Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2010-2011
Inner cover
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Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
Contact
Air Quality Management Section (AQMS)Environmental Quality Division (EQD)
Environmental Management Bureau
DENR Compound, Visayas Avenue,
1101 Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
Telfax: +63-2-928-4430
http://emb.gov.ph/air/air1.htm
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Table of Contents
1.
2.
Introduction ........................................................................................................................17
1.1.
1.2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
3.2.
4.2.
4.3.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
5.5.
5.6.
5.7.
Recommendations .............................................................................................................67
6.1.
Policy.................................................................................................................................... 67
6.2.
6.3.
6.4.
Finance ................................................................................................................................ 68
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List of Figures
Figure 1. Population and Urbanization of the Philippines (2000-2010) ......................................18
Figure 2. Number of Philippine Cities by Population Size (2010) ...............................................19
Figure 3. Economy of the Philippines: GDP (Current US$) with GDP Growth Rate ...................20
Figure 4. Trend of Energy and Self Sufficiency Philippines (2000-2010) ...................................21
Figure 5. Primary Energy Mix (2010) .........................................................................................21
Figure 6. Philippines Share of Renewable Energy and Non-Renewable Energy Compared
with other Countries ..................................................................................................................22
Figure 7. Oil Consumption in kTOE (2010)................................................................................22
Figure 8. Power Generation Mix (2000-2010)............................................................................23
Figure 9. Electricity Sales in GWh (2010) ..................................................................................23
Figure 10. PM emissions by region, tons/yr (2009) ...................................................................26
Figure 11. SOx emissions by region, tons/yr (2009) ...................................................................27
Figure 12. NOx emissions by region, tons/yr (2009) ..................................................................28
Figure 13. CO emissions by region, tons/yr (2009) ...................................................................29
Figure 14. VOC emissions by region, tons/yr (2009) .................................................................29
Figure 15. National Emission Inventory by Sources and Criteria Pollutant ................................31
Figure 16. PM, SOx, NOx, CO and VOC Emissions for Stationary Sources in NCR (2011) ......32
Figure 17. Number of Vehicles (in thousands) in the Philippines (2000-2010) ...........................33
Figure 18. Fuel Consumption (2010-2011) ................................................................................33
Figure 19. Distribution of Construction Projects by Region (2010) .............................................36
Figure 20. National Network of Existing Monitoring Stations .....................................................38
Figure 21. Proposed Air Quality Monitoring Set-up in Metro Manila ..........................................40
Figure 22. PM10 Levels per Station............................................................................................41
Figure 23. TSP Levels per Region (2010-2011) ........................................................................42
Figure 24. Annual Average SO2 levels for Cebu, CAR and Cagayan de Oro (2007-2011) ........42
Figure 25. Annual Average NO2 levels for Cebu, CAR and Cagayan de Oro (2007-2011) ........43
Figure 26. Corn Yield in tons per hectare (2000-2011) ..............................................................45
Figure 27. Rice Yield in tons per hectare (2000-2011) ..............................................................46
Figure 28. Poor Visibility at 9 a.m. on 1 January 2012 ...............................................................47
Figure 29. New Year PM2.5 Concentrations (2003-2012) ...........................................................47
Figure 30. Number of Apprehensions (2000-2008) ...................................................................57
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List of Tables
Table 1. Top 10 Most Populated Cities in the Philippines (2010) ...............................................19
Table 2. Top 10 Most Densely Populated Cities in the Philippines (2010) .................................19
Table 3. Sources Included in 2009 Emissions Inventory ...........................................................24
Table 4. Coverage of Emission Sources by Region in 2009 Emissions Inventory .....................25
Table 5. Motorization Index in the Philippines per Region and Vehicle (2007) ..........................34
Table 6. Air Quality Monitoring Capacity by Region (2011) .......................................................37
Table 7. PM10 Monitoring Stations by Most Populated City Required vs. Actual Number...........39
Table 8. TSP levels during New Year (2011 & 2012) ................................................................48
Table 9. Number of Flights Affected by Poor Visibility (New Year 2011 & 2012) .......................48
Table 10. Comparison of Philippine NAAQGV and WHO Air Quality Guidelines .......................49
Table 11. Airsheds per Region (2011) .......................................................................................50
Table 12. Total Deposits and Certifiable Available Funds made by EMB and LTO under the
AQMF in Million Pesos (PHP) (2002-2011) ...............................................................................53
Table 13. Summary of Special Allotment Request Order for 2008 in Philippine Pesos (000
PHP) .........................................................................................................................................53
Table 14. Anti-Smoke Belching Test Results (2011) .................................................................57
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MVIS
NAQSR
NAAQGV
NCA
NCR
NEECP
NGO
NGVPPT
NH3
NO2
NOV
NOx
O3
PAB
PCO
PETC
PHAP
PIA
PM
PM10
PM2.5
PMA
PNRI
PTO
PUB
RA
RO
SARO
SMR
SO2
SOx
SUV
SVPCF
TC
TPES
TSP
USEPA
UV
VOC
WHO
C
GWh
km
km2
Degree Celsius
Gigawatt-hours
Kilometers
Square kilometer
Page | ix
kTOE
MTOE
PHP
g/Nm3
US $
Kilotons of oil-equivalent
Million tonnes of oil equivalent
Philippine Peso
Micrograms per normal cubic meter
United States Dollar
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) of the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (DENR) as tasked by the Philippine Clean Air Act (RA 8749) prepares
the required National Air Quality Status Report (NAQSR). The NAQSR serves as a basis for
evaluation of current programs and formulation of policies to improve air quality. To further
the relevance and application of NAQSR, this latest edition also presents the drivers of air
pollution (urbanization, economic growth, energy consumption and mobility), success stories
and best practices; challenges and problems encountered; public awareness and
environmental education programs; research outputs and activities of the different
stakeholders including various government agencies, civil societies, and the international
development community.
The Philippines socio-economic conditions for 2010 are presented as follows: the Philippine
population has an estimate of 92.3 million (92,337,852), a 2% of the worlds population, with
a growth rate of 1.9% which is higher than the world growth rate of 1.1%; Philippines was
ranked 12th out of 220 countries in terms of population. In 2010-2015, Philippine urban
population is 49% with 2.3% estimated annual rate of urbanization and as of 2011, the
Philippines has 138 cities, majority of these cities have a population between 100,000 to
500,000 persons. The most populated and dense cities are located in the NCR and in the
neighboring regions. The Philippines gross domestic product (GDP) grew by 7.3% in 2010
from 2009, 1.1% in 2009 from 2008, for the year 2010, GDP per capita was at P148,
645.21(about US$ 3,500), showing an increase from 2009 figures, which was at US$3,300.
It implied an increase in the countrys economic growth likewise in the spending capacity per
individual. Economic growth brings increased demand for mobility, energy, goods and
services which may result in increased air pollution, if policies and measures are not in place
to manage this adverse impact. The total primary energy supply (TPES) of the country is
somehow stable in 2000 from 39.3 million tons of oil equivalent (MTOE) to 40.7 MTOE in
2010, an increase of 3.6%. The countrys renewable energy share is among, if not the
highest in the world. The transport sector has the highest percent share in oil consumption,
having consumed 9,002.67 kTOE of the total 24,744.96 Ktoe. The share of coal and oilbased sources however has been increasingly reduced through replacement of natural
gases and other renewable energy sources.
