Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BY:
Berhanu Adane
Mesfin T/ Giorgis
Addis Ababa
February 2012
Addis Ababa University Department of Construction Technology and Management
Berhanu Adane & Mesfin T/giorgis
EXAMINER
________________________________ ____________________________________________
EXAMINER
_________________________________ ___________________________________________
CHAIR PERSON
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Housing is a basic need for civilized living. In many developing countries, housing inadequacies and
backlog have been increasing mainly due galloping increase in population; fast pace of urbanization and
other social and economic factors which include breaking up of the joint family system, and steep rise in
the prices of land, building materials and labour.
Housing has become one of the complex problems of our times and unless urgent measures are taken
both at the national and international levels to mitigate the housing problem, it will assume crisis
proportion with grave adverse consequences on the survival and well-being of the people, as well as the
process of economic and social development.
Developing countries need to accord high priority to housing and despite the severe constraints of
resources; ways and means have to be devised to tackle the housing problem.
As a matter of fact, cost effective housing means housing at low cost for all sections of the population in
a better quality standard. Thus the accent is on housing at effective cost as compared to the prevailing
cost levels.
It is sometimes felt that what is really intended by cost effective construction is cost reduction in
housing. Others view it as a low cost housing.
However, cost effective housing construction, generally implies housing for the low-income families
housing at affordable cost to them it can even be projected to high income group also.
The perspective should be clear to all. Surely by low-cost housing it is meant to achieve cost-effective
housing for all, particularly for the low-income families so that to the extent possible, housing is brought
within their reach.
Cost effective construction should not mean low quality housing although the quality and cost go
together. The total cost of housing, called life-cycle cost of housing taking in to consideration the initial
capital cost of housing construction and also the recurring cost of maintenance and repair of housing,
over a period of its economic service life, should be determined and the most cost-effective housing
should be adopted
Since 2005 Ethiopia has been implementing an ambitious government-led low- and middle-income
housing program The Integrated Housing Development Program (IHDP). The initial goal of the program
was to construct 400,000 condominium units, create 200,000 jobs, promote the development of 10,000
micro - and small - enterprises, enhance the capacity of the construction sector, regenerate inner city
slum areas, and promote homeownership for low income households.
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In order to avoid these problems and upgrade the systems, it is essential to get a well organized
construction management team works as well as quality control techniques at construction sites.
It is obvious that construction quality management is necessary to ensure that the construction is always
underway and operating smoothly by addressing problems caused by:
Supply of insufficient skilled construction labors
Inadequate supply of construction materials
Lack of proper control of production process, etc.
The research is focusing the projects of cost effective housing study conducted through questioners,
interviews and site observations. The findings of the investigation have shown that; on a specific project
sub-contractors and the main contractor has weak communication between each other .This is because;
the contract agreement is only with the client. This results non-uniform quality of end product .It is
found out from the respondents that the majorities of labors does not have sufficient skills for the jobs
they have given, and the contractors are not supplying appropriate manpower required. Among the
respondents, most of them are not satisfied with the quality of materials brought either from different
quarry sites or from production areas .It is observed from sites of those cost efficient hosing projects
that, negligence of the quality of works is highly developed in most of the people there. Furthermore, the
site engineers follow traditional way of controlling techniques and among the observed sites most of
them have poor quality of control mechanisms and production techniques.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to express our gratitude and deep appreciation to our advisor, Ato Tadesse Ayalew, for
his valuable comments, suggestions and advice during preparing the thesis paper.
We want to acknowledge Ato Tibebu Asefa and Mr. Ingo from EIABC for their great support in
material and successful accomplishment of our research work.
And we would like to thank professionals working in housing development office, site engineers,
supervisors and house hold who have been providing us the necessary information and data required for
the thesis.
Last but not least, we would like to thank our families who have been with us for their continuous
encouragement and assistance.
