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SECTION
1. ETAYHAILU ........................................................RET0457/06
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3. KIROS G/MEDHIN...........................................................RET0937/06
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SUBMITTED TO:
INSTRUCTOR H/MICHAEL TSEGAY
SUBMISSION DATE:
WEDNSDAY25, 09, 2008 E.C
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First and for most we would like to say thanks for our instructor H/MICHAEL T. to give this
project and the formats of the project. Moreover, for all group members and for our advisor that
supports by giving idea and economical aid until the project is complete.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this project is to understand the concept of drying of solids, crystallization, and
extraction. Drying is the removal of moisture from a substance. Psychrometry is that branch of
engineering science, which deals the study of moist air that dry air mixed with water vapor or
humidity. In addition, to discuss the psychrometric term like; humidity, wet bulb temperature,
dew point depression and so on. Crystallization is also a chemical solidliquid separation
technique, in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline
phase occurs. In chemical engineering, crystallization occurs in a crystallizer. Finally,
Extraction is the withdrawing of active agent or a waste substance from a solid or liquid mixture
with a liquid solvent. The main area of extraction is for hydro metallic processes, for
pharmaceutical industry (producing active agent), for petroleum industry (production of
monomers and aromatic) and for cleaning of wastewater to separate solved compounds
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LIST OF CONTENT
Contents ...................................................................................................................................... Page
Acknowledgment ............................................................................................................................... I
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... II
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
Crystal growth....................................................................................................... 12
2.3.2
Multistage-processes ............................................................................................. 13
Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 14
3. Extraction ................................................................................................................................. 15
Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 15
Objectives ................................................................................................................................. 15
LIST OF FIGURE
PAGE
III
CHAPTER ONE
1. DRYING OF SOLID
Introduction
Drying is perhaps the oldest, most common and most diverse of chemical engineering
unit operations. Drying of solid is a mass transfer process consisting of the removal of water or
another solvent by evaporation from a solid, semi-solid or liquid. This process is often used as a
final production step before selling or packaging products. To be considered "dried", the final
product must be solid. The separation operation of drying converts a solid, semi-solid or liquid
feedstock into a solid product by evaporation of the liquid into a vapor phase via application of
heat. In the special case of freeze drying, which takes place below the triple point of the liquid
being removed, drying occurs by sublimation of the solid phase directly into the vapor phase.
The psychrometry is that branch of engineering science, which deals the study of moist air that
dry air mixed with water vapor or humidity. Generally drying is the removal of moisture from a
substance.
Objectives:
Note that since air is considered as an ideal-gas, the enthalpy of air (both water-vapor and dry
air) is only a function of temperature, at the temperature range of interest, i.e., -10 to 50C.
Taking 0C as the reference temperature; with the constant-pressure specific for dry-air (in the
range of interest) cp= 1.005 kJ/kg.C; one obtains:
hdry air = cp T = (1.005 kJ/kg. C) T (kJ/kg)
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The state of the atmospheric air at a specified pressure is completely specified by two
independent intensive properties. Psychrometric charts present the moist air properties;
they are used extensively in air-conditioning
conditioning applications.
Air-conditioning
conditioning processed
Maintaining a living space or an industrial facility at the desired temperature and humidity
requires some processes called air-conditioning
air conditioning processes. These processes include simple
heating (raising the temperature), simple cooling (lowering the temperature),
re), humidifying
(adding moisture), and dehumidifying (removing moisture).
m win = m wout
(kg/s)
or ma
in = ma out
out
Conclusion
Drying is a mass transfer process consisting of the removal of water or another solvent by
evaporation from a solid, semisolid, or liquids. Generally drying is defined as the application of
heat under controlled condition. Psychrometry is that branch of engineering science, which deals
the study of moist air that dry air mixed with water vapor or humidity. There are so many
psychrometric terms; like humidity, relative humidity, absolute humidity, wet bulb dispersion,
and so on. Psychrometric charts present in a graphical form physical property data for gas
systems involving one or more non-condensing gas components and a single condensing vapor
component.
CHAPTER TWO
2.CRYSTALLIZATION
Introduction
Crystallization is a separation and purification technique employed to produce a wide variety
of materials. Crystallization may be defined as a phase change in which a crystalline product is
obtained from a solution. A solution is a mixture of two or more species that form a homogenous
single phase. Solutions are normally thought of in terms of liquids, however, solutions may
include solids suspension. Typically, the term solution has come to mean a liquid solution
consisting a solvent, which is a liquid, and a solute, which is a solid, at the conditions of interest
.The solution to be ready for crystallization must be supersaturated. A solution in which the
solute concentration exceeds the equilibrium (saturated) solute concentration at a given
temperature is known as a supersaturated solution. There are four main methods to generate
super saturation that are the following:
Evaporation of solvent,
Objective
To separate a solute from a solvent
For purification and separation process
For recovery of solid materials
To form a liquid solution based on difference in solute concentration and its solubility at
a certain temperature.
For liquid solutions the pressure dependence is negligible if the pressure difference is
small (which is the case in most applications) and will not be considered here. However, the
temperature dependence (and the pressure dependence providing the difference is sufficiently
large, see [Moritoki] of the solubility can be considerable and it is therefore important to state the
temperature for which the solubility is reported even under normal conditions. In the
following, the discussion will focus on two component systems only.