Air pollution may be due to natural or human-made (anthropogenic) sources. For the
purposes of formulating air quality management strategies, sources of pollution may be
classified into stationary, mobile and area. Definition of stationary, mobile and area sources
are defined from RA 8749.EMB Regional Offices compile emissions inventory every three
years pursuant to the RA 8749 and consolidated to a national emissions inventory. Using the
results from the 2009 National and Regional Emissions Inventories, the emissions of the
following pollutants particulate matter (PM), sulfur oxides (SOx), oxides of nitrogen (NOx)
and volatile organic compounds (VOC), carbon monoxide (CO) are determined. Due to
limitation of resources, it is noted that not all EMB Regional Offices are able to compile
emissions to achieve 100% coverage of all of the sources. As expected, VOC, NO x and CO
emissions primarily come from mobile sources. More than half of PM emissions were from
area sources, while stationary sources were mostly responsible for SOx emissions.
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Air quality monitoring is routinely conducted by the EMB Regional Offices. Aside from EMB
Regional Offices, some cities also conduct their own air quality monitoring activities funded
from internal city funds or international projects, as in the case of Iloilo and Cagayan de Oro.
EMB-DENR is planning to expand the air quality monitoring activities in the country. The
bureau aims to install at least one PM2.5 monitoring station each for highly urbanized cities by
2013.
Out of 17 regions, only seven regions are capable of PM10 monitoring. The station located in
Caloocan has the highest recording of PM10 at 167 g/Nm3. Another station with high levels
of PM10 is at MRT-Pasay-Taft station where the annual average reading of 2010 was at 130
g/Nm3. Only seven regions have complete data on TSP emissions for 2010 and 2011. In
terms of geometric mean, Region 9 and NCR have the highest TSP levels and Region 12
the lowest TSP levels for both 2010 and 2011. Although TSP readings have declined since
2004, all exceeded the air quality guideline value of 90g/m 3.
A large number of studies has demonstrated that air pollution is associated with a range of
adverse health outcomes, ranging from mortality to subclinical respiratory symptoms. The
World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that air pollution causes 3.12 million premature
deaths worldwide - 1.15 million due to urban outdoor air pollution and 1.97 million due to
indoor air pollution (WHO, 2009). Data from the Philippine Health Statistics expressed that
four out of 10 leading causes of morbidity in 2008 were attributed to air pollution, i.e. acute
respiratory infection, acute lower respiratory tract infection and pneumonia, bronchitis, and
heart diseases. In 2010, 1,948 (17%) cases and 1,561 deaths out of 11,458 cases and 9,184
deaths from all medical causes were attributed by the Philippine Cancer Society to air
pollution, having an attributable fraction of 17%. The total direct costs of the effects of
particulate matter on respiratory health due to exceeding air quality guideline values in Metro
Manila alone amounted to PHP 368.8 million and PHP 400 million in 2004 and 2007,
respectively.
Air pollution especially ozone has been known to affect agricultural yield of some crops such
as rice, tomato and pumpkin. In some Asian countries, crop yield has already decreased by
between 5 and 35%. Studies estimate that the yield of rice, wheat, and legumes Asias
staple cropswill decrease even more as ozone production is expected to increase rapidly.
In the Philippines, rice and corn are common agricultural products that could be affected by
air pollution. In the New Years Eve of 2011, only six out of nine stations in Metro Manila
exceeded the guideline values but in New Years Eve of 2012, all of the stations exceeded
the same guideline values. The Clean Air Act established the National Ambient Air Quality
Guideline Values (NAAQGV) to protect public health and safety, and general welfare. These
were based on the US Environmental Protection Agency, European Union, WHO air quality
guidelines or standards applicable at that time RA 8749 was drafted and adopted.
Airsheds are designated areas with similar climate, weather, meteorology and topology
which affect the interchange and diffusion of pollutants in the atmosphere. They are also
areas which share common interest or face similar development programs, prospects or
problems. As of 2011, there are 20 airsheds established in the Philippines. Pursuant to
Section 14 of RA 8749, the Air Quality Management Fund (AQMF) was established as a
special account in the National Treasury administered and managed by the DENR through
EMB. A third of the AQMF is normally reserved for national purposes while two-thirds is
allocated to airshed management. The Fund finances: 1) containment, removal and clean-up
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Page | xiii
laws e.g. ban on waste burning under the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of
2000, or construction permit systems by local government units.
Area sources of pollution are by nature complicated to manage because of the lack of
distinct points for regulation such as a stack for stationary sources and tailpipe for mobile
sources. A key challenge to enforcing measures on area sources is the assumed yet
indistinct mandates or the lack of strong collaborations with other agencies on related
measures e.g. ban on firecrackers by DOH which looks into the regulation of firecrackers
from the perspective of safety as compared to environmental health.
The EMB, through its Environmental Education and Information Division (EEID), has
initiated, in partnership with the EMBs Air Quality Management Section (AQMS), other
government agencies, private organizations, and the civil society, three major public
awareness and education campaigns on air quality management, all under the Linis Hangin
program are the following:
The Clean Air 10 Plus One Forum held in 2010 was organized with the theme,
Moving the Clean Air 10 Declaration: A Step Forward and the two-day Clean Air
10+2 Forum held in 2011 was with the theme, Strengthening Partnerships towards
Cleaner Air and Climate Action. Both stressed the need to strengthen partnerships
and coordinated action toward cleaner air.
Some of the initiatives undertaken by different organizations in the period 2010-2011 are the
following:
In a collaborative project with DOH and DENR, Makati City localized environmental
health monitoring by conducting its own survey of pollutant exposure in specified
stations in the city;
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In cooperation with Mandaluyong City, Pasig City and other stakeholders, with
funding support from the Philippine Institute of Petroleum (PIP), the project swapped
old 2-stroke motorcycles which emit higher levels of CO and PM, with brand new 4stroke motorcycles benefitting members of the Mandaluyong Federation of Tricycles
Associations (MAFETA) and the Pasig S-Tricycle Operators and Drivers Association
(TODA);
PCA, together with the Electric Vehicle Association of the Philippines (EVAP),
Meralco and other stakeholders, organized the 1st Electric Vehicle Summit in 2010.
The summit brought together various stakeholders from the private sector, academe,
civil society, and government, which led to the formation of the Electric Vehicle
Alliance of the Philippines;
Clean Air Initiative Asias five-year Exchange Program (supported by FredskorpsetNorway) involves young professionals from six countries which included the
Philippines to gain practical skills in air quality management (AQM) and
strengthening the linkages between academic and research institutions engaged in
AQM in Asia. Clean Fleet Management by CAI-Asia serves as the conduit for the
UNEP-TNT Clean Fleet Toolkit that enables fleet managers and other stakeholders
to practice clean fleet management in Asia. In the Philippines, CAI-Asia, together
with the Philippine Business for the Environment (PBE) trained in 2009, the Meralco
South Distribution Services on clean fleet management and the use of the toolkit;
Pacific Paints (Boysen) Philippines initiated the The KNOxOUT Project is an urban
renewal initiative to lessen air pollution along EDSA through large-scale artworks
(each 1,000 square meters);
Asian Development Bank (ADB), 5th& 6th Asia Clean Energy Forum (ACEF). ADB
provides a knowledge-sharing platform for learning and exchange of experience on
key issues in clean energy through its annually-conducted Asia Clean Energy Forum.
World Bank (WB) Chiller Energy Efficiency Project. In 2010, the World Bank
approved the Chiller Energy Efficiency Project for the Philippines which aims to
reduce GHG emissions by replacing inefficient chillers.