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Table of Contents
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ....................................................................................................................... iii
List of figures and charts ....................................................................................................................... vi
List of tables ......................................................................................................................................... vi
Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................ vii
Chapter 1 ............................................................................................................................................... 1
1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Background .................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Statement of the problem .............................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Objective of the study ................................................................................................................... 2
1.3.1 The General Objectives .......................................................................................................... 2
1.3.2 The specific objectives ........................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Significance of the study............................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Research limitations ..................................................................................................................... 3
1.6 Research structure and organization .............................................................................................. 4
CHAPTER 2.......................................................................................................................................... 5
2. LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................................................................... 5
CONTEXTUAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................................. 5
2.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 5
2.1.1. Historical background ........................................................................................................... 5
2.1.2 Housing Problems, Housing needs and effective demand ....................................................... 6
2.1.3 Condominium Housing in Ethiopia Context ........................................................................... 7
2.1.4 Policy and legal frameworks and the actors in shelter delivery ............................................... 8
2.2 Housing in Addis Ababa ............................................................................................................. 11
2.2.1 Access to Shelter and Housing Stock ................................................................................... 11
2.2.2 Housing Standard, Affordability and Tenure ........................................................................ 12
2.2.3Design consideration, site selection ....................................................................................... 14
CONCEPTUAL REVIEW ................................................................................................................... 17
2.3 Cost-Effective Constructions ...................................................................................................... 17
2.3.1 Cost-Effective building economic concepts.......................................................................... 17
2.3.2 Construction Management ................................................................................................... 17
2.3.3 Construction industry and building materials ....................................................................... 18
2.3.4 Building elements ................................................................................................................ 19
2.3.5 Technological concept and new technologies ....................................................................... 23
2.3.6 Low-cost housing in construction......................................................................................... 23
2.3.7 Water, sanitation, Electrical systems and Vertical circulation ............................................... 25
2.3.8 Impact of science and technology ........................................................................................ 26
2.3.9 Significance of Building Materials ....................................................................................... 27
CHAPTER -3- ..................................................................................................................................... 33
3. Research methodology ................................................................................................................. 33
3.1. Research Methods materials and procedures .............................................................................. 34
3.1.1 Research Approach .............................................................................................................. 34
3.1.2 Research Area ...................................................................................................................... 34
3.1.3 Research Design .................................................................................................................. 34
3.1.4 Population, Sample and Sampling Techniques ..................................................................... 34
3.1.5 Data gathering instrument .................................................................................................... 34
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Addis Ababa University Department of Construction Technology and Management
Berhanu Adane & Mesfin T/giorgis
List of tables
Table 1:- Table 1: Houses constructed in Addis Ababa, 1996-2003
Table 2:- Financial structure for beneficiaries according to unit type
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Acronyms
HDPO: - Housing development project office
MoWUD: - Ministry of Works and Urban Development
MSE:-medium to small enterprises
CEH: - Cost Effective Housing
(NGO):-Non Governmental Organizations
AARH Addis Ababa Rental Housing
USD: - United States Dollar
AACA:-Addis Ababa City Administration
CSA: - Central Statistics Agency
AAHDPO: - Addis Ababa Housing development Office
RC: - Reinforced concrete
CSIR:-Central Research institutes under the council of scientific and industrial research
CBRI:-Central building research institute
CGCRI:-Roorkee, Central Glass and Central Building Research Institute
CFRI Central Fuel Research Institute
SERC: - Structural Engineering Research Centre
IHDP: - Integrated Housing Development Program
ETB: - Ethiopian Birr
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Addis Ababa University Department of Construction Technology and Management
Berhanu Adane & Mesfin T/giorgis
Chapter 1
1. Introduction
1.1 Background
Housing Practices is an ongoing series that documents the experiences of countries who are
implementing large-scale affordable housing program which provides authoritative and independent
documentation of innovative affordable housing program in countries of the developing world.
Rather than drawing from theory or abstract models, Housing Practices addresses the demand for
practical guidance on housing program based on experience. Each volume holistically documents one
best-practice housing program that has achieved significant results.
The stagnant nature of economic development and rapid population growth of most of the developing
countries makes effective and efficient service delivery difficult for governments, to satisfy the need of
their residents. Housing is one of the basic necessities for human survival; despite it remains for long
period as a critical problem of most of the cities of developing countries. This is the main situation in
Ethiopia as well.
The paper deals with analyzing the existing condominium construction situation of the city to identify
different factors that affect the strategy originally planned make it low cost.
cheap labour attracts the local contractors as advanced machines are costly
old techniques of construction involve more labour than machines
Most of contractors have not undergone civil engineering education
Also the housing standard of the city is incompatible with the affordability of the majority residents to
build their shelter. In other words the majority of the residents have no financial capacity to build their
dwelling to fulfill the standard of the regulation, provided that the estimation of construction cost of the
units increasing day to day. However this is beyond the current reality since the price of construction
materials is rising rapidly.
