This is in mid-March, so there are apparently
the technology EDF wants to use still some who believe in the project.
to build two new units at Hinkley Frankly, Im just not one of them. But,
Point C. Granted, there is nothing maybe things will work out in the end
wrong with the technology, just and I will have to eat crow. Im okay
the construction process.
with being proven wrong (sometimes).
EDF is having
But, there are too
trouble securing The US is not the
many things workinvestors for Hining against Hinkley
only one with
kley Point. CGN
Point C than workhas only bought a issues building new ing for it. From the
one-third stake in nuclear projects.
beginning, there was
the project, leavnot much faith that
The UK also has
the project would
ing EDF to foot
receive the hotly
the bill for the some doozies to
contested incentives
rest unless they overcome.
from the European
can bring in other funding. EDF keeps putting off Commission. There was a huge uproar
finalization of funding, now saying against the UK governments agreethe will have an announcement in ment to buy the output of the project
at twice the current wholesale price for
the near future.
UKs former energy secretary Ed 35 years. Questions about the projects
Davey says the project actually survivability have abound almost since
would have cost more if he wasnt it was first announced.
Everyone in the industry knows it
involved in talks, but the public
is not happy about paying dou- takes lots of time and money to build
ble the electricity prices when the a nuclear power plant. The start of operations for Hinkley Point C has been
plant is operational.
According to Bloomberg, the pushed back to 2025, but construction
Cour des Comptes, considered wont begin until financing is finalthe French equivalent of the UKs ized. So, again, the project hinges on
National Audit Office, said the if more investors can be brought in.
project and the financing is poten- Looking at all the press surrounding
tially risky for EDF, given the com- the project, I wouldnt want to put any
panys cash flow and debt limit its of my money into it.
www.power-eng.com
4/7/16 2:54 PM
OUR ONLY BUSINESS IS

POWERING YOUR BUSINESS.
Partnerships that keep life moving.
V I S I T U S O N L I N E AT W W W. P W P S . C O M
1604PE_15 15
4/7/16 2:54 PM
ENERGY STORAGE
TIM MISER, ASSOCIATE EDITOR
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1604PE_16 16
4/7/16 2:51 PM
How CAES Technology May Give an

Old Coal-Fired Site a New Lease on Life
ut in the middle of nowhere, in the high desert of rural Utah, the

coal-fired Intermountain Power Project
flexes its 1,900-MW muscles to provide
electricity to Los Angeles and Southern
California. Its a job the plant has performed since 1986, when plant owner
Intermountain Power Agency completed

a five-year construction project and began operation of the 950-MW Unit 1, to
be followed about a year later by the commissioning of an identically-sized Unit
2. Today the plant is operated by the Los
Angeles Department of Water and Power.
It was a proud facility at its inauguration, the largest coal-fired power plant
in the United States, with a construction
cost of $4.5 billion. It utilized tandem
compound steam turbines built by GE,

and subcritical boilers supplied by Babcock & Wilcox.
In 2004, GE and Alstom successfully
uprated both units, and the outlook for
the plant looked promisingso promising, in fact, that the additional two
generating units for which the plant was
originally designed were in the pipeline.
A 900-MW Unit 3 was scheduled to go
online in 2012, with Unit 4 presumably
to materialize sometime thereafter.
Thats when things hit a snag.
The Milford Wind farm near Milford, Utah will generate power that can be stored in the planned Intermountain CAES project. Photo courtesy: SunEdison
www.power-eng.com
1604PE_17 17
17
4/7/16 2:51 PM
ENERGY STORAGE
Both the capacity and reliability of wind power from Milford Wind farm in
Utah will be increased upon the completion of the Intermountain Energy
Storage Project. Photo courtesy: SunEdison
THE PROBLEM
The City of Los Angeles, a major purchaser of the power plants electricity
output, decided to go coal-free by
2020. That end date was batted around
for a time, with some suggesting a date
of 2025 was more realistic. In the end,
after the dust had settled, one thing was
certain: by some time in the middle of
the coming decade, LA will no longer
need coal-fired power. Not only does
this mean the city will no longer purchase coal-fired power generated within
the state of California, neither will it purchase coal-fired power sourced beyond
the states borders. Indeed, legislation
in California now makes it very complicated for the states power plants to continue to purchase coal-fired power after
current contracts expire.
Placement of a
CAES Facility Above
a Naturally-Occurring
Salt Deposit
Rock Cap
Salt Dome
Source: Magnum Energy
The energy landscape is changing. To

the average consumer, this change is subtle, perhaps even imperceptible. When
utility customers flip on their switches at
18
1604PE_18 18
home the lights still turn on, and thats

about as deeply as anyone thinks about
it. To those in the industry, though, the
change feels more profound. Everyone is
working overtime to keep pace with the
coming energy revolution. When coal
plants die, something else will take their
place. While natural gas is an obvious
successor, a great many are hoping the
changing times will mean increased demand for renewable resources. But with
all their promise, solar and wind power
also carry attendant liabilities, namely
intermittency. The sun doesnt always
shine; the wind doesnt always blow. This
makes it critical for an evolving industry
to develop next-generation technologies
to store renewable energy when Mother
Nature looks down kindly on us.
A SOLUTION?
So, what do you do with a once-proud
power plant that has been forcedperhaps prematurelyinto obsolescence?
Fortunately, the situation isnt as bad as
it might first seem. No determination has
yet been made to shutter the plant entirely, so the facility may well go on producing
power for other localities into the future.
A natural gas-fired plant is scheduled for
construction next door to the coal-fired
plant. It is expected to be operational by
the mid-2020s, hopefully in time to capitalize on commercially-advantageous
natural gas prices, while lowering the
sites overall environmental footprint.
At most sites around the country,
this plan would be deemed sufficient,
but the folks at Intermountain have
grander ambitions.
THE BIG IDEA

Turns out the Intermountain site has a
peculiar geologic advantage; its situated
atop a vast salt deposit, formed eons ago

when an inland sea slowly evaporated,
concentrating the brine into still smaller
proportions. When at last the sea was no
more, it breathed its last directly under
the Intermountain site in Delta, Utah,
bequeathing to future inhabitants a geologic windfall. The petroleum geologists
who initially discovered this deposit
were less than thrilled. Salt doesnt sell
as well as oil. But those in the power
generation industry had a decidedly
different take on the matter.
Its been known for decades
though few have paid attention to it
that there is an incredible salt deposit
below the power plant, says Lincoln
Bleveans, power resources manager for
Burbank Water & Power, the company
behind a new energy storage project at
the site. Theres a few thousand feet
of rock, and then below that about
10,000 feet of pure, white, perfect salt.
Bleveans is excited because a salt reserve of this quality makes it possible to
install a state-of-the-art compressed air
energy storage (CAES) installation. He
explains: The salt deposits at the site
can be hydro-mined. First the cap rock is
drilled. Then clean water is pumped into
the deposit, which dissolves the salt, itself becoming saline in the process. That
water is then pumped back out, and this
process is repeated to excavate the salt
and create room for CAES storage. These
types of deposits are perfect for creating caverns using very well-established
technology, and in fact there are already
four caverns at the Intermountain site
www.power-eng.com
4/7/16 2:51 PM
which are used to store gaseous and liquid petroleum products.
ABOUT CAES TECHNOLOGY

CAES is not unlike pumped hydro
energy storage, which uses surplus energy to pump water to an uphill reservoir,
from which it can later be released to turn
turbines that re-generate a portion of the
electricity, recouping that power which
was expended during the initial pumping
stage. Similarly, CAES uses surplus energy to compress air into large underground
holding areas. When power is needed at a
later date, this air can be released and expanded to turn turbines that re-generate
the electricity.
Robert Schulte is a principal at Schulte
Associates LLC, and a consultant to Burbank Water & Power. He explains that,
like pumped hydro, CAES pumps air
up a metaphorical energy hill. Above
ground, he says, CAES equipment looks
very conventional, and any utility person that runs natural gas-fired equipment
would recognize it instantly. Essentially,

CAES facilities utilize a simple-cycle natural gas-fired combustion turbine, which
is notable for its omission of compressor
blades. These compressor blades are not
required, because the compression of air
into the underground storage areas is accomplished at an earlier time, using large
electric motors which are discrete from
the turbine itself. A CAES system, then,
effectively interrupts in time the process of compression and expansion that
would otherwise occur in quick succession at a conventional simple-cycle gasfired facility, where air is compressed
and then immediately input into the
turbine. Once air is compressed into
underground caverns, it can be stored at
length until it is released to turn a turbine that generates power.
The compression of air, so part and
parcel of the CAES process, generates
heat. Current iterations of CAES technology dissipate much of this heat as waste.
When the stored air is later expanded,
temperatures drop dramatically, and secondary heat must be applied using natural gas to warm the air, thus accounting
for the heat lost in the initial compression
stage. Imagine the cans of compressed
air you can buy at the store to clean
your computer keyboard, Schulte says.
When used long enough, those cans become very cold. The same thing happens
when compressed air is expanded out of
the salt caverns. Because of this, a small
amount of natural gas is used to reheat the
air as part of the CAES process. Though
they are not commercially viable now, future iterations of CAES technology hope
to store heat generated during compression for later use during expansion. This
adiabatic process would increase the efficiency of the CAES process, rendering it
still more cost-effective.
This highly mechanical form of energy
storage is markedly different from chemical battery storage in capacity, duration,
and cost.
Schulte explains that chemical batteries
1604PE_19 19
4/7/16 2:51 PM
ENERGY STORAGE
2
Schematic of the Equipment Train for a Conventional CAES System

Independent Compressor Train
Independent Turbo-Expander Train

Natural Gas
One DATUM Unit

Back-to-Back
DATUM
Compressor
DATUM
Compressor
From Inlet
Air Filter
LP Combustors
Speed
Increasing
Gear
Gear
160 MW
Option
135 MW
Option
DATUM
Compressor
Axial
Motor
Generator
LP
Expander
HP
Expander
HP
Combustors
Aftercooler
Intercooler
Intercooler
Intercooler
Natural Gas
VHP
Expander
Bypass
Control
Valve
SCR
Trip
Motion
Valve Air Control
Valve
Recuperator
Cavern
To Stack
Source: Dresser-Rand business, part of Siemens Power and Gas
cannot compare to CAES for large installations. Whenever energy storage comes
up these days, everyone talks about chemical batteries, he says. This is because of
their compact residential size. In certain
cases, chemical batteries can supply as
much as 20 MW, but the project at Intermountain targets 1,200 MW of storage or
more, so we need much larger capacities
A 1-MW chemical battery is about the
size of a semi-trailer. Because 1,200 of
these units would be required to equal
the capacity of the CAES project planned
for the Intermountain site, the resulting
above-ground footprint at the site would
become very large.
CAES systems also outperform chemical batteries in duration. At full-output, Schulte explains, current chemical
battery technology might last as long as
10 hours, but the Intermountain CAES
project is targeting output of 48 hours in
duration. The project is meant to enable
20
1604PE_20 20
greater integration of renewable resources, specifically wind power. If youre trying to back up wind energy, where lulls
might exist for 24 hours or more, its important to have a world-class energy storage system to bridge intermittency gaps.
While chemical batteries may have
better round-trip efficiency ratings than
CAES installations, they also cost more
than CAES for comparable capacities of
energy storage.
OUT AT THE SITE

