1 4 physical

1.4
h i l property off Reservoir
R
i
Fluid
z Physical
Ph i l properties
ti off crude
d oil
il
z Physical
Ph i l properties
ti off formation
f
ti water
t
z The application of high-pressure
parameters of fluid equation of
material balance

Problem
1. What is the definition of gas solubility in crude
oil , the unit and the factors for gas solubility?
2. In the liberation processes, what is the
relationship between flash liberation and multimulti
stage liberation? And the relationship between
multi-stage liberation and differential liberation?

1 Physical properties of crude oil

z

Density of crude oil

Dissolved gas-oil ratio of crude oil

Oil formation
f
ti volume
l
factor
f t

Isothermal compressibility coefficient of crude

oil

Viscosity of crude oil

1.1 Density and specific gravity

mo
o =
Vo

kg/m3

o
o =
w
o

API =

141.5

131.5

lb/ft3


g/cm 3

0.75
1

70 C

0.70

0.65

84 C
0

10

15

20

2
25

30

35

MPa

density decreases with the increasing temperature;

Below the bubble pressure
pressure, with the increase of pressure
pressure,
density of crude oil decreases because of the increasing
dissolution volume of natural gas;
Above the bubble pressure, with the increase of pressure,
density of crude oil increases because of the system
compressed by pressure;

1.2 Dissolved gas-oil ratio of crude oil

Gas oil ratio (Rs) refers to the standard volume of

gas which dissolves in one stock tank volume of oil
at formation pressure and temperature.

Pi>Pb , Rs= Rsi

Pi=Pb, Rs=Rsi
Pi<Pb, Rs<Rsi

1.3 Oil formation volume factor

1)conception

The oil formation volume factor, Bo, is defined as the

(plus the g
gas in solution)) at
ratio of the volume of oil (p
the prevailing reservoir temperature and pressure to
th volume
the
l
off oilil att standard
t d d conditions.
diti
B
Bo iis always
l
greater than or equal to unity
unity.
Expressed mathematically as:

Bo =

(V f ) P ,T
Vos

2) Oil shrinkage

= (V f Vos ) / V f = ( Bo 1) / Bo
reflects the shrinkage of crude oil extracted from
th reservoir
the
i

3) The relation between oil volume factor and pressure

P<P
P<Pb, Bo
P= Pb, Bo= Bob
P= Pb, Bo
P =0.1MPa,, Bo=1 at
standard conditions

4)Two phase volume factor

(or

Total formation volume factor)

Two phase volume factor containing oil and gas

refers to the ratio of the bulk volume of reservoir oil
and gas participation and the degassing oil volume.
volume
Bt =

V f + ( Rsi Rs )Vos Bg
Vos

Vf
Vos

+ ( Rsi Rs ) Bg = Bo + ( R si R s ) B g

(1)When formation pressure is greater

Bt = Bo + ( R si R s ) Bg

or equal to saturation pressure (that is

PPb) ,RsRsii, RsiiR
Rs0, then BtBob,b
That is, two phase volume factor equal to

Bt

single phase volume factor.

factor
(2)When formation pressure decreases

Bob

to standard
d d pressure, dissolved
di l d gas will
ill
be completely evolved from crude oil, Rs
0; at the time, Bg1,Bo1, get Bt
1+Rsithis is the maximum for Bt .
(3)Bt-P curve only exists when PPb.
When PPb,
b , it is single phase oil.

Pb

Bt is the function of p.

1.4 Crude oil compressibility coefficient

Crude oil compressibility coefficient refers
to the change in volume per unit volume for a
g in pressure.
p
unit change
1 V f
1 V f
1 Vb V f
Co = (
)T

=
V f P
V f P
V f Pb P

1 Bob Bo
Co =
Bo Pb P

1 5 Crude oil viscosity

1.5

C d oil
Crude
il viscosity
i
it is
i an important
i
t t physical
h i l
property that controls and influences the flow of oil
through porous media and pipes. The viscosity, in
general, is defined as the internal resistance of the
fluid to flow.
The oil viscosity is a strong function of the
temperature, pressure, oil gravity, gas gravity, and
gas solubility.
l bilit

1) Chemical composition factors

Or Oil gravity

The chemical composition of crude oil is the internal

cause and main factor that affects viscosity. Generally
speaking, high viscosity with high formula weight,
nonhydrocarbon content (gum
(gum-asphalt
asphalt content) affects
viscosity greatly.