United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Climate Change and
Clean Energy Project (CEnergy). CEnergy demonstrates the support of USAID to the
Philippine governments progressive response to address energy security and
combat climate change
German International Cooperation (GIZ), Clean Air for Smaller Cities. Clean Air for
Smaller Cities is a project financed by the German Federal Ministry for Economic
Cooperation and Development that aims to improve air quality in non-metropolitan
areas of selected Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) cities, including
those in the Philippines. Iloilo and Cagayan de Oro were selected to participate in the
project.
EANET, As the National Center of the Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East
Asia (EANET), the EMB continues to conduct monitoring activities on wet deposition
and dry deposition to measure concentrations and fluxes of acidic substances
deposited to the ground. In lay terms, this refers to acid precipitation or acid rain or
soil acidification. The monitoring data indicate that the acidification, if any, is
insignificant or at very low levels.
The Philippine Nuclear Research Institute has conducted the monitoring of PM10 in
the air since 1998 to identify major sources of air pollution and estimate their
contribution from multi-element data. Recent studies have identified black carbon
(BC) as a short-lived climate forcer or pollutants that contribute to global warming.
Reduction of black carbon has been considered, therefore, as a short-term solution
to climate change while waiting for mitigation measures for the GHGs to take effect in
Metro Manila.
Considering the existing challenges and future development plan, recommended steps and
measures for National Air Quality Management are focused in four main aspects policy,
research and development, capacity building and institutional framework, and finance, which
various stakeholders can consider to implement in the immediate or long-term periods, with
strong support at the national and local levels of governance in the country.
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1.
The Philippine Clean Air Act (RA 8749) requires the annual preparation of a National Air Quality
Status Reports (NAQSR) as a basis for evaluation of current programs and formulation of
policies to improve air quality.1 The Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) is tasked to
prepare the Report which shall contain:
A summary of the extent of air pollution in the country, per type of pollutant and per type
of source;
An analysis and evaluation of the current state, trends and projections of air pollution;
An identification of critical areas, activities, or projects which will need closer monitoring
or regulation;
Other pertinent qualitative and quantitative information concerning the extent of air
pollution and the air quality performance rating of industries in the country.
Recommendations for necessary executive and legislative action; and,
Since 1999, four NAQSRs have been issued covering the following years: (1) the 1970s up to
2002; (2) 2003-2005; (3) 2005-2007; (4) 2008-2009. This Report will be the 5 th edition covering
2010 and 2011.
In addition to providing information mandated above, the NAQSR also presents the drivers of air
pollution (urbanization, economic growth, energy consumption and mobility), success stories
and best practices; challenges and problems encountered; public awareness and environmental
education programs; research outputs and activities of the different stakeholders including
various government agencies, civil societies, and the international development community.
This edition of the NAQSR will cover analysis on pollutants covered by RA 8749, as follows:
total suspended particulate matter(TSP), particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of 10
micronsor smaller (PM10), Sulfur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), photochemical oxidants
as Ozone (O3), Carbon monoxide (CO) and Lead (Pb), including other air pollutants that may
have impacts on public health and the Philippine environment.
Since 2004, EMB Regional Offices have been required to compile their own annual Regional
Ambient Air Quality Status Reports.
1.2.
The Philippines is an archipelago of 7,107 islands, with a land area of 299,764 km 2 . The
Philippines is located to the east of Indochina and to the north of eastern Indonesia. The country
is bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the east, the Celebes Sea on the south and the West
Philippine Sea on the west and north.
1Republic
2
Act (RA) 8749 also known as The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 - http://emb.gov.ph/ECA%20Center/RA8749.pdf
Index Mundi. 2012. http://www.indexmundi.com/philippines/area.html
Page | 17
As of March 2012, there are 17 regions, 80 provinces and 138 cities.3 Metro Manila or the
National Capital Region (NCR), the countrys capital, is an urban agglomeration composed of 16
cities and one municipality.4 It has a population of 13.9 million, making it a megacity.5
The Philippines is located in a tropical climate zone and has two distinct seasonsrainy (June
to November) and dry (December to May). The temperature ranges from 25.5C in January to
28.3C in May, and remains fairly high throughout the year.6 The climate of the Philippines is
influenced by the complex interaction of various factors such as geography, principal air
streams, ocean currents, among others. The country is also frequented by typhoons which help
in the dispersion of air pollution in cities.
Population and Urbanization
The Philippines has a population of 92.3 million (92,337,852) according to the 2010 census.7
While the country accounts only for less than 2% of the worlds population, its growth rate of
1.9% is higher than the world growth rate of 1.1%.Philippineswas ranked 12th out of 220
countries in terms of population in 2010.8
The share of the urban population is 49% with an estimated annual rate of urbanization of 2.3%
for the period 2010-2015. 9 As of 2011, the Philippines has138 cities.Statistics indicate the
steady increase of urban population along with an increasing total population (Figure 1). On the
other hand, rural population remained stable for the past decade, apart from a slight decrease in
2001.
100
Millions
80
60
40
20
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Total Population
Urban Population
Rural Population
2009. Provincial Summary number of Provinces, Cities, Municipalities, and Barangays, By Region.
http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/NSCB_PSGC_SUMMARY_Jun2009.pdf
4 National Nutrition Council. http://www.nnc.gov.ph/component/k2/itemlist/category/89
5United Nations. 2010. An Urbanized World. http://www.un.org/ga/Istanbul+5/10-11.pdf
6PAGASA. 2009. Climatology and Agrometeorology. http://kidlat.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/cab/cab.htm
7NSCB. 2010. Population of the Philippines. http://www.nscb.gov.ph/secstat/d_popn.asp
8Index Mundi. 2012. http://www.indexmundi.com/world/population_growth_rate.html
9Index Mundi. 2010. http://www.indexmundi.com/philippines/demographics_profile.html
Page | 18
Majority of thecities have a population between 100,000 to 500,000 persons (Figure 2). The
most populated and dense cities are located in the NCRand in theneighboring regions (Table
1andTable 2). In 2010, 4 cities had a population of above 1 million withQuezon City, located in
Metro Manila,asthe most populous city.
2000
2010
80 83
50
37
3
below
100,000
100,000 500,000
13
500,000 - 1
million
1 million - 2
million
above 2
million
Cities/Municipalities
Population (2010)
1
Quezon City
2
Manila
3
Caloocan
4
Davao
5
Cebu
6
Zamboanga
7
Antipolo
8
Pasig
9
Taguig
10
Cagayan de Oro
Source: National Statistics Office, 201210
2,761,720
1,652,171
1,489,040
1,449,296
866,171
807,129
677,741
669,773
644,473
602,088
Density
(persons/sq.km)
16,083.62
66,139.75
26,685.30
593.00
2,749.75
544.11
2,214.12
13,821.15
14,255.10
1,458.55
Region
NCR
NCR
NCR
Region XI
Region VII
Region VIII
Region IV-A
NCR
NCR
Region X
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
City
Manila
Mandaluyong
Pasay
Navotas
Caloocan
Makati
Malabon
Population
1,652,171
328,699
392,869
249,131
1,489,040
529,039
353,337
Area
(sq.km)
25
9
14
9
56
22
16
Density
(persons/sq.km)
66,140
35,382
28,122
27,867
26,685
24,527
22,491
Region
NCR
NCR
NCR
NCR
NCR
NCR
NCR
10
Page | 19
8
San Juan
121,430
9
Marikina
424,150
10
Las Pinas
552,573
Source: National Statistical Coordination Board11
6
22
33
20,408
19,710
16,903
NCR
NCR
NCR
Figure 3. Economy of the Philippines: GDP (Current US$) with GDP Growth Rate
and GDP per Capita (2000-2010)
Reference: World Bank, 2011 Indicators.http://data.worldbank.org/indicator;
National Accounts of the Philippines. 1946-2010.
