130512B

R.P. Rathnayake
ENTC
1. Why transport layer services are called end-to-end?
Transport layer is virtually a connection between two hosts. In between there can be routers,
switchers etc. But those are visible only in other below layers. So transport layer service is
end-to-end.
2. How transport layer services are different from network layer services?
Transport Layer
Service is end-to-end
More reliable service compared to Network layer
Improve the service of the network layer

Network Layer
Service is provided between routers
Reliability is not so important

3. How transport layer services are similar with data link layer services?
Both layer services establish connection between 2 end points
Both have flow control mechanism
Both have error control mechanism
4. What are the types of transport services?
Reliable and Unreliable
Connection-Oriented and Connectionless
Multicast and Unicast
5. What is the theoretical maximum number of internet connection?
216 number of connections
6. What are the transport layer primitives? How they related with connection-less service?
Listen Wait for an incoming connection
Connect Establish a connection
Send send data
Receive Wait for data to arrive
Disconnect Release Connection
But in connection-less service we have only Listen, Send and Receive
7. How connection is established before start the communication? It may not happen at once. What are
the possible issues existed? How is it solved?
Client send request to the server
Server accepts the request
Then a connection is established in between
Although a connection is established there can be losses, duplicated packet transmission and
delays in the connection. So the establishment may not happen at once.
It can be solved using sequence of numbers

8. Draw diagrams for

Connection Establishment
Host 1

Host 2

Host 1

Host 2

Old duplicates

Normal Operation

Old Connection Request

Host 1

Host 2

Duplicate Connection Request and duplicate ACK

Connection Release

Host 1

Host 2

Send DR
+ start
timer

Host 2

Send DR
+ start
timer

DR

DR

Host 1

Send DR
+ start
timer

Release
Connectio
n

DR

DR

Send DR
+ start
timer

Release
Connection

Send
ACK

Send
ACK
ACK

Release
Connectio
n

Normal case of three-way handshake

ACK

Final ACK Lost

(Timeout)
Release
Connection

Host 1

Host 2

Send DR +
start
timer

Release
Connection

DR

DR
Send
ACK

ACK

Response Lost

Host 2

Send DR +
start
timer

DR

DR

Host 1

Send DR +
start
timer

DR

DR

Send DR +
start
timer

Send DR +
start
timer
Release
Connection

(Timeout
)Release
Connecti
on

ACK

Release
Connection

Response lost and subsequence DR Lost

9. What is the objective of having flow control mechanism?

When there is a flow control mechanism it can be verified that the data is transmitted with
minimum error by maintain a flow in between them
So the speed of the data transmission become high as the flowing of the data is regulated by
this mechanism.
That means this decrease propagation delays and packet latency.
10. How buffer helps to control the flow?
When there is a buffer the received data packets can be stored in them for some amount of
time.
If the data is not in the order, the device can access the data in the buffer and make the
sequence right again.
So the flow of data is maintained in a proper manner in the upper layers.