2) Temperature factors

10000
0.9861

mPa.s

1000
100

0.8762

10
1

0.1
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Oil viscosityy is sensitive to temperature

p
variation. The
viscosity decreases with temperature increasing.
The
sensitiveness to various kinds of crude oil is different. For
certain oil, when temperature increases 10 , the viscosity
may decrease 50%

3)Pressure factors

1.6 The variation law of physical properties for typical

unsaturated
t
t d reservoir
i oil
il

Exercises:
1 Laboratory analysis are performed on reservoir
fluids to evaluate fluid properties. An 320cm3 oil
sample in PVT cell was at 17MPa and 93
93.3
3
reservoir conditions. When pressure reduced to
13 6MPa the oil sample volume
13.6MPa,
ol me in cell increased to
335.2cm3. After evolved 4.1 L gas, the remaining oil
in cell was 303cm3. The pressure and temperature
reduced to 0.1MPa and 20 , respectively, the
remaining oil was 230cm3 and released gas was
16.4 L.
Calculate: Rs, Bo, Bg, Z, Bt at 13.6MPa

320cm3

Vg ,p
p

Vg11, 4.1L
4 1L

Vo,
303cm3

Vg2, 16.4
16 4 L
Vs

Pf, Tf

P, T

P 0 , T0

2 The following is the PVT analysis at 93.3

Pressure ,MPa

27.579

System volume, cm3

404

20.684 17.237
408

410

13.790 10.342
430

450

After compressed, the system is expanded to 13.79MPa again.

The remaining liquid volume is 388 cm3 and the evolved gas
5.275 L (measured at standard conditions). Then system
pressure decreased to 0.1MPa, temperature 20 , the
remaining liquid volume is 295 cm3, liberated gas volume
measured at standard conditions is 21 L, calculate:
((1)the
)
bubble p
pressure of the system.
y
(2)Co, Bg at 20.684 MPa
(3)Bo, Bt, Rs at 17
17.237,
237 13.790MPa
13 790MPa respectively
(4)Bg, Z at 13.790 MPa

2 Physical Properties of Formation Water

Formation water refers to edge and bottom water,
y water and bound water.
interlayer
Bound water (or immobile water)refers to the
water that remains in reservoir after the generation of
reservoir. It coexists with oil and gas but does not join
in the flow.

Formation water is a kind of formation fluid that has

close contact with oil and gas. Edge and bottom water
are considered as driving forces. Though bound water
doesnt join in flowing, its distribution has direct impact
on oil
il saturation.
t
ti

The following purpose is:

1to judge edge water flow, block connectivity
and to analyze the cause of water breakthrough in
producing well;
2to study the compatibility conditions with
water and to analyze the causes and extents of
damage;

3to provide references to the treatment and

exhaust design of field waste water

4to judge sedimentary environment according

to reservoir water type.

2 Physical
y
Properties
p
of Formation Water
2 1 Chemical Composition and Classification
2.1
2.2 Physical Properties of Formation Water
Water
ate formation
o at o volume
o u e factor
acto
Water viscosity
Gas solubility in water
Water
Water isothermal compressibility coefficient

2.1 Chemical Composition and Classification of

Formation Water
1 Chemical Composition
It is
i known
k
as salt
lt water.
t
Common cations : Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+;
Common anions : Cl-, SO42-, HCO3- CO32, NO3-, Br-, I -

 micro-organism .
is a stubborn anaerobic
sulfate reducer , which contributes to
th casing
the
i
corrosion
i
and
d formation
f
ti
plug
l
i water
in
t
injecting. They may be present in the closed
reservoir, or entering into the formation while
drilling.
drilling
organic matter . such as naphthenic
acid , fatty acid and other more
comple organic compounds,
complex
compo nds etc.
etc These matters
have a direct impact on oil sweep efficiency .