Energy
Despite the rapid growth in population, the total primary energy supply (TPES) of the country is
somehow stable where in 2000 it was at 39.3 million tones of oil equivalent (MTOE) and
increased 3.6% to 40.7 MTOE in 2010. To ensure energy security, the country includes a target
of self sufficiency from indigenous energy sources. The energy self sufficiency has been
increasing generally since 2000 but 2010 self-sufficiency (57.5%) share has reduced slightly
from 2009(59.2%) (Figure 4). Share of renewable energy and other green energy sources are
11
http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listcity.asp
12
Page | 20
increasing since 2000 and in 2010, renewable energy share accounts for almost 39% (Figure
5).
60
Percent Share
55
50
45
40
35
30
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
INDIGENOUS ENERGY
When compared with other countries and international averages, the countrys renewable
energy share is among, if not the highest in the world (Figure 6).
Page | 21
Figure 6. Philippines Share of Renewable Energy and Non-Renewable Energy Compared with
other Countries
The transport sector has the highest percent share in oil consumption, having consumed
9,002.67 kTOE of the total 24,744.96 kTOE (Figure 7).
COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
11%
1%
RESIDENTIAL
25%
TRANSPORT
36%
Power generation in the Philippines for 2010 has been constantly increasing to meet the
growing populations demand. In 2000, total power generated was at 45,290 GWh which
increased to 67,743 GWh in 2010. The share of coal and oil-based sources, however, has been
increasingly reduced through replacement of natural gases and other renewable energy sources
Figure 8). The Philippines is also is among the top producers of geothermal energy in the world.
Page | 22
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
2000
2001
Oil-based
2002
2003
Hydro
2004
2005
Geothermal
Coal
2006
2007
2008
Other RE
2009
2010
Natural Gas
Source: DOE
Electricity sales, on the other hand, were dominated by the residential sector, which held 28% of
the total sales (Figure 9).13In all sectors, electricity demand increased from 2009 figures.14
Industrial
27%
Others
2%
Own-use
7%
Other
19%
Commercial
24%
System Loss
12%
Residential
28%
13
14
Department of Energy
Almendras, Jose Rene. The Philippine Energy Sector. 2011.
Page | 23
Stationary source any building or immobile structure, facility or installation which emits
any air pollutant
Mobile source any vehicle/machine propelled by or through oxidation or reduction
reactions, including combustion of carbon-based or other fuel, constructed and operated
principally for the conveyance of persons or the transportation of property or goods that
emit air pollutants as a reaction product
Area source relatively large areas of specific activities that generate significant
amounts of air pollutants.
Stationary Sources
Power generation
Steel
Food manufacturing
Paper
Refineries
Cement
Chemical plants
Among others
Mobile Sources
Diesel
and
gasoline-fed
vehicles from cars, utility
vehicles,
buses,
trucks,
motorcycles
Area Sources
Gasoline refilling stations
Structural constructions
Dust resuspension for paved
and unpaved roads
Open burning
Agricultural activities
Residential fuel burning
Livestock
Structural fires
Dry cleaning
Kaingin
Surface Coating
Structural and Automobile
Fires
Dry Cleaning
Industrial Degreasing
Source: EMB
15As
defined in the Implementing Rules and Regulations of R.A. 8749, air pollution is the alteration of the physical, chemical and biological
properties of the atmosphere, or any discharge thereto of any liquid, gaseous or solid substances that will or is likely to create or to render the
air resources of the country harmful, detrimental, or injurious to public health, safety or welfare or which will adversely affect their utilization
for domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, recreational, or other legitimate purposes (Environmental Management Bur eau, 2000).
Page | 24
EMB Regional Offices compile emissions inventory every 3 years pursuant to the RA 8749.
These regional emissions inventory is then consolidated to a national emissions inventory. This
report usesresults from the 2009 National and Regional Emissions Inventories.
The inventory covers emissions of the following pollutants particulate matter (PM), sulfur
oxides (SOx), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC), carbon
monoxide (CO). Due to limitation of resources, it is noted that not all regions are able to compile
emissions to achieve 100% coverage of all of the sources.Table 4lists the coverage of
emissions from the regional offices.
Table 4. Coverage of Emission Sources by Region in 2009 Emissions Inventory
Region
NCR
I
II
III
IV-A
IV-B
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
CAR
CARAGA
% Coverage of Stationary
Sources
70
55
95
95
80
100
3.45
9
27
45.83
79.5
55
92
100
70
100
% Coverage of Mobile
Sources
100
75
75
75
70
100
100
10
55
100
100
100
100
90
75
100
% Coverage of Area
Sources
100
48
30
30
25
25
100
5
18
73.56
83.3
98
45
90
70
70
Source: EMB
Note: NS No submission yet/awaiting submission
For 2009, Region Iwas the main source of PM emissions (Figure 10), Region 8 for SOxemissions
(Figure 11), Region4-A for NOxemissions (Figure 12), and NCR for CO emissions (Figure 13).
Page | 25
Thousands
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Page | 26
Thousands
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Page | 27
Thousands
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Page | 28
Thousands
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
Page | 29
Page | 30
As expected, VOC, NOx and CO emissions primarily come from mobile sources (Figure 15).
More than half of PM emissions were from area sources, while stationary sources were mostly
responsible for SOx emissions.
Stationary Sources
Only EMB-NCR was able to disaggregate its emission inventory by industry source in 2011,
results of which are shown inFigure 16. Stationary sources contribute mostly to SOx and PMof
the nine stationary sources identified, food manufacturing was responsible for highest
contribution to PM (91%), SO2 (40%), NOx (25%), and CO (64%). Paper and packaging
manufacturing contributed the most to VOC emissions (25%) while chemical and allied products
were second to food manufacturing in most emissions for PM (4%), SO x (33%), and NOx (25%).
Page | 31
4500
4000
3500
ug/Ncm
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Paper &
Textile Rubber &
Steel
Food
Glass
Cigarrete
Chemical
Packaging
Products
Plastic
Manufact Manufact Manufact
Manufact
& Allied
Manufact
& Allied Manufact
urers
urers
urers
urers
Products
urers
Services
urers
Other
Services
PM
57
4076
11
33
37
76
158
32
SOx
682
2433
114
355
93
86
92
2018
181
NOx
398
733
46
532
32
32
22
729
415
CO
88
733
109
21
18
149
VOC
26
25
28
20
Figure 16. PM, SOx, NOx, CO and VOC Emissions for Stationary Sources in NCR (2011)
Source: EMB
Mobile Sources
According to the Land Transportation Office (LTO), the total number of registered vehicles in
2010 reached 6,849,784, a spike from 2000 figures of 3,796,274(Figure 17). From 2000 to
2010, the numbers grew by 80.4% with the most recent annual vehicle growth rate from 2009 to
2010 at 6.75%. Of all the vehicles, motorcycles and tricycles had the highest growth rate at
8.9% from 2009 figures while trailers had the lowest growth rate at 1.9%.Metro Manila, alone,
reached a vehicle population of 1,814,753 in 2005, which increased to 1,904,395 in 2010.
