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This paper deals with pollution aspect of environmental management and monitoring of the river for its
sustainable development. The water quality assessment of Ibese River, which is the principal river of
the Igbogbo Abayeku Areas of Ikorodu in Lagos, was performed. Assessment was undertaken
according to different physical and chemical parameters including biological oxygen demand (BOD),
dissolved oxygen (DO), electric conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity, acidity, total
hardness (TH), grease content, major cation and anion, and some heavy metals. Results showed that
the river, which was of good water quality at its upstream, in terms of the aforementioned parameters,
becomes progressively polluted by the waste materials discharged along its course. A general
downstream trend of increase in organic and inorganic pollution was declared. Thus, Ibese River
currently faces a number of serious environmental and ecological challenges. Urbanization and
industrialization of the watershed at Ibese area in Ikorodu contributed to the water quality deterioration
with regional consequences on the aquatic ecosystem and on the health of the downstreams user
groups. This synergetic effect is of concern for the sustainable use of the resources.
Key words: Nigeria, Ibese River, water pollution, major cation and anion, heavy metals, water quality
deterioration.
INTRODUCTION
The Ibese River currently faces a number of serious
environmental and ecological challenges. Uncontrolled
discharge of untreated wastewater and solid wastes into
the river in the mid section has degraded the quality of
surface water beyond the acceptable limits. Ajayi and
Osibanjo (1981); Paudel (1998); Osibanjo (1990)
conducted a research on the effect of effluents from two
breweries on Ikopoba River in Benin, Nigeria, where a
rise in pH, a decrease in dissolved oxygen and increase
in biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen
demand (COD)and total suspended solids, were noticed
to have their own bearing on the aquatic life of the river.
The impacts of water quality deterioration have regional
Eruola et al.
609
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M eters
610
Parameter
Appearance in situ
Odor
Temperature (C)
pH
Conductivity (s/cm)
TDS (mg/L)
Alkalinity (mg/L)
Acidity (mg/L)
Total Hardness (mg/L)
DO (mg/L)
BOD (mg/L)
COD (mg/L)
Oil grease (mg/L)
Chloride (mg/L)
Sulphate (mg/L)
Nitrate (mg/L)
Potassium (mg/L)
Sodium (mg/L)
Iron (mg/L)
Nickel (mg/L)
Cadmium (mg/L)
Copper (mg/L)
Lead (mg/L)
Source
mean value (I1)
Clear
Odorless
28
6.6
170.0
80.0
45.0
25.0
46.0
5.0
44.0
96.0
0.5
12.0
0.32
0.75
1.50
11.01
0.96
0.04
0.06
0.23
0.05
RESULTS
Outlet
mean value (IO1)
Clear
Odorless
28
6.2
130.0
60.0
42.0
20.0
28.0
8.0
70
141.0
0.5
7.5
0.04
0.70
1.70
6.29
0.93
0.03
0.05
0.24
0.06
WHO limit
Clear
Odorless
20-33
6-8
NS
200.0
NS
NS
NS
<2.0
15
80
10
600
500
20
50
50
20
<1
<1
<1
<1
Eruola et al.