1 Salinity
The salinity of water refers to the bulk concentration of
mineral salt in water,
water unit system is mgL or ppm.
ppm
The total salinity is expressed by the sum of cations and
anions content in water.
I i millinormal
Ionize
illi
l content
t t
equals
l to
t
the ratio of the concentration of a certain ion and its
equivalent weight.
E g: Supposed
S
that the content off C
Cl- is
i 896mgLand
896
equivalent weight () of Cl- is 35.3 the millinormal
content()789635.3225.6 mgL

In primary condition, formation water with

high salinity is in saturated solution state. When it
flows to the ground
ground, the salt will separate from
p
of temperature
p
formation water with the depression
and pressure. Seriously, the salt will crystallize (
in well bore and bring great difficulties for
production.

2 Hardness of water
The formation water hardness refers to the content of
calcium, magnesium and other divalent cations(
).

In chemical driving (such as polymer or active agent

injection), sediments formed by chemical injection will
affect
ff t the
th displacement
di l
t efficiency
ffi i
if the
th hardness
h d
i too
is
t
high.
g

2 Water Classification
1)) Water type
type
yp

Surin method
(1) sodium sulfate type(Na2SO4)reflects
b d structure
bad
t
t
closure
l
, which
hi h is
i unfavorable
f
bl for
f oil
il
&gas accumulation and preservation;
(2) sodium bicarbonate type (NaHCO3)
reflects water under continental environment,
y spread
p
in oilfield p
produced water,, which
widely
could be symbol of oil distribution.

(3) magnesium chloride type (MgCl2)

reflects water under marine environment,
environment generally
exist in interior layer of oilfield

(4) calcium chloride type(CaCl

reflects
2)
water under closed structure,, which is favorable for
oil&gas accumulation and preservation, and symbol
off good
d oil
il distribution.
di t ib ti

2) Water Type Judgment

Combined Order of Anions and Cations
N a+ + K +

1
2
3

1
2
3

C l-

M g 2+

S O 42 -

C a 2+

H C O 3-

2.2 Physical Properties of Formation Water

1The solubility of gas in
formation water
The solubility of gas in
formation water refers to the
standard volume of dissolved
gas in per unit of formation
water at formation pressure
and
d ttemperature
t
( t d d)
(standard)
m3m3).

2 Formation
F
i water compressibility
ibili coefficient
ffi i
Compressibility coefficient of formation water
refers to the change in volume per unit volume
for a unit change in pressure.
Cw =

1 V w
(
)T
V w P

Cw compressibility of formation water, MPa1

Vw volume of formation water, m3

Vw
)T
P

volume variance ratio of formation water with pressure

variation under constant pressure condition, m3/MPa

3 Volume
Volume factor of formation water
The formation water volume factor
factor, Bw,
Bw is defined as
the ratio of the volume of water (plus the gas in solution)
at the prevailing reservoir temperature and pressure to
the volume of water at standard conditions. Bw is
always greater than or equal to one.

Vw
Bw =
V ws

4
Formation Water Viscosityy

3 The application of high-pressure

parameters
t
off fluidequilibrium
fl id
ilib i
equation of reservoir material
The material balance equation (MBE) has long been
recognized as one of the basic tools of reservoir
engineers for interpreting and predicting reservoir
performance.
f
Estimate initial hydrocarbon
y
volumes in p
place
Predict future reservoir performance
Predict ultimate hydrocarbon recovery under
yp of p
primary
y driving
g mechanisms
various types

Reservoir material balance equation is based on

the material balance principle.
For example:
(1) The gas phase balance :
Original gas reserve in reservoir
the output gas +the residual gas in reservoir