Page | 32
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
Cars
UV
SUV
2000
Trucks
2009
Buses
MC/TC
Trailers
2010
Motorcycles and tricycles comprised 53% of the total vehicles in the Philippines in 2010. Twoand three-wheeler vehicles emit high amounts of major pollutants (i.e. CO, NO x, PM10, VOCs)
andgreenhouse gases(GHG).They also contribute to noise pollution, and to the adverse effects
on the human respiratory system. The Philippine government has recently acted on its interest
in shifting to electric 2- and 3-wheelers. 16 Experiences in Vietnam and India indicated that
following electric vehicle adoption and reinforced by aggressive supportive policy, emissions
could be reduced, in some cases, to a maximum of 42%.17
The Transport sector consumed the most diesel fuel in 2010 and 2011 at 3,059 million liters and
2,990 liters, respectively. It also had the highest percent share in gasoline consumption at 86%
in 2010, and 83% in 2011 (Figure 18).
in million liters
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
FY 2010
Transport (Retail)
FY 2011
Commercial/Industrial
17Asian
Page | 33
Motorization indices refer to the number of vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants and are indicative of
an areas economic development and its impact on the environment. A high motorization index
corresponds with a high level of economic development and quality of life, but may pose a
burden on the environment because of the extensive use of energy sources, local air pollution
and development of road networks.18NCR had the highest motorization index at 137.3 followed
by Region II at 75.9 and Region III at 75.5. Majority of the vehicles from Region II and Region III
were comprised of motorcycles and tricycles, which have a motorization index of 46.6 out of
75.9 and 37.2 out of 75.5, respectively. Out of the 5 regions with the highest indices, 4 were
located in Luzon alone (Table 5).
Over all, vehicles, motorcycles and tricycles have the highest country motorization index at
449.63 followed by diesel utility vehicles at 148.04, but the gap between the two vehicles is
considerably large.
Table 5. Motorization Index in the Philippines per Region and Vehicle (2007)
Region
CARS
UV
SUV
TRUCKS
BUSES
MC/
TC
TRAILERS
Region
al
5.0
0.0
4.9
11.4
0.3
0.6
0.0
2.7
0.0
0.5
42.8
0.2
68.4
II
3.3
0.2
4.1
13.7
0.2
0.9
0.1
5.6
0.0
0.5
46.6
0.7
75.9
III
7.4
0.0
7.8
16.4
0.8
1.1
0.0
4.1
0.0
0.3
37.2
0.3
75.5
IV
6.3
0.0
5.8
11.7
0.4
0.5
0.0
1.8
0.0
0.2
28.7
0.1
55.6
1.7
0.0
2.1
4.6
0.1
0.2
0.0
1.6
0.0
0.3
22.5
0.1
33.1
VI
3.8
0.1
7.5
0.3
0.5
0.1
4.0
0.0
0.2
23.5
0.1
44.6
VII
5.8
0.6
4.6
11.
5
6.1
1.3
1.6
0.8
3.9
0.0
0.4
35.9
0.2
68.1
VIII
1.0
0.0
3.4
3.6
0.1
0.3
0.0
2.2
0.0
0.2
19.7
0.0
30.6
IX
1.3
0.0
5.4
3.7
0.2
0.4
0.2
1.7
0.0
0.2
39.2
0.1
52.2
2.9
0.0
4.8
6.0
0.3
0.8
0.1
3.0
0.1
0.2
21.7
0.2
40.1
XI
4.8
0.0
5.2
6.5
0.3
0.9
0.0
3.3
0.0
0.2
31.1
0.3
52.6
XII
3.7
0.1
6.4
0.2
0.4
0.3
3.6
0.0
0.2
34.0
0.2
53.6
NCR
34.1
1.2
4.5
16.
8
29.5
5.7
4.0
0.2
4.9
0.2
0.7
39.2
1.0
137.3
CAR
6.2
0.1
3.2
18.2
0.6
0.9
0.2
3.1
0.0
0.2
9.7
0.0
42.5
CARAGA
1.0 0.2 2.4
Note: G = Gas, D = Diesel
2.7
0.0
0.3
0.0
1.2
0.0
0.1
17.8
0.0
25.8
Road density in the country also increased from 0.54 km/sq.km in 2003 to 0.67 km/sq.km in
2007, and country road networks improved at a rate of 25% between 1990 and
18
Page | 34
19UN
20
Center for Regional Development. 2010. Formulation of a National Environmentally Sustainable Transport Strategy for the Philippines
http://www.doe.gov.ph/Sec%20Corner/SRDA%20Energy%20Sector%20-%20Clark.pdf
Page | 35
As indicated in the emissions inventory compiled in 2009, area sources contribute significantly
to PM emissions. PM emitted by area sources, however, are often of particulates in bigger sizes
(e.g. resuspended dust from road or construction).
Page | 36
Region
TSP
Central
Office
NCR
I
II
III
CAR
IVA
IVB
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
BTX-CO
High Volume
BAM RT w/ PM 2.5 (3)
(HV) sampler
Dichotomous PM 10/2.5(1)*
CAMS/DOAS (1)HV sampler (1)
TEOM (1)RT
open path
HV sampler (3)
X1
TEOM (1)RT
XI
HV sampler (4)
XII
CARAGA
HV sampler (3)
HV sampler (2)
Notes:
TEOM - Continuous Particulate Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM) which is part of the CAMS
BAM - Beta Attenuation Monitor
CAMS - Continuous ambient monitoring station equipped with monitors for NO2, SO2, and Ozone
DOAS - Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer - Open Path Analyzer
Low Volume Sampler - (Partisol)
1
No data reported in 2008 due to the breakdown of samplers
*
RT
REAL-TIME
Page | 37
Aside from EMB regional offices, some cities also conduct their own air quality monitoring
activities funded from internal city funds or international projects, as in the case of Iloilo and
Cagayan de Oro.
EMB-DENR is planning to expand the air quality monitoring activities in the country (Table
8).The bureau aims to install at least one PM2.5 monitoring station each for highly urbanized
cities by 2013.
Page | 38
Figure 21 maps the proposed monitoring set-up for Metro Manila. Three stations are up for
restoration while ten stations are being proposed to be set up, one each in Caloocan, Navotas,
San Juan, Pasig, Pateros, Pasay, Paranaque, and Las Pias.
Table 7. PM10Monitoring Stations by Most Populated City Required vs. Actual Number
Required No. of Stations
Rank
Cities/
Actual No. of
of
Population
Low
Medium
Municipalities
PM10 Stations
City
Concentrations
Concentrations
1
Quezon City
2,761,720
24
4-8
4
2
Manila
1,652,171
24
4-8
1
3
Caloocan
1,489,040
24
4-8
0
4
Davao
1,449,296
24
4-8
4
5
Cebu
866,171
1-2
2-4
2
6
Zamboanga
807,129
1-2
2-4
3
7
Antipolo
677,741
1-2
2-4
0
8
Pasig
669,773
1-2
2-4
1
9
Taguig
644,473
1-2
2-4
0
10
CDO
602,088
1-2
2-4
4
Reference:US Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 40 Part 58-Ambient Air Quality Surveillance Subpart G
Notes: Medium concentration refers to PM10ambient concentrations exceeding 80 percent of the
PM10NAAQS.Low concentration refers to PM10 ambient concentrations less than 80 percent of the
PM10NAAQS.
Page | 39
Page | 40
Figure 22 indicates the data readings per station. Seven of these stations exceeded the air
quality guidelinevalues. PM2.5 monitoring started in the last quarter of 2011 for NCR.
Only 7 regions have complete data on TSP emissions for 2010 and 2011. Most TSP readings
per region are sparsely distributed, except for Region 12. In terms of geometric mean, Region 9
and NCR have the highest TSP levels and Region 12 the lowest TSP levels for both 2010 and
2011. Although TSP readings have declined since 2004, all exceeded the air quality guideline
value of 90g/m3.