Measures taken to alleviate the problem by public and private sectors could not bring about a solution
especially from the need of the poor. The city administration had difficulties to supply standard housing,
in quantity as well as in quality terms, and basic services.
There are, however, a number of unanticipated challenges facing the program The most pressing is
the affordability of the units for low-income households, with the cost increases in the price of
condominium houses deeming them no longer an option for many low-income households. Furthermore,
the inability to pay the monthly mortgage and service payments forces many households to move out of
their unit and rent it.
The issue of successful housing construction of the city there for rests mainly on strategies applied to
increase cost effective construction. So the question is what are the possible strategies that can enable
cost effective construction of the city to build decent dwelling?
To assess the ongoing condominium housing construction projects in Addis Ababa particularly
in one of the selected site with respect to the strategic policy, plan and its goal achievement.
To study cost effective housing construction in terms of construction management, material and
work methodology on the basis of past and ongoing experience.
To observe problems of end products ready for use by the households and those already being
used by the household and come up with alternative solutions.
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Addis Ababa University Department of Construction Technology and Management
Berhanu Adane & Mesfin T/giorgis
CHAPTER 2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
CONTEXTUAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Regardless of the economic condition of the developing country attempting to meet its national housing
needs, it is evident that in the selection of housing schemes, the questions of economy remain the
primary consideration because construction of houses requires considerable investment of capital. As a
result, there is a great need to reduce building cost with the help of optimum utilization of building
materials that are scarce and costly. Speed in construction is also to be brought about so that
construction is completed in a short time as possible and the houses are ready for early occupation with
relatively less cost. [1].
The conceptual review with respect to cost saving mechanisms is addressed from two aspects, namely
construction technology aspect and construction management aspect. Besides these two construction
aspects are interrelated, a good management skill helps not only to retain the cost saving mechanisms
considered during the design phase but also to attain additional cost saving and quality techniques.
However, if the project is not well managed it may cost additional amount and may become more
expensive than the conventional construction method. What we want to say is that though the cost
reduction techniques are interrelated, greater attention should be given to the construction management
that encompasses the inception till completion of the project.
2.1.4 Policy and legal frameworks and the actors in shelter delivery
Currently though housing policy is not yet formulated at national and city level, the citys housing
principle is following the free market economic policy adopted in 1991that create conducive atmosphere
for private sector particularly the real estate developers to participate in housing development. The
federal government enacted proclamation on urban development policy that gives high attention for
alleviating housing problems of urban areas. The city administration has also prepared five years
housing development program in 2004 to reduce housing problem of the city by 50%. The program
gives prior attention for alleviating housing problem of low income households. It promotes high raise
(up to G+4) condominium buildings with a minimum built up area of 22 m2 to minimize the
construction cost so as to benefit low income families. Government, Private sector (Real estate
developer, Cooperatives, and Individuals) and Non Governmental Organizations (NGO) are considered
as the major actors in housing construction and marketing activities. [5]
The central government represented by AARH was involved in constructing and renting houses for
residential and other purposes before 1991 none the less the outcome was not as it was required. Over
the period 1974-1991, the AARH constructed 8623 dwelling units throughout urban Ethiopia. (PADCO
1996:29) At present it is only renting the constructed and nationalized houses with a monthly rent of
above USD 11.11.The city administration is renting about 150,000 nationalized units rented below USD
11.11 per month and known as Kebele houses. Besides even though it was responsible for supplying low
cost residential houses it built 7409 units only during 1996-2004. Now days it is involving in building
32000 units for residential and commercial purposes with a high emphasis of supplying housing for the
low income households. The process is however hindered by shortage of financial and material
resources.
Housing cooperatives, individuals and real estate developers are the main actors in shelter delivery for
owner occupied and rental purposes. Nonetheless the sluggish land supply system and unaffordable
construction cost and requirements are the main factors that affect private housing supply. The number
of plots allocated by lottery system between 1995 and 2002 was only 2049 (Esrael 2005:41-46). Better
result is registered in 2004 and 2005 when about 60,000 members organized under 2000 cooperatives
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Insure the quality of the houses to be build consistently by preparing accurate and to the standard
designs, as poor designs can never result in a high quality product implementing the same with the use
of approved material, appropriate equipment and competent workmanship to meet the minimum quality
requirements specified therein with a minimum possible cost and without affecting health, safety and
environmental consideration.
