THE ROLE OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATION AS HERBICIDE

By :

Fatahalani Rizkika

B1K014017

Tuti Alawiyah

B1K014003

Gibran Tri Rahmawan

B1K014025

Group

:I

Sub Group

:4

Assistant

: Latifah Ambarwati

PRACTICAL CLASS REPORT OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY II

MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION, RESEARCH, AND TECHNOLOGY

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2016

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Various chemicals deemed to have good prospects for controlling weeds, but
the effectiveness of a herbicide that is used depends on the type and dose of herbicide
that is a given as well as the size of the environmental influences (Akobundu, 1987).
The use of herbicides as a weed has positive and negative effects. The positive effect
is the weeds can be controlled within a relatively short time and cover large areas.
Danger of erosion and damage plant roots do not have to worry about mindless and
dead weeds by herbicides cover the surface of the soil. As for the negative impact of
the use of herbicides is damaging crops, therefore its use should be careful. Misuse
can harm the environment, cultivated plants and even humans (Umiyati, 2005).
Herbicides are used as one means of controlling foreign plants. Generally
herbicides work by interfering with the process of anabolism important compounds
such as starch, fatty acids or amino acids through the competition with a compound
that is normal in the process. Herbicides be a competitor because it has a similar
structure and be kosubstrat recognized by the enzyme to be targeted. Another way of
working is to disrupt the balance of the production of chemicals needed plants (Noor,
1987).
Organizing grow is organic non nutrient compounds in small amounts can
support, slows and can alter the process of plant physiology. The concept of
organizing grow begin with the concept of plant hormone. Plant hormone is the
compound of organic compounds that plants in low concentration affect
physiological processes. The process of physiological process is mainly about the
growth process, differentiation and development of plants. Other processes such as
introduction of plants, opening stomata, translocation being produced and absorbed
nutrient influenced by the plant hormone (Abidin, 1985).
Organizing grow (ZPT) is organic compounds not plants nutrition in small
quantities or low concentration will stimulate and make modifications in qualitative
research the growth and development of plants. Thus it could be said that all of the
hormone is substance officers grow but not vice versa because ZPT can be created or
is synthesised by human beings but not hormone. The Meaning of the ZPT here is
2.4-D, 2.4-S-T, IBA, NAA and others. Organizing grow in high doses can be used as

herbicides. Herbicides are chemical compounds that can be used to overcome the
vegetation especially on agricultural land. The benefits of the use of herbicides is
able to control the weeds before interrupting the plants and aquaculture, prevent
damage to the roots of plant aquaculture and more effective in killing weeds annual
(Chairul et al. 2000).
Herbicides is one of the types of pesticide products that function to control
weeds. The sense of weeds can be defined as all kinds of plants that are considered
interrupting or harm the interests of humans so that man tries to control them. The
interests of human beings is very diverse, can be reviewed in terms of the economy,
aesthetics, health and the environment. Thus, problem weeds are not only found on
the aquaculture business crops, but also in other aspects of life such as the settlement,
the cleanliness of the streets, places of sport and others (Chairul et al. 2000).

B. Objectives
The purpose of Plant Physiology practicum II of herbicides is to determine
the effect of various concentration of 2.4-D as herbicides.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

Herbicides is the compound or material which is spread on agricultural land

to suppress or eradicate the invader plants that cause a decrease in the number of
weeds. Herbicides used as one of the means of controlling weeds. Herbicides work
by interrupting the process anabolisme important compounds such as pati, amino
acids through the competition with normal compounds in the process. Herbicides
become competitors because have similar structures and become kosubstrat is
recognized by the enzymes to become the goal (Heddy, 1989). One alternative to
control weeds and potential for organic crops is the use of herbicides vegetable oil
from seyawa alelopati. Alelopati compounds can suppress the growth of weeds e.g.
alang-alang. As the plants C4 alang-alang sensitive to the shadow (Djazuli, 2011).
The types of herbicides which is organizing grow is 2.4-D, 2.4-DB, MCPA,
diklorprop, MCPB, and mekoprop. The types of the herbicides is a group
of Aryloxyalcanoic Acid that is often called as fenoksi groups. Klomeprop systemic
nature and used as a selective pascatumbuh herbicides to control weeds-leaf and
puzzle on the rice. 2.4-D (2.4-dichorophenoxy acetic acid) is hormone synthetic
plants and working as acids indol acetic acid (IAA), and a systemic. 2.4-DB (2.4diklorofenoksi butirat acid) is a systemic herbicide that selective, active only as
pascatumbuh herbicides to weeds-leaf. Diklorprop is a systemic herbicide and used
as selective herbicides post grow to control weeds-leaf and puzzle on plants serealia.
MCPA is a selective herbicide and is used as a post-emergence herbicide
(Djojosumarto, 2005).
Herbicides 2.4-D or 2.4- dikloro fenoksi acetic acid is one of herbicides for
effective weed disinfectant liquid to the type of weeds that-leaf. Weeds capable of
eradicated