Page | 41
SO2and NO2 data were only available forCebu, Cagayan de Oro, and CAR. Cebu has the
highest levels from 2007 to 2011 for SO2, but it has steadily declined over the years. SO 2 levels
in CAR have declined but only marginally, while levels in Cagayan de Oro reached its highest in
2008 before declining as well(Figure 24. Annual Average SO2 levels for Cebu, CAR and
Cagayan de Oro (2007-2011)
Meanwhile, CAR had the highest NO 2 reading of all three; however, the data did not meet the
required 75% capture rate per year. All three cities are compliant with long-term guideline
values of RA 8749 for SO2 and NO2.
16
14
ug/Nm3
12
10
Cebu
CAR
Cagayan de Oro
4
2
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Figure 24. Annual Average SO2 levels for Cebu, CAR and Cagayan de Oro (2007-2011)
Page | 42
Note: CAR station is located on the roadside while CDO and Cebu Stations are at ambient locations.
90
80
70
ug/Nm3
60
50
Cebu
40
CAR
30
Cagayan de Oro
20
10
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
Figure 25. Annual Average NO2 levels for Cebu, CAR and Cagayan de Oro (2007-2011)
Note: CAR did not meet the required 75% capture rate per year andCAR station is located on the
roadside while CDO and Cebu Stations are at ambient locations.
Page | 43
21
HEI Special Report 17: HEI Panel on the Health Effects of Traffic-Related Air Pollution, 2010. Traffic-Related Air Pollution: A critical Review of
the Literature on Emissions, Exposure, and Health Effects. HEI Boston, Massachusetts, USA
22Department of Health. 2011.
23Estanislao, Manapat, Pabila, et.al. 2011. Respiratory Disease and Varying PM
2.5 and PM10 Concentrations in Metro Manila from 2000-2007..
24 WHO, 2011. Philippines Country Profile 2011. http://www.wpro.who.int/countries/phl/26PHLpro2011_finaldraft.pdf
Page | 44
by 9.39% in 2011 at PHP 14.983 billionas compared to 2010 figures at PHP13.697 billion. Both
figures are more than double of the 2000 figures at PHP5.939 Billion. The relationship of the
medicine market with air pollution impacts on health however have not been studied to date.
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Figure 26. Corn Yield in tons per hectare (2000-2011)
Source: Bureau of Agricultural Statistics
25
Mauzerall, Denise. The Adverse Impact of Surface Ozone on Agricultural Crops. 2002
http://www.giss.nasa.gov/meetings/pollution2002/present/4_mauzerall.pdf
26http://cleanairinitiative.org/portal/system/files/articles-60278_presentation.pdf
27http://www.sei-international.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Climate/food_security_ozone_climate_policybrief.pdf
Page | 45
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Figure 27. Rice Yield in tons per hectare (2000-2011)
Source: Bureau of Agricultural Statistics
Page | 46
PM2.5 levels during New Year s Eve (sampled between 12PM on 31 December to 12 PM on 1
January) often exceeded 24-hour WHO and USEPA guidelines (Error! Not a valid bookmark selfreference.). The Philippines does not have any ambient air quality standard on PM 2.5. 30 out of
50 samples collected were Hazardous to Health (>210 g/m 3) based on the USEPA Air Quality
Index for PM2.5 while samples from the outskirts of Metro Manila were deemed Unhealthy for
the General Population.
Table 8 compares TSP monitoring data from New Years celebrations in 2011 and in 2012. Inthe
New Years Eve of 2011, only 6 out of 9 stations in Metro Manila exceeded the guideline values
but in New Years Eve of 2012, all of the stations exceeded the same guideline values.
The EMB reported that the significant increase in TSP levels between 2011 and 2012 was
aggravated by prevailing weather conditions in NCR before and after the 2012 New Years
Celebration. They observed that unfavourable weather conditions such as low ambient
temperature, low wind velocity, low hanging clouds (fogs), and others triggered the air pollution
episode that eventually contributed to poor visibility, which in turn resulted in the cancellation,
diversion or delay of flights (Table 9). While there are no available cost estimates to monetize
the cost of flight cancelations, diversions and delays to airlines and airports, these have also
caused inconveniences for the passengers and their well-wishers.
Table 8. TSP levels during New Year (2011 & 2012)
STATION
New Year 2011
New Year 2012
430
540
130
205
206
421
5
g/Nm3
185
252
363
415
350
469
289
832
281
630
361
424
Cancelled
0
0
23
2011-2012
Diverted
0
0
4
Delayed
0
90
289
Despite availability of long-term air quality monitoring data during the days leading to or after the
New Years eve, there has yet to be a study that correlates firecrackers, air quality and health
and other impacts in the country. The existing air quality monitoring only covers particulate
concentrations but no research yet on levels of heavy metal concentrations potentially affected
by heavy metal components of fireworks. The special episodic monitoring is also limited to New
Years Eve and none during special events which use fireworks and firecrackers like Lunar New
Year or Pyrolympics.
Page | 48
28
Average Time
24-hour
Annual
24-hour
Annual
24-hour
Annual
1-hour
24-hour
Annual
NAAQGVa
150
60
230
90
150
-
WHO Guidelinesa
50
20
25
10
200
40
World Health Organization. 2006. WHO Air quality guidelines: particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide
Page | 49
Pollutant
Average Time
10-minute
1-hour
SO2
24-hour
Annual
1-hour
O3
8-hour
24-hour
1-hour
CO
8-hour
3-month
Pb
Annual
a
Values with unit g/Nm3, except for CO
NAAQGVa
180
80
140
60
35,000
10,000
1.5
1.0
WHO Guidelinesa
500
20
100
30,000
10,000
0.5
The WHO introduced the concept of Interim Targets in its 2006 Revision of Ambient Air Quality
Guidelines to provide the principle of continuous air quality improvement. In other countries, the
standards are promulgated years in advance but may be for implementation at a later stage,
allowing different sectors enough time to prepare for implementation. The Philippines may
review its standards and consider updating of the guideline values within such or similar
framework.
5.1.2. Airshed Management
Airsheds are designated areas with similar climate, weather, meteorology and topology which
affect the interchange and diffusion of pollutants in the atmosphere. They are also areas which
share common interest or face similar development programs, prospects or problems. 29As of
2011, there are 20 airsheds established in the Philippines. Table 11provides more details on
each airshed.
Activities under the airsheds include meeting with multi-stakeholders per airshed, broadening
the regular ambient air monitoring areas in the airshed, providing updates/briefing of issues
related to air quality management, rendering of briefing of tasks and roles of new members of
the governing board, and conducting awareness-raising on the importance of air quality
management to the public.
A key challenge to maximizing the activities of and benefits from airshed management is the
lack of technical assistance and capacity which can be supplemented and supported through
academic, NGO and development assistance.