At its root, the Intermountain CAES
project is designed to enable integration
of greater amounts of renewable resources. Our larger context is renewables in
the West, says Bleveans. As a California utility, Burbank Water & Power has a
mandate to reach 33 percent renewable

penetration by 2020, and 50 percent by
2030. For us, then, this is ultimately a reaction to the new renewable world we live
in. From the standpoint of reliability, the
only way to make this work is to have a
significant amount of energy storage, and
the world is coming around to that.
Bleveans further explains that pumped
hydro might have theoretically worked
for the project, but that technology is
highly geographically dependent, and
were in the middle of a desert. CAES
too has geographic constraints, but the
www.power-eng.com
4/7/16 2:51 PM
Intermountain site is uniquely positioned

to leverage its salt deposits for underground storage. If you have a great site
and we think we doCAES becomes a
very cost-effective and operationally-effective technology, Bleveans says.
Owing to the existing coal-fired plant,
the Intermountain site has a highly-developed energy ecosystem. There are
already rail spurs for transportation and
equipment associated with power generation, Bleveans says. The site is eerily
good. Its strange that so many fundamental pieces of the puzzle have come
together here.
Access to the Southern Transmission
System is also available at the south end
of the site. This very large DC transmission line runs from the Intermountain
installation in Utah to Southern California and was initially installed at the Intermountain site to serve the baseload coal
plant located there.
That line can carry 2,400 MW of power, Schulte says. Were proposing to
place the CAES installation at the same
site, which will allow us to supersize the
future of the coming wind power. The intermountain site already has 300 MW of
wind capacity nearby, and another 3,000
MW are planned by 2025 for installations
in Wyoming. That means we will need
to push 3,300 MW of wind energy down
a 2,400-MW transmission line. The only
way you can do this is to store energy generated above the capacity of the transmission line for later distribution when the
wind isnt blowing.
This strategy will not only enable renewable resources above and beyond the
capacity of current transmission infrastructure, it will also render notoriously
intermittent renewables far more reliable.
We do not have to store much wind
energy to enable a very large amount of
renewables to fit down the constrained
transmission line, explains Schulte. In
this sense our capacity to store energy is
more important than the round-trip efficiency ratings of a given technology.
Southern California also has a growing
www.power-eng.com
1604PE_21 21
portfolio of photovoltaic (PV) solar power. This PV power can also be routed in
the reverse direction, to run up the transmission line from California to Utah.
Once at the Intermountain site, it too can
be stored alongside wind energy in the
CAES system.
In fact, says Schulte, we anticipate
the first 300 MW of the CAES project
will be online before the Wyoming wind

machines are installed, so the first phase
of the CAES project will serve as storage
for this PV solar power. By 2025, when
the wind turbines are installed and the
remaining 900 MW of CAES storage are
operational, the storage project will be
timed to service those new wind resources as well.
4/7/16 2:51 PM
INDUSTRY TRENDS
The Natural
Revolution
is
Gas
Real
BY RUSSELL RAY, CHIEF EDITOR
merica is flush with natural gas.

Advancements in technology have unlocked
vast natural gas reserves
that have long been trapped in thin, nonporous rock known as shale. The breakthroughs caused U.S. gas supplies to
skyrocket and gas prices to plummet, encouraging the use of natural gas for power
generation.
After years of robust gas production, a
rapid shift to more flexible dispatchable
power and a steady rise in new gas-fired
projects, a new king of power generation
is about to be crowned.
It wasnt that long ago when coal accounted for more than half of the nations
electricity supplies (between 2000 and
2008). The gap between coal and gas began to close in 2009 as gas prices plunged
amid a surge in gas production from U.S.
shale formations. This year, the amount
of power produced with natural gas is expected to surpass generation fueled with
coal, according to a recent report by the
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). If the agencys projection is
realized, it would be the first time power
produced from natural gas exceeded coalfired power production on an annual
basis. The report projects natural gas will
fuel 33.4 percent of the countrys power
generation in 2016 compared with coals
22
1604PE_22 22
Owned and operated by Dominion Virginia

Power, the Warren County Power Station, a
1,346-MW combined cycle plant, began commercial operation in December 2014. Photo
courtesy: Dominion Virginia Power
www.power-eng.com
4/7/16 2:50 PM
32 percent.
In an interview with CNBC in February, U.S. Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz
said the North American natural gas market is thriving. We are now perhaps at
the 10-year mark of what has been a real
natural gas revolution in this country,
Moniz said. Gas (is) now the biggest supplier, biggest fuel for electricity overtaking coal.
Last year, power supplies from coal and
natural gas were virtually even, with coal
accounting for 33.2 percent of the generation pie and gas comprising 32.7 percent.
But during the last six months of 2015,
natural gas beat coal, accounting for 34.8
percent of U.S. power generation versus
32 percent for coal.
Although natural gas prices are projected to rise in 2016 and 2017, prices will remain between $2 and $4 per million British thermal units (MMBtu) during that
period, low enough to incentivize the
continued construction and modernization of gas-fired power plants in the U.S.
EIA expects natural gas prices to average
$2.65 per MMBtu in 2016 and $3.22 per
MMBtu in 2017.
www.power-eng.com
1604PE_23 23
According to EIA, the power sector, on

average, is the largest consumer of natural
gas in the U.S., using more than the industrial sector and each of the buildings
sectors (residential and commercial). Although consumption of natural gas in the
power sector peaks during the summer,
the industrys natural gas consumption
during the winter has been rising as more
generation switches to gas and more
households rely on electricity as a main
heating source.
By 2040, renewable power is expected
to account for 18 percent of all generation,
up from 13 percent in 2013. This means
gas-fired plants must be faster and more

flexible to accommodate the growing
amount of intermittent generation.
For the worlds leading gas turbine
manufacturers, the increased demand for
fast, flexible and highly efficient gas turbines has led to better designs and bigger
sales.
GE POWER
GE Power said last month it has received 33 orders for its new HA air-cooled
gas turbines. Whats more, the HA turbine has been technically selected for
84 new gas-fired units worldwide, a company spokesman said. A tech-selection
means the unit will use GEs technology
if it is commissioned and constructed. GE
expects the vast majority of those tech-selections will lead to real contracts with
power producers.
While GEs 9HA.01 and 9HA.02 gas
turbines cover the 50 Hz market, the
companys 7HA.01 and 7HA.02 turbines
serve the 60 Hz market. The 9HA.01 is
rated at 397 MW and the 9HA.02 is rated at 510 MW in a simple-cycle configuration, with each offering more than 41
percent efficiency.
In a 1-on-1 combined-cycle configuration, the 9HA.01 is rated at 592 MW
23
4/7/16 2:50 PM
INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY TRENDS
TRENDS
and the 9HA.02 is rated at 755 MW, with

each offering more than 61 percent efficiency. The 7HA.01 is rated 275 MW and
the 7HA.02 is rated 337 MW in a simple-cycle configuration, with each offering more than 41 percent efficiency. In a
1-on-1 combined-cycle configuration, the
7HA.01 is rated 405 MW and the 7HA.02
is rated 486 MW, with each offering more
than 61 percent efficiency. Together, the
9HA and 7HA turbines can cover a wide
power range of 275 MW to 510 MW in
simple-cycle configuration.
MITSUBISHI HITACHI
POWER SYSTEMS
In February, executives with Mitsubishi
Hitachi Power Systems Americas (MHPSA) and the Grand River Dam Authority
(GRDA) gathered in Oklahoma for the arrival of the first M501J gas turbine in the
Western Hemisphere.
The J-Series gas turbine will be used
in a new combined cycle plant at the
Grand River Energy Center in Chouteau, Oklahoma. The project is the first
of its kind in the Western world. The
495-MW gas-fired plant is expected to
be up and running in 2017.
There are currently 18 J-Series turbines in operation around the world,
all in the Eastern Hemisphere, MHPSA
said. In time, existing orders for J-Series turbines will bring that number to
41, the company said.
Speaking in Oklahoma in February,
then MHPSA President and CEO David Walsh said the largest gas turbine in
1980 was about 100 MW, making the
new M501J about 3.3 times larger than
anything possible a few decades ago.
Though this is the first M501J turbine in
the United States, MHPSA has previously
built J-Series turbines for power plants in
Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, Walsh said.
This same machine has run in Japan
since 2011.
The M501J turbine has an ISO base rating of 327 MW in simple-cycle operation,
and a rated rotor speed of 3,600 RPM.
24
1604PE_24 24
GE Powers 9HA gas turbine.

Photo courtesy: GE Power
Weighing in at about 320

tons, the 60-Hz machine
has a ramp rate of 40 MW
per minute, and a startup
time of about 30 minutes.
In a 1-on-1 combined-cycle
configuration, the turbine
delivers 470 MW, with efficiency approaching 62
percent. The new J-Series
technology fires at an inlet temperature of 2,912
degrees F, about 100 degrees hotter than its G-Series predecessor.
SIEMENS
Siemens
announced
last month that its fleet
of H-class gas turbines
achieved
more
than
200,000 operating hours in
January.
The H-class turbine was introduced
to the market in 2010. Since then,
Siemens has sold 76 of the turbines
worldwide 39 in the 50-Hertz (Hz)
market and 37 in the 60-Hz market.
The H-Class gas turbines have a gross
power output of 296 MW. In combined
cycle configuration, the turbine can
achieve efficiencies greater than 60 percent.
The SGT-8000H achieves a very high
degree of efficiency and is marked by
short startup times and fast load-changing capabilities, said Theo Maas, head
of Large Gas Turbines and Generators
in the Siemens Power and Gas Division.
The turbines have proven themselves
extensively in daily power plant operation after more than 200,000 hours
of operation: The reliability of the SGT8000H fleet is over 99 percent, and availability is over 96 percent.
Egypt is responsible for the largest single order of the SGT5-8000H turbine,
where 24 H-class turbines are currently
being installed in the Beni Suef, Burullus

and New Capital power plants.
The most recent order for the SGT68000H was in January for two turbines
for the CFE Empalme II combined-cycle
plant in Mexico.
BIG BUSINESS
Overhauling older combined cycle
plants to better cope with the fluctuations of renewable power represents
a significant business opportunity for
original equipment manufacturers and
engineering firms.
From a total plant perspective, that
market opportunity runs well into the
billions annually, said Nathan Race,
F-class product marketing manager for
GE Power Services. There is a lot of laden performance potential and new technology that can be retrofitted back into
the installed base.
According to a new report published
by Lucintel, the gas turbine maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO)
market is promising. The global gas
www.power-eng.com
4/7/16 2:50 PM
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1604PE_25 25
4/7/16 2:50 PM
INDUSTRY TRENDS
turbine MRO market in the power sector is forecast to grow at a compound

annual growth rate of 3.9 percent from
2016 to 2021.
The major drivers of growth for this
market are the aging fleet of gas turbines
and more stringent standards for smokestack emissions.
North America will remain the
largest market, expected to show
above-average growth between 2016

and 2021 because of an increasing
number of aging gas turbines and increasing service agreements.
NEW GAS-FIRED PROJECTS

Warren County Power Station
The Warren County Power Station is
Virginias largest gas-fired power plant.
Owned and operated by Dominion
thousand megawatthours per day
U.S. Electricity Generation by Fuel, All Sectors
14,000
Projections
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Coal
Natural Gas
Petroleum
Nuclear
Hydropower
Renewables
Other sources
Virginia Power, the 1,346-MW combined cycle plant began commercial

operation in December 2014. The project was named Power Engineerings 2015
Project of the Year and Natural Gas
Fired Project of the Year.
Using three combustion turbines and a
steam turbine, the Warren County Power Station is one of the cleanest fossil-fueled power plants in the U.S. The plant
can generate enough electricity to power
325,000 Virginia homes. The $1.1 billion
project was constructed by Burns & McDonnell and Zachry.
The plant uses a 3-on-1 configuration
with Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems
Americas 501GAC combustion turbines,
a steam turbine and Alstom heat recovery
steam generators. The plant uses a thermal energy storage system and chillers
from DN Tanks and Turbine Air Systems to reduce water use, store energy and reduce its parasitic power load
during peak demand.
The air-cooled condenser reduces the
Source: Energy Information Administration
MHPSAs M501J gas turbine. Photo courtesy: Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems
26
1604PE_26 26
www.power-eng.com
4/7/16 2:50 PM
www.power-eng.com
1604PE_27 27
Siemens SGT-8000H gas turbine.