(2) The volumetric balance :

supposed that a saturated reservoir with gas

cap and bottom water. During the development,
with the pressure depletion the volume of
prod ced oil,
produced
oil gas and water
ater is sho
shown
n in Fig.
Fig

pii
Initial
I iti l reservoir
i pressure, MPa
MP
p
Volumetric average reservoir pressure, MPa
p Change in reservoir pressure = pi p, MPa
pb Bubble point pressure, MPa
N
Initial (original) oil in place, m3
m
Ratio of initial gas-cap-gas
gas cap gas reservoir volume to
initial reservoir oil volume
Np Cumulative oil produced, m3
Gp Cumulative gas produced, m3
Wp Cumulative water produced, m3
Rp Cumulative gas
gas-oil
oil ratio,
ratio sm3/m3

GOR
Rsi
Rs
Boi
Bo
Bgi
Bg
Winj
Ginj
We
G
P.V
Cw
Cf

Instantaneous gas-oil ratio, sm3/m3

Initial gas solubility, sm3/m3
Gas solubility,
y sm3/m3
Initial oil formation volume factor, m3/sm3
Oil formation volume factor,, m3/sm3
Initial gas formation volume factor, m3/sm3
Gas formation volume factor,, m3/sm3
Cumulative water injected, m3
Cumulative g
gas injected,
j
, m3
Cumulative water influx, m3
Initial g
gas-cap
p gas,
g , m3
Pore volume, m3
Water compressibility, MPa-1
Formation (rock) compressibility, MPa-1

The volume occupied by initial oil place :

NBoi (OIIP)
Th volume
The
l
occupied
i db
by initial
i iti l gas place:
l
mNBoi (GIIP)
The total gas reserve in original bulk:

m N Boii
N Rs +
Bgi

The remaining gas volume at p in reservoir: G

The solution gas volume at p in the remaining oil :

( N N p ) Rs
The evolved gas volume at p in gas cap:

[(1 + m) N Boi ( N N p ) Bo (W W p ) Bw ]
Bg

The output gas volume at p in producing:

N p Rp
Original gas reserve in reservoir
the
h output gas
+
the residual gas in reservoir

N p [ Bt + ( R p Rsi ) B g ] (W W p ) Bw
N=
B g B gi
( Bt Bti ) + mBti (
)
B gi
1) high press
pressure
re physical
ph sical parameters of oil/gas : such
s ch as
Rsi, Rs, Bgi, Bg, Boi, Bo, Bti, Bt Bw etc.
2) production data , such as Np, Wp and Rp.
3) unknown static, such as N, m, W .

exercises
1 Derived the expression of calculating reserves in a certain
saturated
t t d oilil reservoir
i by
b using
i material
t i l balance
b l
principle.
i i l
Supposed an original reservoir with no gas cap and no bottom
and badge water is in bubble pressure condition,
condition in which
developed by solution gas driving. During the process of
producing,
p
g no water of bottom and badge
g was influxed and a
gas cap occured with the decreasing pressure. given that
reservoir volume is constant.
E
Expressed
d parameters:
t
Original oil reserve: No, accumulate producing oil volume: Np,
initial ratio of solution gas to oil:Rsi
oil:Rsi, producing ratio of
solution gas to oil:Rp
oil volume factor at pb: Boi ratio of solution gas to oil at p:Rs
oil volume factor at p: Bo
gas volume factor at p: Bg

2. Given that the oil initially in place (OIIP) 2.305106m3 of some

saturated
t t d oil
il reservoir,
i the
th following
f ll i is
i the
th detail
d t il producing
d i
information about the reservoir:
P, MPa

Rs, sm3/m3

Bo, m3/sm3

Bg, sm3/m3

Bt, m3/sm3

Rp, sm3/m3

Np, m3

12.755*

122.89

1.363

0.00696

1.363

----

11.032

110.60

1.333

0.00892

1.437

156.37

272660

8.963

95.28

1.300

0.01067

1.594

177.39

545330

6.895

87.89

1.258

0.01404

1.748

195.91

Notes: * refers as the bubble pressure

Calculate:
1)how much was the water influx when the accumulate
producing oil volume was 272660 m3 and 545330 m3 ,
respectively?
espec ve y?
2)If the pressure reduced to 6.895MPa, the water influx was
1.0135106m3 , how much was the accumulate producing oil
volume?