Table 11. Airsheds per Region (2011)
Region
NCR
CAR
29
Name of
Airshed
National
Capital Region
Airshed
BLIST Airshed
Coverage
CR-Makati, Val., East Ave., EDSA-NPO, Ateneo,
Mandaluyong, Manila, Pasig, MRT (17 cities)
City of Baguio and Municipalities of La Trinidad,
Page | 50
Region
Name of
Airshed
Northeastern
Pangasinan
Airshed
II
Metro
Tuguegarao
(PIESTTA)
Airshed
BulacanPampangaBataan
Airshed
MakilingBanahaw
(Mak-Ban)
Geothermal
Airshed
Cavite-RizalLaguna
Airshed
Baco-NaujanCalapan
Airshed
III
IV-A
IV-B
VI
VII
VIII
IX
Naga City
Airshed
Bacon-Manito
(Bac-Man)
Geothermal
Airshed
Metropolitan
Iloilo Airshed
Southern
Negros
Geothermal
Airshed
Metro Cebu
Airshed
Leyte
Geothermal
Airshed
Zamboanga
Airshed
Coverage
Itogon, Tuba and Sabang
Binalonan, Binmaley, Calasiao, Dagupan City,
Jacinto, Laoac, Lingayen, Malasiqui, Manaoag,
Mangaldan, Mapandan, Pozorrubio, San Carlos
City, San Fabian, San Manula, Sta. Barbara,
Sison, Urdaneta City
Peablanca, Iguig, Enrile, Solana, Tuguegarao
City, Tuao, Amulong
Latitude:91538.2244-9205.4437
Longitude:123718.0068-1231245.2140
Page | 51
Region
Name of
Airshed
Cagayan de
Oro Airshed
XI
Davao City
Airshed
North
Cotabato
Geothermal
Airshed
South
Cotabato
Airshed
Agusan Del
Norte Airshed
XII
CARAGA
Coverage
Baluno,
Cawit,
Caragasan,
San
Roque,
Cabatangan, Sinunuc, Calarian, La Paz, Sta.
Maria, Camino Nuevo, Maasin, Sto. Nio, Pitogo,
Tulungatung, Malagutay, Talisayan, Pamucutan,
Upper Pasonanca (Dulian), Pasonanca)
East Coast Area (Arena Blanco, Lumayan,
Sangali, Boalan, Lumbangan, Sta. Catalina,
Cabaluay, Cacao Lunzuran, Talabaan, Mampang,
Talon-Talon Loop, Divisoria, Mariki, Taluksangay,
Guisao, Mercedes, Tetuan, Guiwan, Pasobolon,
Tugbunga,
Kasanyangan,
Putik,
Tumaga,
Lamisahan, Rio Hondo, Victoria, Lampacan,
Salaan, Zambowood, Lanzones)
Cagayan de Oro City and Municipalities of
Jasaan, Villanueva, Tagoloan, Opol and El
Salvador
Whole area of Davao City
Latitude: 6599.3947-7240.3374
Longitude: 1251213.3856-1251519.7223
collections came mostly from the LTO, which had a percent share of 76.5% of the grand total
(PHP 221.69 million of PHP289.79 million).
LTO
(in million
PHP)
YEAR
EMB
(in million
PHP)
2002
0.82
2003
3.62
Millions
Table 12. Total Deposits and Certifiable Available Funds made by EMB and LTO under the AQMF
in Million Pesos (PHP) (2002-2011)
350
300
250
200
2004
26.98
8.20
2005
33.01
15.48
150
2006
40.36
14.09
100
2007
29.62
13.76
2008
31.79
4.04
2009
13.90
4.14
2010
24.62
3.33
2011
21.41
1.35
TOTAL
221.69
68.10
GRAND TOTAL
50
0
LTO
EMB
289.79
A Special Allotment Request Order (SARO) was released to implement activities under RA
8749, chargeable to the AQMF. In 2008, the SARO (SARO-BMB-E-08-0012399) which
amounted to PHP 60.95 million (for Maintenance, Operations and Other Expenses [MOOE]:
PHP 27.49 million and for Capital Outlay: PHP 38.46 million) was released on November 21,
2008 (Table 13).
The released AQMF financed the following activities:
1.
2.
3.
4.
EMB OFFICE
Central Office
NCR
6,314
564
TOTAL
36,164
664
Page | 53
CAR
Region 1
Region 2
Region 3
Region 4A
Region 4B
Region 5
Region 6
Region 7
Region 8
Region 9
Region 10
Region 11
Region 12
Region 13
TOTAL
OTHER
GOVERNMENT
AGENCIES
963
964
444
564
564
444
964
964
964
444
444
964
963
443
443
17,414
MOOE
CO
LTO
DOST-PNRI
DOH-NCPDC
TOTAL
LOCAL
GOVERNMENT
UNITS
Quezon City
Makati City
Muntinlupa City
Mandaluyong City
TOTAL
4,790
1,735
1,500
8,025
210
560
0
770
AMOUNT
MOOE
CO
TOTAL
526
720
254
550
2,050
27,489
476
0
75
688
1,239
33,459
1,002
720
329
1,238
3,289
60,948
GRAND TOTAL
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
31,450
AMOUNT
1,063
1,064
544
664
664
544
1,064
1,064
1,064
544
544
1,064
1,063
543
543
48,864
TOTAL
5,000
2,295
1,500
8,795
Since 2008, the AQMF faced a number of challenges which often lead to delay or nondisbursement of AQMF.
a. Delayed issuance ofNational Cash Allotment
b. Late submission of liquidation report
c. Non-submission of liquidation report resulting to non-processing of 2nd tranche
release
d. Withdrawal of intention to pursue project
e. Cancellation of project due to national disasters
A fund similar to the AQMF is the Road Board fund which has earmarked a Special Vehicle
Pollution Control Fund.
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relevant regulated polluted emissions for stack gas volumetric flow rate by recording readings at
least once every 15 minutes.
The EMB is also responsible for the process of accrediting firms to conduct stack testing. As of
2010, EMB has approved a total of eight (8) Accredited Third Party stack testing firms five (5)
were accredited in 2009 and three(3) more were accredited in 2010. By 2011, the total number
of accredited firms now totals to 16after 4 firms were renewed and 4 more were accredited.
Aside from the EMB, the different LGUs have also implemented systems that aim to manage
emissions from stationary sources such as manufacturing plants, companies and businesses
operating within their boundaries. In most cases, the LGU activities are complementary to EMB
initiatives but in other instances, companies are burdened by duplicate requirements in these
two different government organizations examples include submission of self-monitoring
reports; or reports of third-party emissions/air quality monitoring work.
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PASSED
FAILED
TOTAL TESTED
% FAILED
% PASSED
Quezon City
Pasig City
Manila City
Mandaluyong City
Muntinlupa City
MMDA
EMB-NCR
Makati City
Grand Total
Source: EMB
8,006
3,174
2,789
0
84
1,015
863
0
15,931
10,724
5,861
7,404
7,908
3,349
2,379
1,674
5,214
44,513
18,730
9,035
10,193
7,908
3,433
3,394
2,537
5,214
60,444
57.3
64.9
72.6
100.0
97.6
70.1
66.0
100.0
73.6
42.7
35.1
27.4
0.0
2.4
29.9
34.0
0.0
26.4
The LTO also conducts roadside apprehensions to accost smoke-belching vehicles. From 2000
to 2008, LTO recorded the highest number of apprehensions in 2006 (Figure 30). In some
instances, the ordinances of local government units are in conflict with anti-smoke belching
efforts of LTO or of adjacent cities/municipalities.
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
May Dec
2000
Jan to
Dec
2001
Jan to
Dec
2002
Jan to
Dec
2003
Jan to
Dec
2004
Jan to
Dec
2005
Jan to
Dec
2006
Jan to
Dec
2007
Jan to
Dec
2008
On August 2011,Air Quality Management Section (AQMS) personnel of EMB conducted garage
emission testing of public utility buses (PUBs) operating in Metro Manila. Fourteen bus
terminals, with a total of 840 authorized vehicles, were visited. Out of the 840 vehicles, 191 units
(22.74%) were tested - 175 vehicles (91.62%) found to be in compliance with the standards,
while sixteen units (8.38%) failed to comply.