Photo courtesy: Siemens
Annual Share of Total U.S. Electricity Generation

by Source (1950-2016)
60
50
percent total
water consumption for the facility, and

the chilled water system provides additional output during high temperature
days, said Bob McKinley, vice president of Construction with Dominion
Virginia Power.
In addition to creating more than
100 permanent jobs, the project is expected to pump more than $35 million
into the local economy each year.
Its an extremely efficient power
plant, McKinley said. The design of
the project resulted in an extremely
low heat rate, using the state of the art
combustion turbines.
Polk Power Station Expansion
About 60 miles southeast of Tampa,
Florida, four simple cycle gas-fired units
at Tampa Electrics Polk Power Station are
being overhauled to boost their generation output by a whopping 70 percent.
The upgrade will increase capacity
by about 460 MW, enough electricity to
power more than 100,000 Florida homes.
The $700 million project is expected to
be completed by January 2017. The project
calls for converting the four existing simple cycle units into a more efficient 4-on1 combined cycle unit. Babcock Power is
supplying the four heat recovery steam
generators (HRSG) for the project. Alstom
2016 forecast
Natural gas (33%)
Coal (32%)
Nuclear (19%)
Nonhydro renewables (8%)
Hydro (6%)
Other (1%)
40
30
20
10
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Source: Energy Information Administration
supplied the steam turbine. The HRSGs

will recover the waste heat from the existing gas turbines to produce steam, which
will be conveyed to the steam turbine to
produce the added electricity.
The project also includes a cutting-edge
reclaimed water system for cooling,
significantly reducing groundwater withdrawals. The expansion is needed by 2017

to accommodate customer growth and
to replace power from expiring purchase
agreements.
Associate Editor Tim Miser contributed to
this report.
27
4/7/16 2:50 PM
Author
Robert Van Durme, and Ashwin Patni are
key account managers at Lechler Inc.
Edward Merricks is maintenance manager at NAES Corp. Norman Johnson is
operations and maintenance manager
at Dominion Virginia Power.
AQCS STRATEGY
Niro Rotary Atomizer.

Photo courtesy: NAES
Dominions
Approach
to Optimizing
Spray Dry
Absorbers
BY ROBERT VAN DURME, ASHWIN PATNI,

EDWARD MERRICKS, AND NORMAN JOHNSON
raditionally, spray dry

absorbers (SDA) are
installed in coal-fired
power plants to scrub
SOx from the fluegas
that is formed as combustion by products. This process works by injecting
an alkaline media, typically Lime
(Ca(OH)2) in slurry form in order to
react the slurry with acid gases present
28
1604PE_28 28
within fluegas. For an efficient chemical reaction to occur within a short residence time, a high liquid surface area
is required for heat and mass transfer.
SDAs typically have either spray nozzles or rotary atomizers, which generate fine slurry atomization that is used
for producing a larger surface area.
In the U.S., the most common SDA
designs use slurry atomization with
rotary atomizers. Rotary atomizers,

along with the SDA design to house
such rotary atomizers, have been proven over time to provide reliable operation for power plants. The principle
of rotary atomizers is based on liquid
stream being sheared into small droplets from high relative velocity with respect to ambient air or in case of SDAs,
fluegas. The atomizer has a spinning
disc that rotates between 10,000 to
15,000 rpm to generate this high velocity shear for atomization. The slurry
is hurled out into this high moving air
from within the rotary disc through
the nozzles.
Rotary Atomizers are complex machines with many sensitive design parameters that have to be continuously
monitored for reliable and trouble-free
operation. The atomizer wheel has to
be completely balanced and the initial flow of slurry to the atomizer at
startup has to be carefully monitored
to prevent wheel imbalances. The gearbox assembly must be maintained for
reliable operation and in some cases;
the atomizers have to be cleaned periodically for scaling issues. The worn
nozzles must be monitored carefully,
as they can disintegrate under high
stress generated from a high spin rate.
At all three Dominion plants,
Lechler successfully demonstrated that
a rotary atomizer in SDAs can be successfully retrofitted with an air atomizing spray injection system. This change
not only made the SDAs more reliable
but also safe to operate with minimal
unplanned outage.
PROJECT BACKGROUND
Dominion Energy decided to convert a total of three plants - Alta Vista, Hopewell and Southampton, from
coal to biomass using wood chips as
a fuel source. This change caused the
www.power-eng.com
4/7/16 2:51 PM
boiler rating to change from 63 MW to

51 MW. Each plant had two identical
units rated at 51 MW each. The plants
had SDAs, which were designed by
Flakt, with rotary atomizers for SOx
control. Since the major fuel source
was changed to wood, the fluegas did
not have SOx. The plant permit required a baghouse inlet temperature
of 300F and each SDA is followed
by a Baghouse. The rotary atomizers
were used to spray water to maintain a
temperature below this permitted temperature.

The plant struggled with operating
the SDAs to cool the gases, so that
the temperatures could be kept below
300F. The Atomizer also had issues
with hopper wetting and this de-rated
the boiler in multiple instances. Dominion needed to operate all boilers
at full load to meet the green energy
mandate in the state of Virginia, so system reliability was very important.
Lechler Spray Nozzle Atomization. Photo courtesy: NAES
Process Design Condition for each SDA

49% Moisture
TABLE 1
35% Moisture Biomass
Biomass
Gas weight in
431,000 lb/h
451,000 lb/h
Gas flow in
171,058 acfm
170,662 acfm
Temperature in
417 F
397 F
Quench water flow
25,540 lb/h
23,654 lb/h
Gas weight out
456,540 lb/h
474,654 lb/h
Gas flow out
138,234 acfm
140,047 acfm
Temperature out
190 F
190 F
Source:
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1604PE_29 29
4/7/16 2:51 PM
AQCS STRATEGY
To improve upon the reliability of

the system, Dominion decided to replace the rotary atomizers with an air
atomized system. However, this type
of conversion was never done in the
U.S. before. Therefore, Dominion stipulated that the air atomized spray injection
system be designed with no changes to
the SDA vessel itself, so that the atomizer
could be reinstalled without complications in case failure occurred.
a 441 MW unit with two parallel SDAs.

SDAs are typically designed with a 10
second residence time. Using this as a
basis, it provided a good starting point
to estimate the droplet size requirement
based on evaporating within this available residence time. This also establishes the requirements for compressed air.
These design parameters provide a general basis for rotary atomizer retrofits
with twin fluid nozzle technology.
Air Atomizing Lances

Inside Atomizer Well.
Photo courtesy: NAES
The Dynegy project is a milestone

for SDAs with spray nozzles. The spray
nozzle design that was retrofitted at
these stations solved some of the most
challenging issues that have plagued
twin fluid nozzles for many years. Historically, twin fluid spray nozzles used
in SDAs have been unreliable and inefficient. The lack of necessary materials
of construction, which could resist erosion caused by slurries moving at very
high velocities inside the nozzles, was
an obstacle to overcome. The high velocities frequently reach more than 300
fps, causing severe nozzle erosion and
premature failure using most materials. In addition, the pressure imbalance
at the air-slurry interface also caused
scaling inside the nozzle. The scaling
inside the nozzles required daily cleaning and in some cases during each
maintenance shift. The nozzle design
implemented at the Dynegy retrofit
solved almost all of these vexing issues.
The new material of construction along
with the design of the nozzle internals
increased the nozzle life to almost two
years when using lime slurry with high
densities and recycle. Also, the design
SDA Atomizer Well and Inlet Gas Disperser Design

The main advantage of an air atomizing spray injection system is that consistent droplet sizes can be achieved while
utilizing compressed air. There are no
moving parts within the spray nozzles
and the nozzles can be oriented in such
a way that the spray plume does not reach
the side walls in the SDA.
decreased the nozzle plugging frequency from daily to bi-monthly. In some

136
cases, the cleaning requirement108
has
84 5/8
78
110 5/8 117 5/8
SLURRY NOZZLE
DEVELOPMENT AND BASIS
FOR ATOMIZER RETROFIT
The twin fluid nozzle design basis was proven in SDA installations at
Dynegy Baldwin and Havana Stations.
Baldwin Station consists of three coalfired units rated at 600 MW each. Each
unit has two parallel SDAs. Havana is
30
1604PE_30 30
23 13/16
4 1/8
52
TOP OF HOT ROOF

22 7/16
13 5/8
19 7/8
21
56 1/2
Source: NAES Corp.
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4/7/16 2:51 PM
been decreased to once every three

weeks. The newer design requires less
compressed air and produces much
finer dry product. Both Dynegy plants
have been successfully operating with
one to three percent ash moisture on a
continuous basis.
The experience and success from the
Dynegy Baldwin and Havana stations
became the basis for the Dominion retrofit project.
SDA DETAILS
AT DOMINION
Each of the three boilers at the Dominion plants was identical and rated
at 51 MW while burning wood. The
SDA vessel for each unit was 31 feet in
diameter and the atomizers opening
in the well was 21 inches.
A detailed CFD study was performed to understand the interaction
of spray droplet with flue gas inside

SDAs. Based on the CFD study, eight
(8) twin-fluid spray lances were selected to create the spray pattern. In order
to achieve the maximum interaction
between the droplets and the fluegas,
the lances were designed to mimic the
spray pattern of a rotary atomizer. The
droplet size and spray angle of dual fluid lances were also carefully selected
to ensure complete evaporation. One
of the major advantages of dual fluid
sprays over a rotary atomizer sprays is
that the spray angle from the dual fluid
nozzle can be manipulated while the
spray from rotary atomizer is always
horizontal and almost perpendicular
to gas flow direction. Also the droplet
size from dual fluid spray nozzles can
be changed very easily by modulating
compressed air. Thus, a dual fluid spray
nozzle provided much more freedom
MORE POWER TO YOUR POWER PLANT.
in designing good spray pattern that

matched the process requirement from
boiler startup to shutdown.
The system was designed in such a
way that no modifications were made
to SDA vessel. The dual fluid spray nozzles were designed as 1:1 replacement
of the rotary atomizer. Photo 3 has is
taken of spray lance installation inside
the atomizer well in SDA. However, the
pump and control system were added
to control the liquid flowrate of dual
fluid spray lances.
Since each station has two SDAs, a
duplex skid was designed to pump and
control water and slurry to each SDA.
Each control skid has three pumps in
which two are running and the third
one is a common backup. The slurry skid also has three pumps to inject
lime slurry. This skid is also designed
for a fifty percent redundancy.
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1604PE_31 31
4/7/16 2:51 PM
AQCS STRATEGY
SDA Vessel Overview
Spray Droplet Trajectory Inside SDA Vessel with