Phase transformations
Metastable crystalline phases frequently crystallize to a more stable phase in accordance with
Ostwalds rule of stages, and the more common types of phase transformation that occur in
crystallizing and precipitating systems include those between polymorphs and solvates.
Transformations can occur in the solid state, particularly at temperatures near the melting point
of the crystalline solid, and because of the intervention of a solvent. A stable phase has a lower
solubility than a metastable phase.
Fig 2.1 Solubility curves for substances with two polymorphs I and II (2)
Whilst transformation cannot occur between the metastable (I) and (I) in the monotropic system
in the temperature range shown, it is possible above the transition temperature in an enantiotropy
system.
Primary nucleation
Classical theories of primary nucleation are bases on sequences of bimolecular collisions in
addition, interactions in a supersaturated fluid that result in the build-up of lattice-structured
bodies which may or may not achieve thermodynamic stability. Such primary nucleation is knows as
homogeneous, although the terms spontaneous and classical have also been used. Primary nucleation
may be initiating by suspended particles of foreign substances, and this mechanism has referred
to as heterogeneous nucleation. In industrial crystallization, most primary nucleation is almost
certainly heterogeneous, rather than homogeneous, in that it is induced by foreign solid particles
invariably present in working solutions.
Homogeneous nucleation
Is a consideration of the energy involved in solid-phase formation and in creation of the surface of an
arbitrary spherical crystal of radius r in supersaturated fluids.
Heterogeneous nucleation
The presence of foreign particles or hetero nuclei enhances the nucleation rate of a given
solution, and equations similar to homogeneous nucleation have been propose to express this
enhancement.
Secondary nucleation
Secondary nucleation can be the definition, take place only if crystals of the species under
consideration are already present. Since this is usually the case in industrial crystallizers,
secondarynucleation has a profound influence on virtually all industrial crystallization processes.
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Fig 2.3 Concentration driving forces for crystal growth from solution
2.3.2. Multistage-processes
processes
A single-stage
stage crystallization process may not always achieve the required product purity and
further separation, melting, washing, or refining may be required. Two approaches are used:
a) A repeating sequence of crystallization, melting, and re-crystallization;
re
b) A single crystallization step followed by countercurrent contacting of the crystals with a
relatively pure liquid stream.
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Conclusion
Crystallization is a thermal separation, and purification process that yields a solid product from a
melt, from a solution or from a vapor. As for all thermal separations, non-equilibrium conditions
are required as a driving force for the process. Crystallization is used as some stage in nearly all
process industries as a method of production, purification, or recovery of solid materials.
Crystallization provide a comprehensive over view of the subject and will prove in valuable to
all chemical engineer and industrial chemists in the process industries are well as crystallization
workers and students in industry and academia. Two basic techniques of melt crystallization are
gradual deposition of a crystalline layer on a chilled surface in a static or laminar flowing melt
and Fast generation of discrete crystals in the body of an agitated vessel.
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CHAPTER THREE
3.EXTRACTION
Introduction
Extraction is a separation of the constituents of a liquid solution by contact with another
insoluble liquid. The liquid which is added to the solution to bring about the extraction is known
as the solvent. Extraction is a separation process aiming to purify the feed or to recover one or
more compounds from it. Since the mass transfer is much slower than the reaction rate. The
liquid-liquid extraction is a mass transfer process betweentwo phases. One liquid phase is the
feed consisting of a solute and a carrier. The other phase is the solvent. The extraction is
understood to be a transfer of the solute from the feed to the solvent. During and at the end of the
extraction process, the feed deprived of solute becomes a raffinate and the solvent turns into
extract. Depending on the phases following types of extraction, exist:
Solid-liquid extraction (leaching)
Liquid-liquid extraction
Gas-liquid extraction also called absorption.
The main area of extraction is for hydro metallic processes, for pharmaceutical industry
(producing active agent), for petroleum industry (production of monomers and aromatic) and for
cleaning of wastewater to separate solved compounds.
Objectives:
It is aiming to purify the feed or to recover one or more compounds from it.
For separation of the constituents of a liquid solution by contact with another
insoluble liquid.
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Conclusion
Extraction is the withdrawing of active agent or a waste substance from a solid or liquid mixture
with a liquid solvent. The solvent is not or only partial miscible with the solid or the liquid.
Extraction types depend on phases are Solid-liquid extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction and gasliquid extraction. Extractions are classifies in to two steps, which are single step extraction and
multi-step extraction
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Reference
Drying of solids ,Oldrich Holecek, Martin Kohout
Extraction, lecturer, Dr.Gamse
NONHEBEL,G. and MOSS,A.A.H.:Drying of Solids in the Chemical Industry(Butterworth,
London, 1971).
Psychrometry, Ray A. Bucklin and Dorota Z. Haman2
SHERWOOD,T.K. and PIGFORD,R.L.: Absorption and Extraction, 2nd ed. (mcgraw-Hill, New
York,1952).
TREYBAL, R.E.: Liquid Extraction.2nd ed. (mcgraw-Hill, New York, 1963).
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