I. Make the management body at various levels fully aware and committed to implement
the quality management system of the project office
II. Insure preparation of accurate and to the standard designs and specification
III. Insure the use of only materials of specified quality. This includes quality control of raw
construction materials in production area, inspection of production process, final products
and during purchase of materials.
IV. Conduct close supervision during construction: Checking the dimensions, working
procedures, mix ratios etc. to insure the correct implementation of design drawings &
specifications.
V. Supervise the skill & competence of staff & tradesman employed by Producers, the
Contractors, and the Consultants and by the Employer in one way or anther for the
execution of the projects. . (19)
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Addis Ababa University Department of Construction Technology and Management
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Housing supplier
No of houses
Percentage share
Public
7409
8.4
Cooperative
24820
28.2
Individuals
22225
25.3
3520
4.0
Informal sectors
30000
34.1
Total
87976
100
Measuring housing quality by major indicators that are availability of adequate space for privacy and
mobility and Physical condition of the houses, most of the dwellings in the city are termed as low level
of quality. About 31% of the housing stock had only one room and the average number of households in
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Addis Ababa University Department of Construction Technology and Management
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Down
payment
Interest rate
Grace period
Repayment
period
studio
10%
0%
6 month
20 years
1-Bed
10%
2%
3 month
10 years
2-Bed
30%
7.5%
15 years
3-Bed
30%
7.5%
10 years
Commercial
100%
In the light of tenure, Addis Ababa has two forms of housing tenure, government and private, which
accounted for 40.4% and 50.8% of the total housing units respectively (CSA1999:253). Residents who
own land formally are secured to obtain tenure certificate irrespective of sex, even though those
households who built house on illegally obtained land, which proportionate about 25% of the total units,
(ORAAMP 2002:34) are not secured to legal status and are vulnerable to forced eviction. [5]
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Addis Ababa University Department of Construction Technology and Management
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CONCEPTUAL REVIEW
2.3 Cost-Effective Constructions
2.3.1 Cost-Effective building economic concepts
Budgets are clearly worked out to the last detail. They exemplify how, and by what measures, costeffective planning and building are possible. Because cost-effective building requires that special
attention be paid to the overall planning and implementation these processes are examined
comprehensively in specialist contributions and project documentations, from office organization
through the design phase and the coordination of implementation planning, on to ultimate realization.
The spectrum of solutions extends from the use of standardized products to innovative and individual
solutions for details, complete with specified costs, and are a source of inspiration for architects and
planners. [15]
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Addis Ababa University Department of Construction Technology and Management
Berhanu Adane & Mesfin T/giorgis
Figure 7 Faire faced pigmented concrete wall Royal Nederland Embassy Chancery building
in Addis Ababa
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Addis Ababa University Department of Construction Technology and Management
Berhanu Adane & Mesfin T/giorgis
2.3.4.3 Flooring
With several varieties of power trowels on the market, each one has positives and negatives according to
the site you are working on. Power trowels come with both electric and gas engines and as walk-behinds
and ride-on. The walk-behind trowel, which you push along, generally comes with a 5- to 10horsepower engine. The ride-on trowels come between 10 to 25 horsepower. Trowels also come in
different diameters, with 600mm or less used for refurbishment work in tight walkways, 800-1,200mm
for wide areas such as warehouse floors and factories, and 900-1,200mm double heads for large areas
that need a good finish and polish.
Floating: Once the concrete is sufficiently dry, when a worker can stand on the concrete surface and
only sink 3mm, it is time to begin the trowel process. The floating pass is the first step in trowel
finishing. Using a float blade or a float disc, the trowel is passed from one side of the concrete to the
other, with the worker pulling the trowel while walking backwards. The concrete is still soft at this point,
so the trowel will clean up the worker's footprints as it moves along. There will be circular marks left in
the concrete at this point. These will be cleaned up during the finishing pass.[15]
Finishing: After the blades have been changed from floating to finishing, it is time to make the final
pass. This finishing pass should be performed once the concrete has dried and walking on it no longer
leaves indentations. The blades are angled at this point toward the concrete. After each pass, to ensure
you get the best finish, a 5- to 10-degree increase in blade angle should be adjusted. The steeper the
angle of the blades on the final pass, the harder the finish. [15]
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Addis Ababa University Department of Construction Technology and Management
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[[[[[
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Addis Ababa University Department of Construction Technology and Management
Berhanu Adane & Mesfin T/giorgis
Preparation
of the
research
method
Preparation of
questionnaire and
interview
Literature
review
Distribution of
questionnaire and
conducting review
Conclusion and
recommendation
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Addis Ababa University Department of Construction Technology and Management
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No of
No of
No of
Questionnaire
questionnaires questionnaires
questionnaires
received
distributed
received
not received
percentage
Employer
60%
Contractor
10
80%
Consultant
60%
House hold
40
30
75%
The information we gathered through questionnaires from employers, contractors, households and
consultants are briefly discussed here.