Air Atomizing Spray Lances
0.00015
0.00012
9e-05
6e-05
Source: NAES Corp.
Each SDA unit has one 1,000 scfm

rated compressor for atomizing liquid.
RESULT
This change produced several benefits by increasing the plants operation,
which was once hindered by unplanned
shutdowns resulting from atomizer
failures. The performance of the SDAs
had improved significantly after the
retrofit. The plant is now able to operate at very stable outlet temperatures,
with no wetting issues. These reduced
outlet temperatures were not possible
with a rotary atomizer.
Initially, the plant was struggling to
achieve 275F outlet temperatures but
after the retrofit, the outlet temperature was easily reduced to 230F. The
operator was required to closely monitor the SDA outlet temperature during
the boiler startup with a rotary atomizer. Temperatures would fluctuate from
high to low, near the baghouse safety
threshold, and this caused wetting inside the SDA, which carried moisture
into the baghouse. With the new system, the operator sets the outlet temperature and the temperature remains
stable throughout the operation, so
that wetting is prevented.
32
1604PE_32 32
3e-05
Y
X
Z
0
Particle Traces Colored by Particle Diameter (m)
Jul 29, 2013
ANSYS Fluent 14.5 (3d, dp, pbns, spe, ske)
The preliminary flow rates used to cool

gases down to 275F were approximately
70gpm and now the rates have been reduced to 30-35gpm. The original system
produced ash temperature below 200F
and was very moist when the outlet temperature was set at 275F. Presently, the
ash temperature remains close to the
fluegas outlet temperature and the ash is
extremely dry and reactive. Although it is
possible to go below 230F, the plant only
needs a temperature below 300F which
protects the bags from getting damaged.
Since the first installation of the
SDAs at Dominion stations, no nozzle
maintenance has been required. In the
future, the Southampton plant will try
to evaporate cooling tower blowdown
in order to meet their zero liquid discharge requirements.
CONCLUSION
A rotary atomizer can be easily retrofitted with spray nozzles, which can lead to
higher SDA reliability, lower maintenance
cost and ease of operation at both startup and full load. The nozzles can operate
reliably inside an SDA which has been
designed for a rotary atomizer at widely
fluctuating loads, which prevents wall
wetting and hopper accumulation of wet
material. This solution can be applied to
almost all SDAs with rotary atomizers.
The retrofit is quite simple and does not
require changes to the structure of the
SDA vessel or atomizing well.
The installations at Dominion prove
that a SDA retrofit of Rotary Atomizer
with a dual fluid nozzle is a viable option
and meets all process and performance
requirements.
www.power-eng.com
4/7/16 2:51 PM
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august 23-25, 2016

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ON FULL CONFERENCE REGISTRATION.
Join over 1,500 oil and gas, and power professionals for the second annual POWER-GEN Natural
Gas conference and exhibition targeting gas-fired generation related to the development of natural
gas reserves in the Marcellus and Utica shales of the Appalachian Basin. Participate in this
event and join some of the top names in the energy industry to discuss the issues surrounding
technology, operation, construction and maintenance of gas-fired power and production from
unconventional hydrocarbon resources.
TOPICS OF INTEREST
OIL & GAS
Growth in Gas Markets

Contracts and Regulation
Logistical Developments
Evolution of Appalachian Basin Gas Supply
Political Issues
POWER
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1604PE_33 33
4/7/16 2:51 PM
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
An Update on
CCS Research
and Development
Carbon Capture and Storage: An Important
Tool for Greenhouse Gas Mitigation
DOE CARBON CAPTURE

AND STORAGE PROGRAMS
The U.S. Department of Energys

(DOE) CCS programs are managed
and implemented by the DOE Office of
(Ref: International Energy Agency (IEA) Fossil Energy and the National Energy
Carbon Capture and Storage Technology Technology Laboratory (NETL). DOEs
Roadmap, 2013 Edition). CCS is also a overarching mission is to increase the
low-cost emissions reduction option for energy independence of the United
the electricity sector. If CCS is removed States and to advance national and ecofrom the list of emissions reduction op- nomic security, while enhancing envitions in the electricity sector, the capital ronmental quality. The programs are
investment needed to meet the same currently pursuing (1) 2nd Generation
emissions constraint is increased by and Transformational technologies
40%. Put another way, without invest- to improve efficiency and cost of adment in CCS in the power sector, total vanced coal power systems while minmitigation costs in
imizing the cost and
this sector would in- It is clear that
energy penalty of
crease by U.S. $2 tril- CCS is the only
CO2 capture, and (2)
lion by 2050 (Ref: IEA
carbon storage techtechnology that
2012 Energy Technology
nologies designed to
has the potental to address the technical
Perspectives).
It is clear that CCS allow for significant challenges of future
is the only techcommerc ia l-sc a le
greenhouse
nology that has the
CCS projects.
potential to allow gas emission
DOE has strategifor significant GHG reductions.
cally developed proemission reductions,
grams in both carbon
- NETL
preserve existing incapture and carbon
frastructure while allowing us to use storage that bring together the best
the plentiful domestic fossil fuel re- researchers from NETL, other nationserves. CCS can achieve large emis- al labs, academia, and industry. NETL
sion reductions from fossil fuel use, has core capabilities in applied materiand therefore it can play a significant als science and engineering, chemical
and useful role along with renewables, engineering, environmental subsurenergy efficiency, nuclear, and other face science, decision science and analmitigation options in global efforts to ysis, and systems engineering and inreduce GHG emissions.
tegration that it brings to bear on CCS
BY LYNN BRICKETT, GRANT BROMHAL, DAVID MILLER AND TRACI RODOSTA,

NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY
he Paris climate accord

adopted in December
2015 by the Twenty-first
session of the Conference
of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change recognized the urgent
need to reduce global annual emissions
of greenhouse gases (GHGs) consistent
with holding the increase in the global average temperature to below 2C
above preindustrial levels and to pursue
efforts to limit the temperature increase
to 1.5C above preindustrial levels.
According to the International Energy
Agency (IEA), CCS will be an essential
component in a portfolio of low-carbon
energy technologies that governments
should undertake to meet proposed
GHG emissions targets. Given current
trends of increasing global energy sector
carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and the
dominant role that fossil fuels continue
to play in primary energy consumption,
the deployment of CCS technologies is
becoming increasingly urgent.
Under the IEAs Energy Technology
Perspectives 2C Scenario, CCS contributes one-sixth of CO2 emission
reductions required in 2050, and 14
percent of the cumulative emissions reductions between 2015 and 2050 compared to a business-as-usual approach.
34
1604PE_34 34
www.power-eng.com
4/7/16 3:00 PM
issue, among others. A broad spectrum

of energy and environmental research
and development (R&D) programs focuses on advancing cost-effective technologies for finding and producing
environmentally sustainable domestic
fossil energy resources. Researchers at
NETL collaborate with industrial and
academic partners to solve problems
that would otherwise become barriers
to commercializing power systems,
fuels, and environmental and waste
management technologies. In addition, a variety of NETL energy analysis studies identify promising research
and development opportunities.
As CCS R&D matures, this research
will be graduated to the demonstration
program where integrated carbon capture and storage projects will be conducted.
CARBON CAPTURE
PROGRAM
The Carbon Capture Program is focused on the development of post-combustion and pre-combustion CO2 capture technologies for new and existing
power plants to improve efficiency
while minimizing the cost and energy
penalty of CO2 capture. Post-combustion CO2 capture technology is applicable to conventional combustion-based
power plants, while pre-combustion
CO2 capture is applicable to gasification-based systems. In both cases,
R&D is underway to develop solvent-,
sorbent-, and membrane-based capture
technologies.
The Program represents a comprehensive, multipronged R&D approach
to pursue a portfolio of novel technologies that have the potential to
cost-effectively capture CO2. Evaluating multiple technologies enhances the
probability of success. The research focus areas cover a wide scaleintegrating advances and lessons learned from
fundamental research, technology development, and demonstration-scale
www.power-eng.com
1604PE_35 35
testing. The success of this effort will

enable cost-effective implementation
of carbon capture technologies.
HISTORY
Laboratory- and bench-scale testing of 2nd generation carbon capture
technologies was initiated in the early
2000s. Testing at this scale is usually
conducted with simulated flue gas or
synthesis gas (syngas) at relatively low
gas flow rates. Upon completion of
laboratory- and bench-scale testing, it
is necessary to conduct small- and then
large-scale pilot testing using actual
flue gas or syngas to determine potential adverse effects on the process from
minor constituents in the coal that are
present in the combustion flue gas or
syngas. In addition, potential plant
issues including excessive scaling,
plugging, and/or corrosion of process
equipment can only be evaluated and
solutions developed via operating experience during long-term, pilot-scale
slipstream testing.
By 2010, small pilot-scale field tests
(0.15 MWe) were initiated for selected
2nd generation technologies. Thirteen of
these projects have since been undertaken and most are either completed
or nearly complete on six solvent-based
technologies, four sorbent-based technologies, and three membrane-based
technologies. In addition, heat integration testing was conducted on a 25 MWe
solvent-based capture technology.
Capture technologies in the current
Carbon Capture Program portfolio
have shown promise for application to
other sources of CO2 emissions such as
natural gas-fired power generation and
industrial sources. To the degree that
this effort is consistent with the development of capture technology for coalbased applications, the Carbon Capture
Program will emphasize learnings regarding how to effectively develop and
transition technology designed for coalbased applications more broadly.
The Post-Combustion Test Facility at

the National Carbon Capture Center in
Wilsonville, Alabama. Photo courtesy:
Southern Company Services.
35
4/7/16 3:00 PM
NATIONAL CARBON
CAPTURE CENTER
One of the challenges associated with
scale-up of carbon capture systems is
that it can be difficult to obtain host site
participation. This is particularly true
for pre-combustion technology where
there are a limited number of test sites
available to provide the syngas necessary for conducting small and large
pilot-scale testing. More importantly,
both pre- and post-combustion commercial sites can be reluctant to serve as
host sites for pilot-scale testing because
of concerns regarding potential adverse
impacts on the facilitys commercial operations.
An alternative to limited commercial
site availability is testing at DOEs National Carbon Capture Center (NCCC).
The NCCC is a centralized, domestic
facility that includes multiple, adaptable syngas or flue gas feeds ranging in
size from 0.11.0 MWe equivalent. The
mission of the NCCC is to develop technologies that will lead to the commercialization of cost-effective, advanced
coal-based power plants with CO2 capture. The NCCC can test multiple projects in parallel with a wide range of test
equipment sizes leading up to pre-commercial equipment sufficient to guide
the design of full commercial-scale
power plants.
The NCCC is capable of testing both
post- and pre-combustion technologies. Southern Companys Plant Gaston
power station provides the flue gas slipstream for the NCCC post-combustion
CO2 capture test facility. The backbone
of the pre-combustion CO2 capture
technology development is a high-pressure flexible facility designed to test an
array of solvents and contactors. Because of its flexibility to operate under
a wide range of flow rates, feedstocks,
and process conditions, the NCCC can
effectively and thoroughly evaluate a
wide range of technologies at various
levels of maturity.
36
1604PE_36 36
The NCCC has completed nearly