It was observed that compliance to emission standards is not dependent on the age of the
engine as long as proper preventive maintenance system is undertaken on a regular basis. As
part of the Linis Hangin Program a seminar/training on Fuel Efficiency and Motor Vehicle
Preventive Maintenance was conducted to educate bus operators, drivers and mechanics on
the proper preventive maintenance processes.
As part of the certification process, pursuant to Chapter II Section 22 of the RA 8749 and Part
IX, Rule XXXI of DAO 2000-81 (IRR of RA 8749), a Certificate of Conformity (COC) is issued to
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all brand new motor vehicles that comply with the emission limits prescribed by the regulation.
The AQMS sets a target of releasing 300 COCs to brand new motorcycles and motor vehicles
for 2010 and 300 COC for 2011. In 2010, a total of 329 COCs were issued (76 for motorcycles,
253 for motor vehicles) while in 2011, 317 COCs were released (95 for motorcycles, 222 for
motor vehicles).
As part of regular motor vehicle registration process, vehicles are subject to annual emissions
testing through PETCs. Despite previous and on-going programs to rid the process of graft and
corruption practices, it is unfortunate that vehicle non-appearance for emissions testing and
other similar activities are still common.
The DOE has also started validation test of E-10 compatibility with motorcycles in 2010.
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The EMB Regional Offices also conduct basic trainings for Pollution Control Officers, and
organize various activities to celebrate the National Clean Air Month of November. The EEIDEMB has also initiated the printing of Di Ako Smoke Belcher stickers and the Smoke
Belching: Isang Tanong at Sagot booklet, and also led in the conduct of lectures to several
stakeholders of the EMB on air quality management concerns, both at the national and regional
level.
PCA, together with the Electric Vehicle Association of the Philippines (EVAP), Meralco and other
stakeholders, organized the 1st Electric Vehicle Summit in 2010. The summit brought together various
stakeholders from the private sector, academe, civil society, and government, which led to the formation
of the Electric Vehicle Alliance of the Philippines. The event tackled issues and challenges posed by the
shift of the transport industry from conventional gasoline/diesel-fed vehicles to electric-powered
automobiles - including technology, financing, policy, global perspective, and environmental benefits.
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Eco-Waste Coalition
Iwas PapuToxic Campaign on Firecrackers
Eco-Waste complements DOHs anti-fireworks campaigns, and cites other ways the New Year can be
celebrated without turning to firecrackers that yield poisonous fumes and discards, and cause injuries and
deaths (in extreme cases). Eco-waste has partnered with the Miss Earth Foundation, Ministry of Ecology
of the Our Lady of Remedies Parish in Malate, and the Philippine Animal Welfare Society to organize
creative events for the public to understand the ill-effects of firecrackers including its impact on air quality.
CAI-Asia serves as the conduit for the UNEP-TNT Clean Fleet Tookit that enables fleet managers and
other stakeholders to practice clean fleet management in Asia. In the Philippines, CAI-Asia, together with
the Philippine Business for the Environment (PBE) trained in 2009, theMeralco South Distribution
Services on clean fleet management and the use of the toolkit. Meralco SDS employed measures such
as eco-driving, better vehicle maintenance, and vehicle replacement, and reviewed and improved their
vehicle maintenance schedules and protocols. During the first half of 2010, Meralco SDS reported more
than 14% savings. The team was awarded with a special citation during the Lopez Group Business
Excellence Awards, and Meralcos successis being replicated throughout the entire company and other
affiliate companies.30
30CAI-Asia, 2010. Factsheet No. 19 Clean Fleet Management: Addressing Road Fleet Externalities. Pasig City,
Philippines.
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5.6.3.
Private Sector
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http://philippines.usaid.gov/programs/energy-environment/climate-change-and-clean-energy-project-cenergy
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an executive order that created the Iloilo City coalition on clean air and climate change, and submit a
Road Map report. On the same year, both cities conducted vision workshops wherein about 44
representatives from various stakeholders joined the visioning process.
37For
charts that present respective trends on PH and annual depositions of SO 42-, non-sea salt (nss) SO42-, NO3-, and Cl-, Ca2+, nss-Ca2+, Na+, K+,
Mg2+, NH4+ and H+, in mmol m-2y-1 from 2000 to 2010, see Appendix B.
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EPA long-term standard of 15 g/m3 and the WHO guideline value of 10 g/m3, indicating a
need to address fine particulate air pollution.
Recent studies have identified black carbon (BC) as a short-lived climate forcer or pollutants
that contribute to global warming. Reduction of black carbon has been considered, therefore, as
a short-term solution to climate change while waiting for mitigation measures for the GHGs to
take effect. In Metro Manila, in particular at the ADMU sampling site PM 2.5 annual mean levels
exceeded WHO guideline value of 10 g/m3 which are made up up to > 80% BC. Previous
source apportionment studies in Metro Manila have identified traffic-related activities as
comprising more than 50% of the fine fraction air pollutant sources. Addressing problems
regarding traffic-related activities can greatly reduce our fine particulate pollution problems
including the black carbon which can bring about better air quality in the area resulting to a
healthier air to breath by the general public and contributing to mitigation of climate change.
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6. RECOMMENDATIONS
This section aims to list a number of recommended steps and measures in four main aspects
policy, research and development, capacity building and institutional framework, and finance,
which various stakeholders can consider to implement in the immediate or long-term periods,
with strong support at the national and local levels of governance in the country.
6.1. Policy
1. Regulation of Firecrackers
2. Creation of Environment and Natural Resources Office in all LGUs
3. Passing of uniform guidelines on roadside apprehensions for smoke-belching motor
vehicles
4. Passing of a bill on providing incentives for e-vehicles
5. Inspections and Maintenance System
Priority
Target Responsible
Group
Quezon City
Government, EMB
NCR
4 to 8
2 to 4
Taguig, Cagayan
de Oro
Other cities
1 to 2
6.4. Finance
1. Facilitation of the certification of deposits and the release of Air Quality Management
Fund to optimize its use.
2. Exploration of more funding through corporate social responsibility portfolio of
companies.
3. Review of Road Board guidelines to avail the Special Vehicle Pollution Control Fund.
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Acknowledgments
In the preparation of this Report, the contribution of the following organizations is hereby
acknowledged:
Ateneo School of Government (ASOG)
Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI-Asia)
City of Makati - Department of Environmental Services
Department of Agriculture (DA)
Department of Energy (DOE)
Department of Health (DOH)
Department of Transport and Communication (DOTC)
Institute for Climate and Sustainable Cities
Land Transportation Office (LTO)
Manila International Airports Authority (MIAA)
Manila Observatory (MO)
MAPECON Green Charcoal Philippines
Miriam CollegeEnvironmental Studies Institute
National Statistics Office (NSO)
National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB)
Partnership for Clean Air (PCA)
Philippine Institute of Petroleum (PIP)
Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI)
Philippine Medical Association (PMA)
Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Association of the Philippines (PHAP)
EMB Regional Offices
EMB/DENR Cordillera Administrative Region
EMB/DENR Region I
EMB/DENR Region II
EMB/DENR Region III
EMB/DENR Region IV A
EMB/DENR Region IV B
EMB/DENR Region V
EMB/DENR Region VI
EMB/DENR Region VII
EMB/DENR Region VIII
EMB/DENR Region IX
EMB/DENR Region X
EMB/DENR Region XI
EMB/DENR Region XII
EMB/DENR National Capital Region
EMB/DENR CARAGA
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