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Addis Ababa University Department of Construction Technology and Management
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IHDPO has to allocate the required materials on time contractors in order to overcome delay on
construction works.
The materials delivered by IHDPO will cause you to excess wastage due to its low quality standard?
From the data collected the quality standard is hampered because of the material delivered by IHDPO.
From the respondents loss or wastage of cement, coarse aggregate, precast beam, roofing materials,
metal works and steel structure are listed here under: 85% of the respondents have replied that the cement wastage is 0-5% but the remaining 15% of the
respondents are within the range of 15-20%.
70% of the respondents suggested that the reinforcement wastage is 5-10% and the other 30% of the
respondents replied between 15-20%.
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Addis Ababa University Department of Construction Technology and Management
Berhanu Adane & Mesfin T/giorgis
70% of the respondents have responded that wastage from coarse aggregate ranges from 0-5% but the
remaining 30% of the respondents are within the range of 5-10%.
70% of the respondents suggested that hollow block wastage is 5-10% and the remaining 30% of the
respondents are within the range of 15-20%.
57% of the respondents have replied that precast beam wastage is 0-5% but the remaining 43% of the
respondents are within the range of 5-10%
70% of the respondents suggested that roofing material wastage is 0-5% and the other 30% of the
respondents replied between 5-10%.
65% of the respondents have responded that wastage from steel structure ranges from 0-5% but the
remaining 35% of the respondents are within the range of 5-10%.
57% of the respondents suggested that sanitary material wastage is 5-10% and the remaining 43% of the
respondents are within the range of 15-20%.
57% of the respondents suggested that electrical material wastage is 5-10% and the remaining 43% of the
respondents are within the range of 20-25%.
Late delivery of materials such as cement, reinforcement, electrical and sanitary materials on site.
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Addis Ababa University Department of Construction Technology and Management
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Lack of experience
The material that are used for finishing is highly low quality
On the other hand the government should make an alternative for low income society and also it has to
make a subsidy to households. Again the government must try to bring down price by improving policy
and implementation. Furthermore the government should reduce the cost or price of house by improving
project management in terms of material, labor and equipment.
Do you think that condominium projects are cost effective?
85% of the respondents have suggested that condominium projects are not cost effective because of
several reasons such as delay in construction works, quality problem, inefficiency of contractors to have
systematic project coordination that upgrade costs, delayed material delivery, design incompleteness,
rework due to poor construction techniques, wastage due to poor quality of construction materials, poor
performance of contractors which have a considerable effect on cost and government policy
implementation problems. But 15% of the respondents have suggested that condominium projects are
cost effective.
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Addis Ababa University Department of Construction Technology and Management
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Do you have functional problems in your private premise, neighbor and common areas?
67% of the respondents have suggested that they have faced functionality problems due to several
reasons like:
In case of two bedroom house type, the living room is not fully ventilated and
But the remaining 33% of our respondents have suggested that they dont face functionality problems
while using houses.
Is the stair case or vertical circulation system comfortable to you and does it fulfills the requirement for
disabled and fire escape?
All of the respondents of our questionnaires suggested that the steel staircase or vertical circulation
system is not comfortable to the households due to several reasons such as:
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Addis Ababa University Department of Construction Technology and Management
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The steel staircase is not comfortable for the households because it is risky for their children while they
are playing on it.
There is no other means of vertical circulations for disabled persons like ramp and elevators.
Program implementation could not reach to the target due to excessive delay and additional cost as
well.
Material delivery system takes prolonged time and creates additional loading- unloading fee.
Material shortage is not being given immediate solution and hence resulting in suspension of project
activity.
The multiple loading unloading phenomenon of the supply system brings about 10% of wastage on
materials delivered by HDPO and more forced cost on contractors.
Considerable gap is seen between HDPO and MSE in terms of quality and work progress because
there is a very poor communication with the main contractors and consultants on the project site.
Medium and small scale enterprises do have lack of skill, productivity, performance, work ethics and
punctuality on work schedules.