50,000 combined hours of testing for
development and piloting of post- and
pre-combustion capture technologies,
serving as an established, world-class
test facility for carbon capture and gasification technologies.
LARGE-SCALE
PILOT TESTING
Past years of successful R&D efforts
have now generated a demand to move
the most promising 2nd generation capture technologies on to large-scale pilot testing (1025 MWe equivalent). In
late 2015, NETL selected six projects for
large-scale pilot testing of post-combustion CO2 capture technology systems
that will be conducted in two phases
with a competitive down-select expected in 2016 to continue from Phase 1
into Phase 2.
The objective of the large-scale pilot
plants is to test innovative approaches
that utilize advanced post-combustion
CO2 capture technologies under realistic conditions and continuous longterm operation while gathering data
necessary to support future demonstration at commercial scale. Undertaking
these large-scale pilot plants is a critical step to have advanced technologies
available for demonstration in 2020.
TRANSFORMATIONAL
CARBON CAPTURE
TECHNOLOGIES
The Carbon Capture Program is also
starting research on the next generation of transformational CO2 capture
approaches, with the aim of graduating
these new concepts from Technology
Research Level (TRL) 23 (laboratory and bench-scale testing) to TRL 7
(large-scale pilot testing) by 2025. These
projects are expected to help overcome
limitations of singular, standard gas
treatment systems, such as those based
on solvents, sorbents, or membranes
alone.
The expectation is that the development of these transformational technologies will follow the same general
pattern as that for the 2nd generation
technologies. However, since the transformational technologies are at an earlier developmental stage, advancement of
the technologies to small and large pilot
scales will require additional time.
In 2015, NETL awarded 15 projects
to receive funding for development and
testing of transformational CO2 capture
systems for new and existing coal-based
power plants. Transformational technologies currently under development
in the Carbon Capture portfolio also
may be applicable to industrial and/or
natural gas CO2 sources.
CARBON CAPTURE
SIMULATION INITIATIVE
A program to aid in the technology
development effort, the Carbon Capture Simulation Initiative (CCSI) [www.
acceleratecarboncapture.org], was initiated in early 2011 as a partnership
among national laboratories, academic
institutions, and industry. CCSI developed and demonstrated a suite of computational tools and models which can
be used to accelerate the development
and scale-up of CO2 capture technology. The fourth generation of the CCSI
Toolset, which was released in late 2015,
is currently licensed by 14 companies.
Starting in 2016, work will be conducted under the Carbon Capture Simulation Industry Impact (CCSI2) program
to apply the CCSI Toolset to CO2
capture technologies that are currently
under development. Initially, it is anticipated that the CCSI2 project team will
work closely with several large-scale pilot projects to help ensure their success
and maximize the learning from these
projects, so that they can subsequently move to demonstration scale with
greater confidence and lower technical
risk. The multi-scale models and computational tools of the CCSI Toolset can
www.power-eng.com
4/7/16 3:00 PM
DOE Carbon Capture Simulation Initiative
help identify data gaps where additional information is required to increase

understanding of the technology and
determine more efficient testing conditions to enable more information to be
collected in a shorter amount of time.
The CCSI approach is applicable to the
entire suite of CO2 capture technologies, including solvents, sorbents, membranes, and novel concepts.
CARBON STORAGE
PROGRAM
The Carbon Storage Program seeks
to address technological and marketplace challenges through the integration of technologies developed via
the Advanced Storage Research and
Development component of the program, and field-tested in the Storage
Infrastructure component. Because
understanding CCS is a global concern,
DOE partners with several international organizations, including the International Energy Agency and the Carbon
Sequestration Leadership Forum. In addition to conducting field R&D projects
within the United States, the program
collaborates with international partners
to leverage global expertise, test facilities, and field sites. DOE is also directly
engaged in bilateral efforts with a number of countries. China, in particular, is
an important partner of the U.S.-China
Clean Energy Research Center. Finally,
www.power-eng.com
1604PE_37 37
DOE and its research partners are globally collaborating on a number of largescale CCS demonstration projects that
span five continents.
The Advanced Storage R&D technology component of the Carbon Storage
Program involves both applied laboratory- and pilot-scale research focused
on developing new technologies and
systems for geologic storage. This component encompasses three Technology
Areas: (1) Geologic Storage Technologies; (2) Risk Assessment; and (3) Monitoring, Verification, Accounting (MVA),
and Assessment. Advanced Storage
R&D focuses on CO2 -specific aspects of
onshore and offshore storage, including
development of technologies that can
improve wellbore integrity, increase reservoir storage efficiency, improve management of reservoir pressure, quantitatively assess risks, confirm permanent
storage, and identify and mitigate potential release of CO2 in all types of storage formations.
The Storage Infrastructure technology component is critical to program
success allowing for field validation of
emerging technologies, techniques, and
integrated systems developed through
the Advanced Storage R&D component.
Lessons learned through the R&D field
projects are used to develop and update
an ongoing series of best practices manuals for future commercial deployment.
Several
international
organizations have identified the need for additional integrated largescale CCS projects that
work towards limiting
global temperature increases and meet the IEAs
two-degree scenario. The
focus of the R&D field
projects is to demonstrate
that different storage
types (in various depositional environments and,
distributed over different
geographic regions, both onshore and
offshore) have the capability to safely
and permanently store CO2.
REGIONAL CARBON
SEQUESTRATION
PARTNERSHIPS
DOE determined early in the programs development that regional
differences in geology, CO2 sources,
climate, population density, oil and
gas infrastructure, and human capital
would impact the development and deployment of CCS throughout the United States. In order to support the development of regional infrastructure for
CCS, DOE created a network of seven
RCSPs. The RCSPs began in 2003 with
initial characterization of each regions
potential to store CO2 in different geologic formations. In 2005, validation
of the most promising regional storage
opportunities was initiated through a
series of small-scale field projects (referred to as Validation Phase projects).
Building on the knowledge gained from
the small-scale projects, the RCSPs
focus turned to large-scale field projects (referred to as Development Phase
projects). The RCSP large-scale field
projects are ongoing, with injections in
six of the seven planned field projects
exceeding more than 8.9 million metric
tons. Experience and knowledge gained
from these field projects provides a firm
37
4/7/16 3:00 PM
Regional Carbon Sequestration

Partnership Regions
foundation for future, larger-scale field

projects, both onshore and offshore.
The RCSPs have employed a variety
of numerical simulation tools to support design of the tests, predict plume
migration and pressure changes, and to
assess geomechanical and geochemical impacts. A broad portfolio of MVA
techniques also have been applied, including atmospheric, near-surface, and
subsurface methods. Commercially
available and new, innovative techniques are also being evaluated to develop a future commercial toolbox of
validated technologies that future storage operators will be able to utilize to
ensure safe and permanent storage.
NATIONAL RISK
ASSESSMENT PARTNERSHIP
Similar to CCSI in seeking to address
carbon capture development needs,
the National Risk Assessment Partnership (NRAP) is a partnership between
multiple national labs that interfaces
with several key industry, regulatory,
academic, and non-profit organizations
to address risk-related barriers to implementation of carbon storage at the
commercial scale. Risk assessment and
38
1604PE_38 38
management are key components of the

Carbon Storage Program, and NRAP is
developing tools and expanding technical capabilities to better quantitatively
understand and predict risks associated with potential storage sites. Risk
assessment is performed at all stages
of a project to help with site selection,
to communicate project goals and procedures to the public, aid regulators in
assessing and overseeing projects, and
guide all MVA activities. Risk management is essential to identifying potential site problems, to assure safe and
continuous operations, and to develop
mitigation procedures so that immediate action can be implemented should
a problem arise. In addition to technical risks, project implementation risks,
operational risks, and long-term storage
risks must be examined. Because the
uncertainties associated with subsurface operations are quite large, NRAP
has generated tools that are capable of
quantifying risks using a Monte Carlo
approach to evaluating uncertainties.
These results can be used to form assessments of long-term project costs, potential liabilities, and decisions on decommissioning and long-term stewardship.
NEXT STEPS FOR

THE CARBON STORAGE
PROGRAM
Understanding that not all regions
of the United States have adequate prospective onshore storage resources, the
Carbon Storage Program is now initiating an offshore CCS prospective storage
assessment. Offshore CCS can expand
the Nations CO2 storage potential and
offer storage opportunities for those
regions of that lack onshore storage resources. Current research projects are
collecting data on key potential offshore
storage formations along the East Coast
and in the Gulf of Mexico. The projects
will utilize existing geologic and geophysical data to conduct a prospective
storage resource assessment of the formations. These projects also involve
3D flow and geomechanical modeling,
as well as identification of formations
with the potential to store at least 30
million metric tons of CO2. Similar to
the RCSPs, future offshore storage R&D
field projects will be needed to validate
the storage potential and injectivity, in
turn demonstrating the capability for
safe and permanent offshore storage.
The Carbon Storage Program is also
conducting R&D field projects that are
developing specific subsurface engineering approaches that address critical
research for advancing CCS to commercial scale. The Brine Extraction Storage
Test (BEST) field projects have been initiated to address potential geomechanical and hydrologic impacts related to
reservoir pressure changes that accompany the injection of large volumes of
CO2 into the deep subsurface. The BEST
field projects will develop and validate
brine extraction strategies/approaches for managing changes in formation
pressure and utilize extracted brines as
part of a test bed for enhanced water recovery technologies.
In addition, the program is conducting research to understand the opportunities, knowledge advancements, and
www.power-eng.com
4/7/16 3:00 PM
technology improvements for increased

CO2 storage in a reservoir associated
with enhanced oil recovery operations,
called Associated Storage. This includes broadening the understanding,
through characterization, lab and field
investigations of Associated Storage in
unconventional reservoirs such as residual oil zones and tight oil formations.
Life cycle analyses are providing understanding of the potential to produce fuels with reduced carbon intensity when
combined with Associated Storage
mechanisms. Collaboration between
the DOEs Coal and Natural Gas and
Oil research programs leverages the investments in this R&D, providing complementary benefits.
As the program evolves, research will
be needed to understand onshore and
offshore storage complex characterization at a scale greater than the RCSP large-
information into reservoir simulations

and design of commercial-scale injection
and monitoring strategies.
The Carbon Storage Program will
continue to work towards developing
the technologies that can address the
current and future technical challenges
of commercial deployment. Validation
of the technologies at storage field projects will help reduce risk and increase
certainty in the performance of a future
commercial toolbox. These cost-effective tools will then be used by industry
and regulators to ensure safe containment of CO2.
scale field projects. Research conducted

through these R&D field projects will
improve the understanding of commercial-scale site characterization, baseline
MVA procedures, and the development
of information for permitting. Lessons
learned from these projects will be used
to update existing best practices manuals for integration of site characterization
crease developmental risks, and provide baselines for future deployment

has been critical in making headway
toward advanced CCS technologies
that require significant investment for
demonstration. Second-generation CCS
technology includes a suite of improvements in capture performance, plant
efficiencies, and component cost, as
www.power-eng.com
1604PE_39 39
SUMMARY
During the past decade, the development of a robust portfolio of clean
power technologies in the Carbon Capture Program has seen major progress.
The ability to advance technology, de-
well as expanded characterization of

storage options. Analyses of coal power with CCS conducted by NETL show
a 20 percent decrease in costs of mature units compared to first generation
CCS technology. Modeled deployment
of transformational technology shows
potential for a 30% reduction in cost
of electricity. Advanced simulation will
increasingly be employed to rigorously
screen and evaluate new technologies
and accelerate scale-up processes.
The Carbon Storage Program has
made a great deal of progress by providing important technical knowledge
and operational experience for future
commercial-scale projects through the
RCSP Initiative. As the technology for
CO2 storage has advanced, a growing
number of CO2 injection projects have
been initiated around the world, spanning five continents. In North America alone, more than 8.9 million metric tons of CO2 have been successfully
stored through the RCSP large-scale
R&D field projects. Lessons learned
from these field projects have been
used to develop a series of best practices manuals and the 2015 Carbon Storage Atlas V.
During the past decade, CCS has continued to gain considerable recognition
among the broader global scientific community, as well as prompting policymakers to recognize it as a promising option
to reduce GHG emissions. Multiple international organizations have concluded
that CCS has a key role to play in curbing CO2 emissions from fossil fuel-based
power generation. DOEs capture and
storage programs have been recognized
as world leaders in the development and
deployment of this critical technology.
More information on the DOE Carbon
Capture Program and Carbon Storage
Program can be found here:
http://www.netl.doe.gov/research/coal/
carbon-capture
http://www.netl.doe.gov/research/coal/
carbon-storage
39
4/7/16 3:00 PM
ASSET MANAGEMENT
40
1604PE_40 40
www.power-eng.com
4/7/16 3:00 PM
Author
Jim Foerster is director of Product Management, Weather, at Schneider Electric.
Hyper-Local
Weather Data
Provides Accuracy
to Central Hudson
Gas & Electric
W
Weather stations make guesswork a thing of
the past. Utilities can effectively determine
how much energy they need to generate
and purchase for any given day thanks to
the specific temperature data that is readily
available. This leaves little room for error
and saves the utility money. Photo courtesy:
Schneider Electric
www.power-eng.com
1604PE_41 41
BY JIM FOERSTER
eather plays a
key role in the
amount of energy used in
the U.S., and
severe weather is often to blame
for leaving neighborhoods in
darkness. To tackle weather head
on, utilities use weather forecasts
to make real-time decisions that ultimately add or shed load on the grid.
However, inaccurate weather forecasts can dramatically affect the
amount of energy put on the grid, and
in turn put a utility at risk of outages.
To combat the possibility of negative
effects, local weather stations provide
hyper-local, point-based forecasts
that allow utilities to make informed,
business critical decisions all with

one goal in mind: to decrease outages
throughout the seasons.
Like many utilities, this was a primary
goal for Central Hudson Gas & Electric
(Central Hudson). Extending from the
suburbs of metropolitan New York City
north to the Capital District in Albany,
Central Hudson delivers natural gas and
electricity to approximately 300,000
electric customers and 78,000 natural
gas customers. Given the large area and
diverse topography of Central Hudsons
service territory, areas can experience
varying conditions simultaneously.
Central Hudson needed a clear assessment of what weather would affect its entire service area, and when, to determine
what outages were on the horizon.
LEFT IN THE DARK

