Lesson 1

Innate immunity Adaptive (acquired)

Innate Immunity: Cellular Components
• Granulocytes
• Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
(PMN, neutrophils)
• Eosinophils
• Basophils (blood)
• Mast Cells (tissues)
• Mononuclear Phagocytes
• Monocytes (blood)
• Macrophages (tissue)
• Neutrophils (PMN) :
• Present in blood (60-70% of WBC)
• Not normally present in tissues
• Short lifespan - 12 hours
• Functions:
• First cell at the site of infection/injury
• Ingest and kill microbes after bactericidal
mechanisms activated (binding to pathogen)
• - Produce cytokines/chemokines (initiate
inflammation)
• Intact skin ,Acid pH of sweat , Lysozymes
,Interferons, Complement, Ciliated cells of
the respiratory tract
• Mucous membranes trap microorganisms
immunity
• Adaptive (acquired) immunity refers to antigen-
specific defense mechanisms that take several
days to become protective and are designed to
remove a specific antigen this is the immunity
one develops throughout life.
• Acquired immunity is acquired after exposure
to foreign substance and is exquisitely specific.
It supplements and amplifies the protection
offered by innate immunity.
• Efficient and selective immune responses
• Systemic – not restricted to the initial infection
site
• Has memory – recognizes and mounts a
stronger attack on previously encountered
pathogens
Criteria of acquired immunity:
 Specific 3rd Line of Defense.
 Like snipers in the military they have a
specific target i.e. Antigen specific.
 Mediated by lymphocytes: key cells of the
acquired immune response.
• Hairs in nostrils Cough reflex  2 main types of lymphocytes:
• Pulmonary or alveolar macrophages
• Hydrolytic enzymes in saliva • 80% T cells (cell mediated).
• Low pH of the stomach • 15% B cells (antibody
• Proteolytic enzymes and bile in small mediated).
intestine
• Low pH of the vagina

Lessons 2
Inflammation
It is a complex process initiated by tissue damage caused by endogenous factors
“e.g. tissue necrosis or bone fractures”.

The sequence of events in the journey of leukocytes from the vessel lumen to the
interstitial tissue, called extravasation, can be divided into the following steps:

1. In the lumen: margination, rolling, and adhesion to endothelium.. In inflammation, the

endothelium has to be activated to permit it to bind leukocytes, as a prelude to their exit from the
blood vessels.
2. Transmigration across the endothelium (also called diapedesis)
3. Migration in interstitial tissues toward a chemotactic stimulus
In contrast to acute inflammation, which is manifested by vascular changes, edema, and predominantly
neutrophilic infiltration, chronic inflammation is characterized by:

• Infiltration with mononuclear cells,

cells which include macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells.
• Tissue destruction, induced by the persistent offending agent or by the inflammatory cells.
• Attempts at healing by connective tissue replacement of damaged tissue,
tissue accomplished by proliferation
of small blood vessels (angiogenesis) and, in particular, fibrosis

LESSON 3
 LESSON 4

• Lag
• No antibody is detectable
• Log
• The antibody titer increases logarithmically
• Plateau
• The antibody titer stabilizes
• Decline
• The antibody is catabolized