HDPO management and supervision staff selection and employment needs to be reviewed in terms of
their qualification and experience.
As a result of weak follow up, method of statement analysis and improvement on work methodology;
Poor quality of the work, additional cost due to rework on defects remedy is seen.
Materials produced and delivered by medium and small scale enterprises are sub standards and
considerable damage is observed while loading unloading from production area to work site.
The construction, consultant and production team do not have a single well designed work
methodology for each work item.
The material selection by HDPO seems to be given less concern in introducing new indigenous cost
effective and materials requiring minimized finishing works.
The housing development sector seems to be very slow in searching for alternative cost effective
construction projects and implementing them.
The houses are not affordable for middle and low income families.
Late delivery of houses to the household as a result of incompleteness of construction activities after
being awarded by HDPO due to non parallel execution of infra structure and the HDPO transfer
office long process of handing over. The houses are partially completed needs more works and more
money to be habitable.
Problems observed on the end product in our site visit of finished houses which are
ready
Terrazzo floor finish is very poor quality both in production and workmanship
Terrazzo staircase trade and window sills are poor quality and are broken at edges before
being handed over to households.
Damage due negligence to cover agro stone partition wall while plastering ceiling and walls.
The design of the houses needs to be reviewed by considering privacy and vertical
circulation for the disabled, childrens as well as elders.
5.2. Recommendation
First our recommendation starts with the appreciations of the good parts which should be kept up by
the system such as;
Good improvement is seen on the contractors performance though there are steel much to be worked
out on selection criteria of contractors which are to be based on their past performance with HDPO and
other areas of similar or related construction projects.
Introducing new technology such agro stone partitions and doors PVC windows which of course
would have been implemented long time ago.
Quick and progressive revision is required on policy programs and its implementation.
Up to date improvement on the organizational structure of Housing sector by repeatedly investigating
how failures occurred on the policy and its implementation.
Temporary Material production plant should be provided on the project site to facilitate the supply
management coordination with the project management as it is usually practiced in other construction
project site. These will help in minimizing un necessary additional cost incurred due to transporting
process, difficulty in following up of production quality. Even if all production works are being
performed by MSE we found it practical for them to suited on the project site since their plants are
easy to mobilize from one site to the other.
HDPO needs to put much more effort in improving the construction technology and its management
by creating opportunities for new ideas and innovations which makes the projects more cost effective.
We believe this will be achieved by a joint effort with professionals in other sectors (other stake holds)
through researches and panel discussions.
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Before the commencement of any housing project a joint site survey must be made between the
consultants and the HDPO supervision team to check whether the designer consider the actual
topography into consideration so that corrective measures and economical solutions can given. This
will help in adjusting the project budjet from the very beginning and avoiding addition cost incurred
due to delay of construction to get decision on such matters. Some of them are; floor finish level, road
levels, drainage and sewer system layouts and all other utilities resulting in excess volume of work in
terms of material and labor.
There is a need to improve the work methodology by drafting a very well detailed method of statement
for each work items on how the necessary construction steps are to be followed as a common standard
by all parties of the project. This should progressively have to be up dated depending on the actual site
situation.
The HDPO should have to focus more on investigating and implementing other alternative materials
and techniques both on indigenous materials others which ever effective in cost without compromising
quality, function, aesthetics, structure and environment.
From our study we would like to recommend using indigenous materials described in the literature
review in which the government is still working with it in a very slow rate. This definitely needs the
active involvement of the industrial sector in contributing for new finding and technologies.
The unit price should be revised on a current base. From what we have observed and on the recent
contract documents the unit price fixed by the HDPO were the same as those fixed before 5 and 6 years
ago and hence this resulted in loss to the contractors and does not give any real current price situation.
Thus does not have any contribution to our study.
From the study major concept of cost effective condominium housing projects; we recommend that it is
much more practical and successful to apply the concept of cost effective on the basis minimized
finishing activities. As a model example we can consider the following:
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Addis Ababa University Department of Construction Technology and Management
Berhanu Adane & Mesfin T/giorgis
After all this study the cost effective construction of condominium housing can be less costly, quick
to satisfy the rapidly growing demand, improve quality, improve durability, aesthetic,
environmental friendly issues. In addition to this the implementation of modern construction
science and technology supported by industrialization on the basis of construction management,
materials and work methodology can give cost effective construction.