With outage management in mind,
Central Hudson set out to develop
an outage prediction model. Using
41
4/7/16 3:00 PM
ASSET MANAGEMENT
historical weather data and outage

history reports, an outage prediction
model generates an estimate of the impact an approaching weather system
will have on a utilitys service area. Due
to the varying topography of Central
Hudsons service area, an outage prediction model was an important tool
to develop for accurate, effective and
prompt outage management.
However, the utility had a problem.
The most critical component of an outage
prediction model is a strong database of
highly accurate historical weather data.
For Central Hudson, the best source for
this was the National Weather Service
(NWS). While NWS is a reliable and accurate weather forecaster, very few
of its weather stations are located
within Central
Hudsons service
area.
Public meteorological services, such as
NWS, are tasked
with providing
forecasts
that
are accurate at
a very general
level, commonly generating an hourly forecast for a broad geography from
centrally located weather stations. And
its geographically specific forecasts
are often based on weather models, as
opposed to the collection of hard data
from local weather sensors.
While these forecasts provide the information needed for the vast majority
of citizens and businesses, even slight
differences in temperature, precipitation, and wind speed or direction can
have significant impacts on weather
dependent businesses.
For example, other utilities have
found just one half a degree improvement in temperature accuracy can
save them more than $500,000 a day
through improved demand forecasts. A

storms destructive force also can vary
widely depending on altitude, topography, or even human development
meaning damage in one area may be
completely different in another area
ten miles away.
The historical weather data Central
Hudson needed was not available in
much of its service territory, including some of the more topographically
diverse locations which is where the
utility needed it most.
As a utility that spans from the Hudson River Valley up to the Catskill
Mountains and back down through
the Poughkeepsie area of Upstate New
York, there are
a multitude of
factors that affect the weather
in its region. Extremely different weather situations could be
present within a
general forecast
area of 10 miles.
In 2011 we
experienced an
ice storm that
severely impacted customers in three towns in Northern Dutchess County for several days,
but because of temperature differences,
customers as few as five miles away experienced only rain and saw virtually
no interruption of service, said Tim
Hayes, T&D Operations Services &
Emergency Response at Central
Hudson.
Because of its diverse territory, if
the NWS were to show Albany experiencing snow, icy rain could be affecting another area in Central Hudsons
service territory simultaneously and
deliver a very different impact on the
utilitys assets.
Temperature, precipitation including the percent likelihood, type,
Central Hudson
installed twenty-four
weather stations
across the Hudson
River Valley to deliver
highly accurate,
location-specific
weather data.
42
1604PE_42 42
and amount wind speed and direction, sunlight exposure, and possibly
the occurrence of hazardous weather
conditions can vary across locations,
even those in close proximity.
Central Hudson needed accurate,
hyper-local weather data for each
unique weather profile in its service
area in order to develop an outage prediction model that would be accurate
and effective.
Hyper-local forecasts, which are
point-based, are for a specific latitude
and longitude, and time.
These forecasts are made possible
through local weather stations.
With accurate weather information,
Central Hudson would be able to identify areas within its service territory
where outages were more likely to occur, and target those areas with preemptive measures.
ILLUMINATION
In order to obtain the localized
weather data it needed, Central Hudson installed twenty-four weather stations across the Hudson River Valley to
deliver highly accurate, location-specific weather data.
With access to hyper-local weather
data, Central Hudson began to build
a more reliable and effective historical
weather database.
Precise weather conditions are now
reported with real-time notifications, allowing Central Hudson to be better aware
of weather influences on its service.
Having hyper-local forecasts also
provides Central Hudson with the opportunity to review location-specific
data when multiple outages occur.
Using this data, the utility can compare the previous days outages with
the previous days weather for a specific area of its territory.
This helps Central Hudson better
determine what type of weather its energy systems withstood, and in what
areas. Moving forward, Central Hudson
www.power-eng.com
4/7/16 3:00 PM
hopes to integrate this weather data into

its outage history to develop an outage
management forecasting system.
SUNNY SKIES AHEAD

Now Central Hudson has the hyper-local weather data it needs to create
an outage prediction model. Important
weather conditions are observed with
pinpoint accuracy rather than generalized data.
Looking to its future, Central Hudson sees combining historical outage
and weather data to inform tree-trimming efforts, which is one of the utilitys biggest concerns. For example, if
a certain area in its service territory
is repeatedly hit by a severe storm in
mid-July, the utility can make sure it
trims trees in those neighborhoods,
keeping power lines free of falling
branches.
Central Hudson also could use the
data to see which parts of its territory
require more workers on call when a
storm is coming, send earlier warnings
out to customers about expected severe
weather, or detect areas where underground wiring would be beneficial.
Moving forward, the variety or severity
of wind and precipitation will be correlated with the previous number of assets affected in storms to develop a model that
predicts the number of outages.
These predictions will change the
way Central Hudson reacts to severe
weather and will transform its outage
management.
THE BIG WEATHER

PICTURE
While outage prevention is a major
benefit for Central Hudson, other utilities found hyper-local weather stations
to have additional valuable uses, such
as aiding in the reduction of energy
consumption.
Energy is an integral part of our modern world, and will only continue to be
as more infrastructure comes on the grid.
www.power-eng.com
1604PE_43 43
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Accurate data from hyper-local forecasts can have a huge impact on building and facility energy usage.
In the U.S., residential and commercial buildings account for 39 percent of
energy demand.
Up to one third of that usage is the
result of heating and cooling. This
number is highly dependent on weather and could be lowered with hyper-local forecasts.
Weather stations make guesswork a
thing of the past. Utilities can effectively
determine how much energy they need
to generate and purchase for any given
day thanks to the specific temperature
data that is readily available.

This leaves little room for error and
saves the utility money, while providing
customers with the best possible service.
Hyper-local weather stations have
transformed Central Hudson from a
utility that reacts to bad weather, into
a utility that will be able to predict the
impact a storm will have on its assets
before the storm even forms.
The utilitys ability to ensure power
is flowing to its diverse territory has
improved significantly. With localized
weather data, Central Hudson no longer needs to fear its customers will be
left in the dark.
43
4/7/16 3:00 PM
PRODUCTS
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mm) to 15 inches (375 mm), the LA-27-A is ideal for
The series offers cost-effective protection from
The new SG-gateways enable communica-
valve position feedback in steam and hydro power
phase loss, under voltage, and phase reversal con-
tion between industrial devices running Modbus,
plants. It can operate in hostile factory environments
ditions that can contribute to premature equipment
PROFIBUS, PROFINET, EtherNet/IP, or M-Bus and
such as lubricant and chemical mists, airborne
failure and downtime within motor control centers,
energy protocols (IEC61850 and IEC60870-5-104).
grit and dust, and survive industrial wash downs.
critical motors and pumps, and other Delta and
This means that a power plant control room which
Mated with ASGs model S1A DIN-rail-mountable
Wye systems.
is using the IEC protocols, can connect to industrial
LVDT signal conditioner, an LA-27-A LVDT becomes
The SLA Series can effectively monitor current
an ideal solution for heavy duty position sensing
ranges up to 480 VAC with ABC phase sequence.
44
1604PE_44 44
devices such as generators, drives, filters and protection equipment.

www.power-eng.com
4/7/16 2:58 PM
POWER
OWNED & PRODUCED BY
PRESENTED BY
WEEK
SUPPORTED BY
1604PE_45 45
4/7/16 2:58 PM
Air Pressure Regulators
and their associ-
arsh Bellofram Corp. announced the global
Electronic Devices (IEDs) which communicate over
ated blade pitch
market launch of its Type T60 air pressure
control
IEC-standards, to industrial networks, allowing
regulators.
generators
Since the SG-gateways can act both as a master

and slave, it is also possible to connect Intelligent
them to be controlled by PLCs from e.g. Siemens,

Rockwell or Mitsubishi.
motors,
and
Marsh Bellofram
wind-sensing de-
Type T60 industrial
vices and motors,
The Anybus SG-gateways can also be used
air pressure regula-
and transmissions. The system can also be used
to enable remote control and management of
tors are preset, fixed
for testing water coolant pumps and other ancillary
electrical equipment in power grids. Data is sent
units for instrumenta-
components.
over Ethernet or the 3G cellular network using the
tion and general pur-
With the AccuDyne, wind power test centers
telecontrol protocols, after which the data can be
pose use. Test data
need only one dynamometer to test a wide range
presented by a software application in the power
for these regulators
of model sizes and verify design specifications for
plant control room.
shows their excel-
multiple product categories and driveline mecha-
HMS Industrial Networks Inc.

lent performance as
nisms. The system is also perfect for research and
compared to other
development groups working on new turbine and
industrial pressure regulators on the market. In
generator designs.
Work Process Management

Solutions
particular, their regulated pressure vs. flow metric,
The AccuDyne comes packaged with the
forward-to-reverse flow offset, supply pressure sen-
DynoLab EM test cell control system, making it a
averick Technologies introduced OnTrack, a
sitivity, repeatability, and stability specifications all
complete turnkey system to measure all mechani-
suite of work process management solutions
exceed typical industry performance.
cal and electrical wind power system components
designed to deliver the insight and real-time data
Units are ruggedly designed with die cast alu-
operators need to act quickly and consistently. The
minum housings. The housings are also finished
and simulate real world conditions in a fully auto-
first solution to launch, OnTrack Alarm Response,
with a special scratch- and weather-resistant vi-
Available in sizes ranging from 3kW to 10 MW,
helps operators reduce uncertainty and inconsisten-
nyl paint. Each air regulator is fully pressure and
AccuDyne dynamometers are appropriate for all
cy in alarm response processes, which can impact
leak tested prior to factory shipment. Through a
wind power rotational testing needs.
manufacturing safety or process efficiency.
combination of careful design engineering and
Sakor Technologies Inc.