611
Parameter
Appearance in situ
Odor
Temperature, C
pH
Conductivity (s/cm)
TDS (mg/L)
Alkalinity (mg/l)
Acidity (mg/L)
Total Hardness (mg/L)
DO (mg/L)
BOD (mg/L)
COD (mg/L)
Oil grease (mg/L)
Chloride (mg/L)
Sulphate (mg/L)
Nitrate (mg/L)
Potassium (mg/L)
Sodium (mg/l)
Iron (mg/L)
Nickel (mg/L)
Cadmium (mg/L)
Copper (mg/L)
Lead (mg/L)
Inlet
mean value (I1)
Pale
Unpleasant
28.0
6.7
155.0
85
135
12
505
5.5
80
155
30
14
0.65
1.6
33
11.5
3.5
0.06
0.07
0.35
0.6
Sampling location
Industry discharge point
mean value (D1)
Blue
Unpleasant
28.0
3.0
305.0
155
45
160
262
3.5
115.0
245
25
15.5
1.0
23
21.5
15.5
3.5
0.11
0.08
0.26
0.5
Outlet
mean value (IO1)
Black
Unpleasant
28.0
6.2
125.0
60
255
16
35
6.0
129
287
20
90
0.9
3.3
37
9.3
8.0
0.15
0.05
4.50
0.5
WHO limit
Clear
Odorless
20-33
6-8
NS
200.0
NS
NS
NS
<2.0
15
80
10
600
500
20
50
50
20
<1
<1
<1
<1
612
Parameter
Appearance in situ
Odor
Temperature (C)
pH
Conductivity (s/cm)
TDS (mg/l)
Alkalinity (mg/L)
Acidity (mg/L)
Total hardness (mg/L)
DO (mg/l)
BOD (mg/L)
COD (mg/L)
Oil grease (mg/L)
Chloride (mg/L)
Sulphate (mg/l)
Nitrate (mg/L)
Potassium (mg/L)
Sodium (mg/L)
Iron (mg/l)
Nickel (mg/L)
Cadmium (mg/L)
Copper (mg/L)
Lead (mg/L)
pH
WHO limit
Clear
Odorless
20-33
6-8
NS
200.0
NS
NS
NS
<2.0
15
80
10
600
500
20
50
50
20
<1
<1
<1
<1
Conductivity (s/cm)
600
500
6
pH
300
200
2
100
1
0
0
Palapo
source
Abuja
outlet
Sampling location
Figure 2. Map showing the pH and conductivity profile of Ibese River, Ikorodu, Lagos State.
O ripodi
s/cm
400
Eruola et al.
TDS (Mg/L)
(mg/l)
Acidity ((mg/l)
Mg/L)
600
613
Alkalinity (Mg/L)
(mg/l)
Total Hardness (mg/l)
(Mg/L)
500
Mg/l
Mg/L
400
300
200
100
0
Palapo
source
Palapo
outlet
Abuja
outlet
O ripodi
Sampling points
Figure 3. Map showing the TDS, acidity, alkalinity and total hardness profile of Ibese River, Ikorodu, Lagos State.
DO (Mg/L)
(mg/l)
350
BOD (Mg/L)
(mg/l)
COD (Mg/L)
(mg/l)
300
Mg/l
Mg/L
250
200
150
100
50
0
Palapo
source
Palapo
outlet
Abuja
outlet
O ripodi
Sampling points
Figure 4. Map showing the DO, BOD and COD profile of Ibese River, Ikorodu, Lagos State.
Mg/l
Mg/L
614
Chloride (mg/l)
(Mg/L)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Palapo
source
Palapo
outlet
Sulphate (Mg/L)
(mg/l)
Nitrate (Mg/L)
(mg/l)
Abuja
outlet
O ripodi
Sampling location
Mg/L
M
g/l
Figure 5. Map showing the chloride, sulphate and nitrate profile of Ibese River, Ikorodu, Lagos State.
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Potassium (mg/l)
(Mg/L)
Palapo
source
Palapo
outlet
Sodium (mg/l)
(Mg/L)
Iron (mg/l)
(Mg/L)
Abuja
outlet
O ripodi
Sampling points
Figure 6. Map showing the potassium, sodium and iron profile of Ibese River, Ikorodu, Lagos State.
Mg/L
Eruola et al.
Nickel (mg/L)
Copper (mg/L)
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Palapo
source
Palapo
outlet
615
Cadmium (mg/L)
Lead (mg/L)
Abuja inlet
Abuja ind
discharge
Abuja
outlet
O ripodi
Sampling points
Figure 7. Map showing the heavy metal profile of Ibese River, Ikorodu, Lagos State.