APPENDIX:-A
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Addis Ababa University Department of Construction Technology and Management
Berhanu Adane & Mesfin T/giorgis
Part A
1. General information
Objective
The objective of this research is to study cost effective construction in terms of construction
management, material and work methodology within condominium projects.
If you have any inquiry please contact any of the group through the following addresses.
Mesfin T/Giorgis
Mobile Phone number +251-911-63 72 62
Berhanu Adane
Mobile Phone number +251-911-22 78 75
Respondent Identification
Please provide the name of your organization
Category: -
Employer.
Contractor
Consultant
House Hold
__________________
____________
____________
____________
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Addis Ababa University Department of Construction Technology and Management
Berhanu Adane & Mesfin T/giorgis
No
If No what corrective major should be followed?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. The materials delivered by IHDPO will cause you to excess wastage due to its low quality standard?
Yes
No
If yes mark the wastage or loss amount
20-25% and
Material Type
0-5%
5-10%
10-15%
15-20%
above
Cement
Reinforcement
Coarse aggregate
Hollow Block
Precast Beam
Roofing material
Steel structure
Sanitary material
Electrical Material
4. Is subcontracting to small scale enterprise being supportive to the implementation of the housing program?
Yes
No
If No what are the major problems observed?
Skill
Yes
No
Productivity
Performance
Work ethics
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
If your answer is no, what are the factors that affect to complete on time?
____________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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Addis Ababa University Department of Construction Technology and Management
Berhanu Adane & Mesfin T/giorgis
Yes
No
If yes, what could be the possible reasons?
Delayed Material delivery
Yes
Design incompleteness
Yes
Contractor Performance
Yes
Lack of proper supervision
Yes
Poor project coordination
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Others________________________________________________________________________
7. . Do you think the project is being completed according the specified quality standard?
Yes
No
If no, what are the factors that affect the quality?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
8. Do you think the housing project is affordable for low and middle income families?
Yes
No
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Addis Ababa University Department of Construction Technology and Management
Berhanu Adane & Mesfin T/giorgis
Thank you!
APPENDIX:-B
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Addis Ababa University Department of Construction Technology and Management
Berhanu Adane & Mesfin T/giorgis
INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
1. How is the communication system between parties (Contractors, Consultants, Employer and Medium and
small scale enterprises)?
2. As we know the unit price of the project is fixed by the government, how the price is fixed?
3. How is the material delivery to the contractors managed?
4. How is the participation and contribution of medium and small scale enterprises to the condominium housing
projects?
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Addis Ababa University Department of Construction Technology and Management
Berhanu Adane & Mesfin T/giorgis
References
1. Muhammad Kaysaar Hussain (2008). Economics of Low Income Housing, Proceedings of IAHS
International Conference, university of petroleum and minerals, Saudi Arabia,
2. The beat (1996).History of condominium. Business education and trade, volume 7, issue1
3. Bennett S.Donna (2010). Condominium home ownership in the United States: a selected annotated
bibliography of legal sources. Northern Kentucky University
4. Ingwani, Emaculate and etal (2010). Design Considerations and Sustainable Low Cost Housing
Provision for the Urban Poor in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
5. Azeb Kelemework(2007?) Housing for the Poor in Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
6. http://chilot.meethiopian-building-proclamation
7. http://www.metropolis.org.marfin
8. Ministry of Federal Affairs and German Technical Co-operation Low cost housing technical manual
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2003
9. Dagnachew Tsegaye and etal (2006). Low cost housing in Addis Ababa: A Study Focusing on the
Main Cost Reducing Mechanisms. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
10. Wubshet Jakal (2008). Condominium Housing Development Solution for Low and Middle Income
Groups, the case of Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
11. UN-HABITAT (2010) The Ethiopia Case of Condominium Housing: The Integrated Housing
Development Programme. United Nations Human Settlements Programme: Nairobi.
12. Ministry of Federal Affairs and German Technical Co-operation Low cost housing technical manual
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2003
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Addis Ababa University Department of Construction Technology and Management
Berhanu Adane & Mesfin T/giorgis
17. http://www.ehow.com/way-power-trowel-finishing-techniques.html
18. Building design & construction handbook Plumbingwater-supply,Sprinkler, and Wastewater
systems Gregory P. Gladfelter Gladfelter
19 low cost housing in addis ababa Thesis (2006)
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Addis Ababa University Department of Construction Technology and Management
Berhanu Adane & Mesfin T/giorgis