mated test system.
OnTrack captures the tribal knowledge of your
the incorporation of quality materials, Type T60
most experienced operators and combines it
regulators offer trouble-free operation over an ex-
with industry best practices to create optimized,
tended useful service life, even in the most difficult
Emissions Analyzer
repeatable actions. When alarms are triggered,
of industrial environments. A rubberized, soft-seat
OnTrack Alarm Response prioritizes the most crit-
valve stem provides positive shut-off and forgives
ical notifications, generates next steps and deliv-
dirt or other foreign matter. An aspirator maintains
maintenance & tuning of boil-
ers the right plan of action to the right personnel
downstream pressure and compensates for droop
ers, burners, engines, furnaces,
at the right time.
when high flow occurs. The integral gauge port is
turbines, kilns, incinerators, and
he NEW E4500 portable flue gas & emissions

analyzer is designed for emissions monitoring,
Implementing the OnTrack solution does not
also convenient for pressure gauge installation.
many other industrial combustion
require a complete overhaul of existing systems.
The port can also be used as an additional full flow
processes requiring accurate Low
Mavericks OnTrack team performs a two-week on-
outlet.
NOx measurements.
site installation, including a review of existing stan-
Marsh Bellofram Corp.

dard operating procedures, system installation and

validation, and comprehensive training to enable
It features low NOx measurements with 0.1 ppm resolution

and high accuracy under 100ppm NOx. It is avail-
continuous, reliable operation of the system. This
Wind Power Testing System
able with both NO and NO2 sensors for total NOx,
intensive, phased approach ensures that person-
akor Technologies Inc. announces the availabil-
nel have the knowledge they need to respond with
and minimizes NOx loss from condensation and
ity of its complete AccuDyne AC Dynamometer
ensures accurate readings. The analyzer also in-
speed and confidence. After installation, OnTrack
system for wind power testing applications. The sys-
cludes dilution pump for CO auto-range measure-
will be paired with Mavericks PlantFloor24 around-
tem can be used by multiple engineering groups to
ments up to 50,000 ppm, a built-in printer, auto-
the-clock remote monitoring solution, ensuring
test and verify designs, as well as for quality control
matic data saving feature, internal data memory,
continuous, reliable performance of a plants most
testing after manufacturing.
a software package with USB and bluetooth, and
critical assets.
Maverick Technologies
46
1604PE_46 46
Ideal for testing both active and passive wind
temperature and pressure measurements.
power driveline components, the AccuDyne dy-
E Instruments International
namometer system can be used to test turbines
www.power-eng.com
4/7/16 2:58 PM
Ultrasonic Flowmeter
in oily or wet hands, and comes with batteries. The
years, at which point the desiccant dryer must be
LED Telescoping Mirrors come in two variations:
replaced, a process that can be carried out by the
rohne Inc. now offers the OPTISONIC 8300, a

dedicated ultrasonic flowmeter for the mea-
JHW product code: 40255; mirror diameter:
user in less than 10 minutes. The internal moisture
surement of superheated steam. This flowmeter is
2-3/8; overall length: 6-1/2 (extends to: 37); bat-
generator can be replaced simply in the field with
ideal for boiler and plant efficiency monitoring in
teries: CR2016 (2)
a freshly calibrated unit from the factory after three
power plants, energy balancing, or inter-company
steam billing. The OPTISONIC 8300 2-beam flow-
2-1/4 x 3-1/2; overall length: 6-3/4 (extends
meter leads the industry with a measuring accuracy
to: 30); batteries CR2032 Lithium (2)
of 1 percent, high repeatability, and a large dynamic

measuring range.
The Telescoping Inspection Mirrors come in

three variations:
years of operation.
The QMA401 has an intuitive touch screen interface for monitoring, logging and configuring
parameters. Both real-time trend graphs and alarm
indicators are immediately visible in color on the
main display. The instrument is supplied with both
1-1/4; overall Length: 6-1/2 (extends to: 35)
analog outputs, and USB and Ethernet digital con-
nectivity, so that the device can be monitored and
2-1/4; overall length: 6-1/2 (extends to:
controlled remotely via a network.
36-3/8)
Michell Instruments

3-1/4; overall length: 6-1/2 (extends to:
OPTISONIC 8300 features a full-bore flow sen-
29-1/2)
Power Cable
sor without moving parts or obstructions, and a
The Swivel Inspection Rectangular Mirror fea-
robust overall construction, with no cables or sen-
tures double ball joints to allow for a 360 swiv-
sitive parts exposed. As a result, it can maintain
el. Features of the Swivel Inspection Rectangular
um voltage applications. Super-Trex Type MV-105
measuring accuracy without maintenance or sub-
Mirror include:
Flexible Medium Voltage Single-Conductor Power
sequent calibration for up to 20 years while keep-
Vinyl grip
Cable uses a braid shield system to significantly
ing operating costs at a minimum. If verification of
Glass mirror
improve flexibility, allowing the installer to easily
measuring accuracy should become necessary, it
Stainless steel mirror back
maneuver the cable into place by hand while re-
can be provided by the flowmeter diagnostics with-
Non-rotating telescoping rods
ducing downtime and labor cost for the end-user.
out removing the flowmeter.
With a 5kV to 15kV voltage range and 133
2-1/8 X 3-1/2; length: 11-1/4 (extends to:
percent insulation level, Super-Trex Type MV-105
15-1/4)
Flexible Medium Voltage Single-Conductor Power
With nominal sizes ranging from DN 100...1000

/ 440, OPTISONIC 8300 is particularly well suited to high flow rates. Pressure rating up to 200 bar
/ 3625 psi and temperature rating up to 540 C /
Snap-On Industrial Brands

PC Wire & Cable Corp. (TPC) introduced a new

power cable that simplifies installation in medi-
Cable is ideal for use in medium voltage applications requiring flexibility. Flexibility is achieved using rope-bunched, compressed, tin-coated copper
1004 F are available, with higher requirements

available on request. With temperature and pres-
Trace Moisture Analyzer
conductors within an insulation shield created by
sure sensors connected to the device, the integrat-
ichell Instruments has launched its new trace
the combination of an extruded semi-conductive
moisture analyzer, the QMA401, featuring the
layer, a semi-conductive tape, and a flexible braid
ed flow computer can calculate steam mass flow.
shield of tinned copper and nylon.
Krohne Inc.
Ratings secured for the new power cable render it optimal for use in wet or dry locations in
LED Telescoping Mirrors
approved raceways and underground ducts, plus
cable trays when installed in accordance with
illiams has added the LED Telescoping
NEC guidelines. The cable is listed to UL Standard
Mirrors, the Telescoping Inspection Mirrors
and the Swivel Inspection Rectangular Mirror to give
latest generation of quartz crystal microbalance
1072 and carries an FT4/IEEE 1202 Flame Rating.
technicians a view that is no longer out of reach.
sensor and designed to provide consistently ac-
Resistant to sunlight and oil, it also passes a
The LED Telescoping Mirrors include a stain-
curate measurements of trace moisture through a
-40C Cold Bend Test. The product is rated for
less-steel shaft and cushion grip that will not slip
self-calibration system. Long term stability of these
direct burial applications when installed in ac-
measurement corrections is guaranteed, as the
cordance NEC guidelines, and it is ideal for plant
moisture generator is supplied with a calibration
power and distribution, substations, and power
traceable to NPL and NIST.
conditioning equipment.
Maintaining the system is simple, infrequent

and inexpensive. No service at all is required for 2
www.power-eng.com
1604PE_47 47
TPC Wire & Cable Corp.

Info http://powereng.hotims.com RS#:413
47
4/7/16 2:58 PM
ShowcaSe advertiSing contact Jenna hall: 918-832-9249, Jennah@pennwell.com
| SUPPLIERS SHOWCASE
Actuators
Boiler Feed Systems
Boilers
a brand of TerraSource Global
BOILER FEED SYSTEMS

Your source for custom-designed,
ruggedly-built mechanical and pneumatic
systems for feeding of biomass and alternative
fuels directly into boilers and kilns.

High-pressure, low-pressure and vacuum

conveying components available.
+1 (864) 476-7523 info@terrasource.com

Handling a World of Materials

TerraSource Global is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Hillenbrand, Inc.

(NYSE: HI) 2016 TerraSource Global. All rights reserved.
http://powereng.hotims.com RS#300
DuPont Krytox
www.TerraSource.com/PE

Industrial Fitting System
Krytox Lubricants
DuPont Krytox Oils and Greases.
These high-performance fluorinated lubricants are derivatives of Teflon and offer the
following advantages: Chemically inert. Wide
temperature range (-103F to 800F).
Compatible with plastics, rubber, ceramics, &
metals. Nonflammable. Insoluable in common solvents. No silicones or hydrocarbons.
Krytox may be applied to gearboxes,
dampers, ductwork valves, steam valves,
gaskets, seals, compressors, bearings, boilers, pumps, and Turbine Auxiliary systems.
For more information and sample call
800.992.2424 or 203.743.4447
DuPontTM Krytox Channel Partner Since 1991
TM
Viega MegaPress and MegaPressG Systems
The Viega MegaPress and MegaPressG systems

for installing schedule 5 to schedule 40 black iron
pipe in sizes 1/2 to 2 are ideal for industrial,
commercial and residential applications. Viega
MegaPressG fittings are designed for fuel oil and
natural gas applications.
www.viega.us
800-976-9819
REACH YOUR
AUDIENCE
ADVERTISE your career opportunities,
equipment, services, and training
programs in Power Engineerings
Classifed Section.
GET RESULTS
Put your message in front of North
Americas most qualifed circulation with
Power Engineerings classifeds.
supportPE@mschem.com
www.miller-stephenson.com
48
1604PE_48 48
CALL NOW FOR DETAILS:

JENNA HALL
Phone: 918.832.9249
Email: jennah@pennwell.com
www.power-eng.com
4/7/16 3:01 PM
FOR SALE/RENT
20,000 - 400,000 #/Hr.
DIESEL & TURBINE GENERATORS

50 - 25,000 KW
GEARS & TURBINES
Get a thorough mix with:
Pugmill Systems, Inc.

Ph: 931-388-0626 Fax: 931-380-0319
www.pugmillsystems.com
For info. http://powereng.hotims.com RS# 450
CONDENSER OR GENERATOR AIR COOLER TUBE PLUGS

THE CONKLIN SHERMAN COMPANY, INC.
Easy to install, saves time and money.