for

example Limnocharis

flava, Monochoria

vaginalis, Salvinia

natans, Cyperus difformis. Fimristys miliaceae, Scirpus juncoides in rice fields.

Herbicides 2.4-D is systemic in the form of white crystals, odourless and has a
melting point 140,5C (Sofnie et al. 2000).
Wearing

mixture

of

herbicides

can

increase

control

spectrum

herbicides. Mixture herbisisda dose with the active ingredient glyphosate will turn
off the weeds with the way impede the path biosintesa amino acids. Herbicides with
the active ingredient 2.4-D will impede the growth of weeds with speed up the
respiration, this caused to the two active ingredients can accelerate the death of

weeds. Another way of working is to disrupt the balance of the production of

chemicals that required plants (Novizan, 2007).
Weeds are plants whose life or presence is not desired. Chemical weed
control is to control use of toxic compounds that can inhibit or turn off weeds using
herbicides. The use of herbicides for weed control has advantages and disadvantages.
Excellence in weed control using herbicides is fast and effective, especially for large
areas. Some of the negative side of this herbicide is the residual effect of the natural
surroundings can be harmful and weed resistance to herbicides (Novizan, 2007).
weeds can become disease. Usual staple crops that compete with weeds to compete
for the needs are of the type of rice, wheat, corn and other plantation crops. Various
weeds in the form of narrow-leaved weeds, weed-tekian puzzles, broadleaf weeds
and weed ferns. Usually broadleaf weeds can be overcome with an effective
herbicide is 2,4-D (Rukmana, 1999).
Based on how it works, the herbicide is divided into two, according Rukmana
(1999) namely:
1. Herbicides Contact
Herbasida contact herbicide which is directly off tissues or parts of weeds
affected by this herbicide solution, especially the green weeds. Privileges can be
deadly weed is fast while the disadvantage is that the weeds will quickly grow again.
Examples are the herbicide paraquat (Napu, 2006).
2. Systemic herbicides
Systemic herbicides are translocated herbicide that works throughout the
body or parts of the network weeds, from the leaves to the roots, or vice versa.
Privileges are able to turn off the weeds overall, while the loss is much longer is a
weed to be eradicated. An example is glyphosate, Sulfosfat, 2,4-D, etc. (Napu, 2006).
Types of herbicide based on the degree of difference vegetation response,
namely according Napu (2006):
1. Selective Herbicides
Definition of Selective Herbicides are herbicides that are more toxic for
certain plants than other plants. Examples of this are Ametrin herbicide, diuron,
oksifluorfen, clomazone and karfentrazon.
2. Herbicides Nonselective
Understanding Nonselective Herbicides are herbicides are toxic to all species
of plants that exist. Examples of this herbicide is glyphosate and paraquat.

Type Herbicides based on media type or line application according Rukmana (1999)
namely:
1. Foliar Applications
Herbicides were applied through the canopy of leaves or weeds. Herbicides
are included in this group are growing herbicide post. The herbicide was applied
when the weeds have grown. Examples of post-growing herbicide is glyphosate,
paraquat, glufusinat and propanol.
2. Soil Application
Herbicides were applied through the land, whether carried out by spraying on
the soil surface or mixed with soil. Herbicides were applied through the soil directed
to control weeds before the weeds grow. Examples of this herbicide is diuron,
bromacil, oksadiazon, oksifluorfen, ametrin, butaklor and metsulfuron methyl.
Types of herbicides based on the type of herbicide translocation in plants,
according Rukmana (1999) namely:
1. Herbicides Contact (not translocated)
Contact herbicide to control weeds by killing weeds parts directly affected by
the herbicide. Personality is not translocated herbicides or weed is not flow in the
body. If many organs affected weed herbicides, then the better the workings of
herbicides. Examples of selective contact herbicide that berisifat namely
oksifluorfen, oksadiazon and propanol, as well as most others are non-selective
herbicides such as paraquat and glufosinate.
2. Systemic herbicides (translocated)
Systemic herbicides are herbicides that are drawn to the site of first contact
with the herbicide to other sections, it will usually lead to the growing point because
the piece is the most active plant metabolism. Herbicides of this type can be applied
through the canopy and through the soil. Examples of herbicide through the canopy
that is herbicide glyphosate, sulfosat and esters. Examples of herbicide through the
land, namely, ametrin herbicide, atrazine, Metribuzin and diuron.

III. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. Material
The tools used in this practicum is the measuring cup, batang stirrer, sprayer,
erlenmayer, magnetic stirer and a ruler.
The material used in the hands-on labs is the solution 2.4-D with
the concentration of 0 ppm, 1000 ppm, 1500 ppm, 2000 ppm, akuades and weeds.

B. Method
1. Prepare plastic bags filled with soil and herbiside plant.
2. Create 2.4-D solution with concentration of 0 ppm, 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm, and
3000 ppm.
3. Once the plants looking fresh and has been able to adapt to the new
environment, spray 2,4 D on every plastic bag, as much as 50 cc.
4. Observe the daily state of broadleaf weeds and narrow-leaved weed after
spraying

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Results
Table 1 Herbicides Observation
Weed type

2,4D

Week 0

Week 1

Week 2

concentration
Wide leaf

0 ppm

weeds

1000 ppm

1500 ppm

2000 ppm

Narrow leaf

0 ppm

weeds

1000 ppm

1500 ppm

2000 ppm

Description:
1. Herbicides spraying treatment for 2 weeks
2. Starting number = amount before treatment
3. End number = amount after treatment
4. Counting amount of weeds will be done after 14 days observation

Table 2 ANOVA of Herbicides Observation

Diversity source
2,4-D (A)
Wide leaf (B)
AXB
Error
Total

Freedom
degrees (fd)
3
1
3
32
39

Total square
(tk)
1.7
10
9.4
34.8
55.9

Description:
NS

: non-Significant

: Significant

**

: Very Significant

Central square
(ct)
0.566666667
10
3.133333333
1.0875

F count

notation

0.521072797
9.195402299
2.881226054

ns
**
ns

F table
0.05
0.01
2.92
4.51
4.17
7.56
2.92
4.51

Rata-rata
0.8
1.4
1.6
1.6

NS
: Significant

: non-Significant

1.2
1.4
2
2.4

Narrow leaf 1500

0.8
0
0.6
0.8
0.8

Table 3 BNT of Herbicides

Narrow leaf 1500

Narrow leaf 1000
Wide Leaf control
Wide Leaf control
2
2.2
2.8
3.2

Treatment

Narrow leaf 2000

Wide Leaf 2000
Wide Leaf 1000
Wide Leaf 1500

: Very Significant

Description:

**

ns
ns
ns

0.4
0.6
1.2
1.6

0
0

ns
ns
*
*

ns
ns

0.4
0.6
1.2
1.6

ns
ns
*
*

ns

Wide Leaf control

1.6

0
0.2
0.2
ns
ns
*
*

Wide Leaf control

1.6

ns
ns
ns
ns
0.6
0.8
1.4
1.8

Narrow leaf 1000

1.4

*
*
*
*

ns
ns
ns
*

Narrow leaf 2000

2

0
0.2
0.8
1.2

ns
ns
ns

Wide Leaf 2000

2.2

0
0.6
1

ns
ns

Wide Leaf 1000

2.8

0
0.4

ns

Wide Leaf 1500

3.2

Week 0

Figure 1. 0 ppm

Figure 2. 1000 ppm

Figure 3. 1500 ppm

Figure 4. 2000 ppm

Week 1

Figure 5. 0 ppm

Figure 6. 1000 ppm

Figure 7. 1500 ppm

Figure 8. 2000 ppm

Week 2

Figure 9. 0 ppm

Figure 10. 1000 ppm

Figure 11. 1500 ppm

Figure 12. 2000 ppm

B. Discussion
Based on this lab activity observation result we know that the effect of
herbicides 2,4-D in narrow leaf weeds and wide leaf weeds with different
concentration only significant affecting the wide leaf weeds (*) while the narrow leaf
weeds data show not-significant result. This result are correlated with Barus (2003)
statement which said that herbicides will work more efficient against plant that not
desired such as weeds. Herbicides 2,4-D is systematic herbicides which active to
prevent wide leaf weeds.
Herbicides pesticides is one that serves to control weeds. for the purposes of
control, weeds can be divided into 3 groups. 1) broad-leaved weeds, such as Boreria
alata, Chromolaena odorata, Mikania sp, Ipomoea cairica, Lasia spinosa. 2) narrowleaved weeds (grasses group), such as Axonopus, Paspalum, Panicum repens, Coix
lachrymal-Jobi, Digitaria ciliaris. 3) class of puzzles, such as Cyperus rotundus,
Cyperus kilinga, Cyperus iris, Cyperus pilosus, Cyperus distans. In general,
broadleaf weed is a plant into pieces two, although there also were dashed one.
Broadleaf weed has the characteristics of wide leaf shapes and plant grows upright or
spreading. Narrow-leaved weeds have the following typical characteristics: ribbonlike leaves, jointed stems of plants, the plants grow upright or spreading, and has
midrib and leaf blade. Weeds tekian kind of puzzle-like narrow-leaved weeds, but
has a triangular-shaped rods (Barus, 2003).
According Wudianto (1990), based on the target field that is where the herbicide was
applied, herbicides are classified into two groups, namely:
1) Herbicides were applied to the soil
Generally work by inhibiting the germination of weeds or kill the weed seeds
that are still in the ground and are generally sprayed before the weeds grow.
2) Herbicides were applied to the leaves of weeds.
Herbicides were applied directly to the leaves of weeds must have been grown.
Herbicides used herbicide post-grow.
According Barus (2003) The motion on the target of weeds, herbicides can also
be divided into the following two groups.
5. Herbicides contact (non-systemic), namely herbicides that kill weeds network
network directly affected by the herbicide and do not translocated within the
plant tissue, so it can only kill weeds parts that are above ground.

6. Systemic herbicides, the herbicides that can get into the plant tissue and
translocated to other plant parts. Therefore, it is a systemic herbicide network is
capable of killing weeds in the soil (roots, rhizomes, tubers).
Based on the selectivity of the herbicide weed divided into several kinds, according
Barus (2003) are :
1. Selective Herbicides, namely herbicides that kill weeds just do not eradicate
other plants that 2,41D example selective herbicide to kill weeds broadleaf and
narrow. 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2-4) is a selective herbicide, with
highest toxicity to broadleafplants, used around houses, garden, in agricultural
and forestly (Gehan et al., 2012).
2. Herbsida non-selective, ie herbicides to eradicate all the plants are not only
undesirable plants existence (weeds), for example, the herbicide glyphosate.
Selective herbicide which can be used to control broadleaf weeds, group puzzles,
and some types of grass. The advantages of this selective herbicide is not harmful to
some of the main species recommended on the label. So, using a full-grown
herbicide that is selective, we can turn off the weeds without having to worry staple
crops damaged by herbicide sprays (Abidin, 1985).
Herbicides have two different ways of working, the contact herbicides and
systemic herbicides. Tillage or revocation of weeds after spraying of herbicides is not
recommended, because it can reduce its effectiveness. Tillage will disconnect
between the canopy and the roots of weeds, so herbicides can not reach the roots of
weeds. If tillage is done at the time of the systemic herbicide is not to turn off the
rhizome or stolon, weeds will grow from the rhizome or stolon interrupted (Novizan,
2007).
Deadly weed herbicides in various ways. Effects of herbicides against weeds as
follows (Hance, 1987):
1. Herbicides that affect respiration of weeds.
2. Herbicides weed that affects the photosynthesis process.
3. Herbicides inhibiting germination.
4. Herbicides that have an effect on amino acids.
5. Herbicides that affect lipid metabolism.
6. Herbicides that works as a hormone.

Herbicidal activity can be influenced by several factors related to weeds and

the status of the plant such as the density of weeds, the growth stage of the weed, and
abiotic factors ie water conditions, weather, soil properties such as the area of land
that is sprayed in a dry state and others, and the corresponding effects of herbicides
can be reduced in adverse circumstances (Prather et al., 2012).

IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion
Based on the result, we can conclude that:
1.

Herbiside can be distinguish into contact and selective herbiside.

2.

The result of this practice show that by the given of herbicide contineouslly can
decrese the amount of weeds. The optimum concentration is 3000 ppm and the
rest of leaf that small amount is narrow-leaved weeds while broadleaf weeds die
first.

B. Suggestion
Should be facilitated in the data collection method so that is not scattered in
the group.

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