ADJUSTABLE PLUGS - all rubber with brass insert.
Expand it, install it, reverse action for tight fit.
PUSH PULL PLUGS - are all rubber, simply push it in.
Sizes 0.530 O.D. to 2.035 O.D.
Tel: (203) 881-0190
Fax: (203) 881-0178
E-mail: Conklin59@aol.com www.conklin-sherman.com
Just Plugging Along
LARGEST INVENTORIES OF:

Air Pre-Heaters Economizers Deaerators
Pumps Motors Fuel Oil Heating & Pump Sets
Valves Tubes Controls Compressors
Pulverizers Rental Boilers & Generators
847-541-5600
FAX: 847-541-1279
visit www.wabashpower.com
wabash
POWER
EQUIPMENT CO.
444 Carpenter Avenue, Wheeling, IL 60090
Engineering e-material, e-solutions, e-courses

and e-seminars for energy conversion systems:
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2. Top-quality manufacturing
3. Long, reliable life cycle
4. Ease of maintenance and repair
5. Enormous savings in labor, materials
and downtime
Conval has been serving the global
power industry for nearly 50 years. For
details, please visit Conval.com today.
High-performance valves for the worlds

most demanding applications.
Conval.com
SR. VP. of
Business Dev./Operations
For Classified Advertising Rates & Information
Contact Jenna Hall
Phone - 918-832-9249, Jennah@pennwell.com
SUPERHEATED
AVAILABLE
An "on the move" U.S. based company

is looking for a Senior Vice-President to
grow their business unit for an array of
aftermarket services for the power
generation market in the lower 48 states.
Classified advertising ContaCt Jenna Hall: 918-832-9249, JennaH@pennwell.Com
P.O. Box 60
Columbia, TN 38402 USA
25 - 4000 HP
Five Smart
Reasons why
you should
specify Camseal
Ball Valves.
CLASSIFIEDS |
24 / 7 EMERGENCY SERVICE
BOILERS
The successful candidate will have

management experience in business
development, operations, engineering and
P&L.
This position requires a minimum of 5
years in a senior management role
managing a business unit consisting of
field sales, project managers, engineers
and technicians in the power generation
industry.
Strong interpersonal skills & experience
or ability to work in a matrix organization
This position would require relocation to
the state of Florida & require 6-7 nights
per month overnight travel.
If you are looking for that "game changer"
in your career, you will want to hear about
this position and company.
Get a Boiler Rental Quote within one hour at

www.wareinc.com/equipment or call 800-228-8861
1604PE_49 49
To find out more, please email:

RBelcher@MRIKC.com
4/7/16 3:01 PM
| CLASSIFIEDS
ED NEW
ITI
ON
INTERNATIONAL
ENERGY MARKETS
UNDERSTANDING PRICING, POLICIES, AND PROFITS
2ND EDITION
INTERNATIONAL
ENERGY MARKETS
UNDERSTANDING PRICING, POLICIES, AND PROFITS
Classified advertising ContaCt Jenna Hall: 918-832-9249, JennaH@pennwell.Com
2ND EDITION
The updated 2nd edition from esteemed

energy economics author and professor
Carol Dahl provides a foundation for
understanding the global energy industry
and will help you:
Understand energy markets through
economics, mathematical optimization,
simulation, and forecasting
Explore models for understanding and
managing energy resources in a global
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CAROL A. DAHL
by Carol A. Dahl
712 Pages/Hardcover
July 2015
978-1-59370-291-5
$115.00
ORDER YOUR COPY TODAY!

1-918-831-9421 | 1-800-752-9764 | www.pennwellbooks.com
FIND US!
Quality and Service Since 1908
Ring Granulators, Reversible Hammermills,

Double Roll Crushers, Frozen Coal Crackers
for crushing coal, limstone and slag.
1319 Macklind Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110
Ph: (314) 781-6100 / Fax: (314) 781-9209
www.ampulverizer.com / E-Mail: sales@ampulverizer.com
RENTAL EQUIPMENT
ES I B oi l er R enta l s , L L C
24/7 On-Call Service
1-800-990-0374
www.rentalboilers.com
- Rental Boilers - Economizers - Deaerator Systems - Water Softener Systems -
1604PE_50 50
4/7/16 3:01 PM
INDEX
RS# COMPANY
PG#
Amec Foster Wheeler
RS# COMPANY
Power Generation Week 2016

BROWSER EDITIONLEADERBOARD
www.amecfw.com
Brandenburg Industrial
Service Company
C4
www.powergenerationweek.com

DIGITAL EDITIONANNOUNCEMENT SPONSOR
www.brandenburg.com
12 Brawler
29
www.brawler.com
13 Buckman
31
CB&I
www.CBI.com
15 Clearspan Fabric
Structures
43
Haldor Topsoe
14 POWER-GEN Natural
Gas 2016
6
M&I Materials Ltd

Membrana
C2
Mobil Industrial
Lubricants
19
15
www.rentechboilers.com
11 Structural Integrity
Associates
25
www.structint.com/power-eng
13
17 United Rentals Inc
C3
www.UnitedRentals.com
www.mobilindustrial.com
16 Power Generation
Week 2016
PW Power Systems
Rentech Boiler Systems
DIGITAL EDITION-COVER
www.Liqui-Cel.com
11
www.pwps.com
www.midelamericas.com
ProEnergy Services LLC

www.proenergyservices.com
www.topsoe.com
33
www.power-gennaturalgas.com
www.ClearSpan.com/ADPWRE
PG#
45

DIGITAL EDITIONANNOUNCEMENT SPONSOR

BROWSER EDITIONTOC BANNER
Volvo Penta
www.volvopenta.com/industrial
10 Winsted Corp
21
www.winstedcustom.com
Advertisers and advertising agencies assume liability for all contents

(including text representation and illustrations) of advertisements printed, and also assume responsibility for any claims arising therefrom
made against the publisher. It is the
advertisers or agencys responsibility to obtain appropriate releases on
any items or individuals pictured in
the advertisement.
SALES OFFICE
1421 S. Sheridan Rd., Tulsa, OK 74112
Phone: 918-835-3161, Fax: 918-831-9834
e-mail: pe@pennwell.com
Sr. Vice President North
American Power Group Richard Baker
Reprints Foster Printing Servive
4295 Ohio Street, Michigan City, IN 46360
Phone: 866-879-9144
e-mail: pennwellreprint@fosterprinting.com
National Marketing Consultant Rick Huntzicker
Palladian Professional Park
3225 Shallowford Rd., Suite 800
Marietta, GA 30062
Phone: 770-578-2688, Fax: 770-578-2690
e-mail: rickh@pennwell.com
AL, AR, DC, FL, GA, KS, KY, LA, MD, MO,
MS, NC, SC, TN, TX, VA, WV
Regional Brand Manager Veronica Foster
Phone: 918-832-9256; Fax: 918.831.9834
e-mail: veronicaf@pennwell.com
AK, AZ,CA,CO,HI,IA,MN,MT,ND,NE,NM,NV,
OK,OR,SD,UT,WA,WI,WY,AB,BC,SK, Manitoba,
Northwest Territory, Yukon Territory
Regional Brand Manager Ben Stauss
Phone: + 513-295-2155
e-mail: bstauss@pennwell.com
CT, DE, IL, IN, MA, ME, MI, NH, NJ, NY, OH,
PA, RI, VT, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia,
Newfoundland, Ontario
International Sales Mgr Tom Marler
The Water Tower
Gunpowder Mills
Powdermill Lane
Waltham Abbey, Essex EN9 1BN
United Kingdom
Phone: +44 1992 656 608, Fax: +44 1992 656 700
email: tomm@pennwell.com
Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Hungary, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Slovakia, Sweden
International Sales Mgr Roy Morris
The Water Tower
Gunpowder Mills
Powdermill Lane
Waltham Abbey, Essex EN9 1BN
United Kingdom
Phone: +44 1992 656 613, Fax: +44 1992 656 700
email: rmorris@pennwell.com
UK, Austria, Africa, Holland, India, Italy, Ireland,
Israel, Russia, Australia & New Zealand, Singapore,
Scotland, Switzerland, Turkey, Greece, UAE/SAUDI
and Iran
Classifieds/Literature Showcase
Account Executive Jenna Hall
Phone: 918-832-9249, Fax: 918-831-9834
email: jennah@pennwell.com
www.power-eng.com
1604PE_51 51
51
4/7/16 3:00 PM
GENERATING BUZZ
Duke Energy Tests

New Battery Technology
Duke Energy is testing a one-of-a-kind energy storage system
at the Rankin Substation in North Carolina. The technology
promises to integrate renewable power into its system more
effectively. Photo courtesy: Duke Energy
uke Energy is testing a new

battery technology at its
Rankin Substation in Gaston County, North Carolina.
The hybrid ultracapacitor-battery
energy storage system (HESS) will
demonstrate extended operational
life, rapid response, real-time solarsmoothing and load shifting.
With so many solar installations
in North Carolina, we must look for
innovative ways to better incorporate
renewable energy into our system
and still provide reliable service at a
competitive price for our customers,
said Thomas Golden, technology development manager for Duke Energy.
A distribution line at the substation
52
1604PE_52 52
has a 1.2-MW solar installation con- should result in lower costs and pronected a mile away, and Golden says vide a non-toxic, non-combustible
managing and mainproduct that is
The HESS uses
taining grid-connectsafe to handle and
ed renewable instal- fast-response
e nv i ron me nt a l ly
lations is critical.
friendly.
ultracapacitors
Aquion
Energy
The HESS uses
supplied
battery from Maxwell
fast-response ultratechnologies and as- Technologies to
capacitors (UCAPs)
sociated
engineerfrom
Maxwell
manage
solar
ing services and Win
Technologies
to
Inertia provided its smoothing events manage
solar
hybrid energy storage
smoothing events
in real time.
system.
in real-time, parThe 100-kW/300-kWh battery uses ticularly when solar power fluctuates
an Aqueous Hybrid Ion chemistry, due to weather. UCAPs reduce heat
including a saltwater electrolyte and stress on the battery, minimizing
synthetic cotton separator, which degradation.
www.power-eng.com
4/7/16 3:00 PM
To help you do your job,

were ready to do ours.
Whether your jobsite is above ground or below, United Rentals
is ready to help you get the job done with the equipment, tools and
training you need, backed by a team of industry experts.
Put our team to work for you. Were here to help.
3 Get training and certifications from an industry leader.

Visit UnitedAcademy.ur.com to learn more.
Anytime, anywhere, on any device

Manage your rental fleet with UR Control
UnitedRentals.com/URcontrol
UnitedRentals.com | 800.UR.RENTS
2015 United Rentals, Inc.
1604PE_C3 3
4/7/16 3:01 PM
1604PE_C4 4
4/7/16 3:01 PM

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HARNESS THE POWER

OF ADVANCED HRSG TECHNOLOGY

The industry leader in Heat Recovery Steam Generators for gas

HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATORS

OPTIMIZING SPRAY DRY ABSORBERS

HOW IT AFFECTS UNDERGROUND FORMATIONS

THE NEW KING OF POWER GENERATION

April 2016 www.power-eng.com

Is your plant struggling to meet emission standards without sacricing

For info. http://powereng.hotims.com RS#1

SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT, NORTH AMERICAN

Power Engineering is the flagship

NATIONAL BRAND MANAGER Rick Huntzicker

CONTRIBUTING EDITORBrad Buecker

The $1.5 billion Intermountain Energy Storage

GRAPHIC DESIGNER Deanna Priddy Taylor

No.4, April 2016

The Natural Gas Revolution is Real

After years of robust natural gas production, a rapid shift to more

For assistance with marketing strategy or ad creation,

CHAIRMAN Robert F. Biolchini

Will the storage of carbon dioxide affect the structural integrity

Hyper-Local Weather Data

POWER ENGINEERING ONLINE :

Stay current on industry news,

A concise, weekly update of all

GTM expects the U.S. will add half a

especially its ability to absorb excess

Entergys 550 Megawatt Ninemile 6 CCGT power plant

THE TEAM YOU TRUST

For info. http://powereng.hotims.com RS#2

Total U.S. electricity sales in 2015 fell

EIA: More Than 80% of

Consumers Energy Closes

manufactured by GE, Alstom, Mitsubishi,

For info. http://powereng.hotims.com RS#3

These protective measures are part of

Duke Energy Names New

Areva TN to Supply Used

MHPSA G-Series Gas

Oregon Senate Passes

Renewable Portfolio Standard for the

MTU Onsite Energy

MTU Onsite Energy, a division

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Are Gen IV Nuclear

odays nuclear power plants generate electricity at stable costs

nearly 100 concepts, as Gen IV systems.

development of two advanced reactors.

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ts no secret that fossil fuel independence remains a trending topic

content fuels. Higher plant efficiency

few years ago, the really remarkable

WE WERE BUILT FOR THIS.

From a single rotable hot section, to a major overhaulour streamlined

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he ERCOT system continues to

online and available at every point in

grow, ERCOT has proposed to implement

Up here, there are

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colleague and I were talking