URBAN PLANNING

SETTLEMENTS
Period

Type

Location

9000 BC

Neolithic City

Jericho

Designers

Description

Center of Development

well organized community of 3000 people

freshwater

3 hectares in size & enclosed with a circular stone wall

5500 BC

Neolithic City

Khirokitia

first documented city with streets

(Cyprus)

main street is narrow but with wide terminal

Largest Neolithic City with 13 hectares for 10,000 people

7000 BC

Neolithic City

Catal Huyuk
(Turkey)

without streets

3000-4000 BC

City in Fertile Crescent

Eridu

Oldest City

3000-4000 BC

City in Fertile Crescent

Damascus

oldest continually inhabited city

3000-4000 BC

City in Fertile Crescent

Babylon

largest: 80,000 inhabitants

Thebes & Memphis

characterized by monumental architecture popularly symbolized by the pyramids

3000 BC

pyramids

(Egypt)
2500 BC
1900 BC

Mohenjo-Daro

administrative religios center for 40,000 inhabitants

Anyang

largest city in yellow river valley

Beijing

Ming Dynasty

Mexico

Largest cities in this era

Greece

religious & defensive structure up to the hill with no definite geometrical plan

Greece

largest Cities

City of Miletus

Greece

regarded as first planned city

Roman City

Rome

Yellow River Valley

Land within the passes

800 BC
BC-AD

Teotijuacan

ring roads

Dzibilchatun
700 BC

Acropolis
polis: city-state
Sparta
Athens

450-400 BC

3 sections: artisans, farmers, and military

Medieval Ages

adopted greek forms but with different scale

Constantinople

roman forum
rise of church

Sienna, Italy
11th century
15th century

New 11th century towns

Europe

Mercantilist City

Europe

Ideal City

France

Lenotre for Versailes

France

Kalshure

Germany

Medieval Organic City

Coastal port towns

continuous increase in size while the power of feudal lords declined
Vasari

kings achieved unity & display their affluence & power by improving & beautifying their cities

G. Maggi

Medieval Era

landscape architetcure was showcased in palaces and gardens

garden

America

no regular street form

boug: military town

Medieval Bastide

America

from French bastide; New towns placed in previously unsettled areas;

river valleys

built in regular grid-like/ radial form around them

Spanish Law of Indies

America

built from King Philip II's city guidelines that produced 3 types of towns

fauborg: citizen's town

town

pueblo: civil; presidio: military; mission: religious

English Renaissance

Annapolis

Gov. Col. Francis

European Planned City

Williamsburg

Nicholson

capitals in Chesapeake Bay Region

Industrial

English Renaissance

Charleston,S.Caroline

James

European Planned City

Savannah,Georgia

Oglethorpe

Washington DC

Pierre L'Enfant

Speculators Town

Philadelphia

William Penn

developments driven by speculation with emphasis on equality

Robert Owen

he spearheaded the Reform Movement by this proposal

Robert Owen

self-sufficient and complete with agricultural, light industrial, educational and recreational facilities
Industrial village same as with one in Lanark Mills

Ideal City

Revolution

ports of southeast oast

meant for 800-1200 persons on at least 600-1800 acres of land

Industrial Village

New Lanark Mills

Manchester

New Harmony

Indiana

Owen's son

Brook Farm

Massachusetts

New England Planners

Une Cite Industrielle

Tony Garnier

Garden City

Ebenezer Howard

industrial town with an imaginary site consisting of a high plateau & level valley, all alongside
the river. Plateau: residential; valley: factories : precursor of modern zoning
cities built in the countryside with rail access to the original city. Garden city-sattelite city

garden

surrounded by greenbelts of agricultural land

Garden City

1891
20th century

Letchworth

Garden City

Welwyn

Green Suburbs

Hampstead

Raymond Unwin

combination of landscaping, informal street layouts and a main axis focusing on town center

Barry Parker

3000 acres: agriculture; 1500: city proper

Louis de Soisson

Accidental City: smaller land area 2400 acres; Georgian houses

town center
mile long mall

housing only with terminating axes on civic buildings in a large common green

City Beautiful

Chicago

Daniel Burnham

(Reconstruction)

Paris

Baron Hausmann

Linear connection: Arc de Triumph & Eiffel Tower & large boulevard Champs de Ellysee

grand formal design

New Capital

Brasilia

Lucio Costa

2 huge axes in sign of the cross, with principal multi-level traffic arteries traversing these axes

New Capital

Chandigarh

Le Corbusier

Original plan: Albert Myer; regular grid of major roads for rapid transport

New Capital

Canberra

Walter Griffin

ciy beautiful movement principles; triangular formation of 3 important buildings

radburn principle

Court of Justice; Parliament House; Capitol Building

New Capital

New Delhi

Edward Lutyens

City of Towers

New York

Le Corbusier

basd on great east-west axis of Kingsway, Government House on a hilltop on West end

Unite d' Habitation

Marseilles

Le Corbusier

super building: containing 337 dwellings in 10 acres of land

Le Contemporaine

Paris

Le Corbusier

3M people; transit was underground

Broadacres

US

Frank Lloyd Wright

1 family=1 acre

Mile High Tower

Manhattan

Frank Lloyd Wright

to free up space for greenfields

Linear City

Soria Y Mata

Arcology Alternative

Paolo Soleri

3D city

Motopia

Edward Chambless

elevated roads

Science Cities

Metabolism Group

Floating City

Kiyonori Kikutake

response to land reclamation

Clarence Perry

physical environment wherein social,cultural,educational & commercial are within easy

Clarence Stein

reach of each other & was not intended to segregate anybody by race, religion or income

Barbican Development

Early type of Planned Unit development that had all amenities in 1 compound

Neighborhood Unit

unit: template for self-sustainability of smaller units

Millionaire Cities
Megalopolis concept

large cities were the exception prior to the 20th century

NE US
urban complexes

Jean Gottman

Great City: greeks; massive urban concentrations created from strong physical linkages
between 3 or more large cities

Elementary School

URBAN PLANNING
SETTLEMENT PLANNING: PHILIPPINES
Era/Period

Settlement

Builders

Description

Pre-Colonial

Barangay

Location

Natives

Community unit

rivers/farms

Spanish

Law of Indies

Spaniards

following certain guidelines

plaza complex

Colonial

Intramuros

Spaniards

1.2 km area; 7000 residents

American

American Agenda

Americans

guide urban growth & physical development

sanitation, housing

Daniel Burnham

similar to Washington DC, fronted Manila Bay; Pasig River integral part; too grand

civic core

Manila
Manila

as first chartered city

Manila

18000 people; July 31, 1903: Act no. 183--City of Manila was incorporated

GROWTH OF MANILA
Period

City/Development

Main Element

Description

Arrabales

Quiapo

Illustrado territory

enclave of the rich & powerful; manifestation of folk religiosity

Tondo

Coastal city

Binondo

Financial Center

Sta.Cruz

Commercial District

shops, movie houses, restaurants, etc.

San Nicolas

Commercial Town

streets with specialized categories of products

Sampaloc

University Town

on 2 churches : Our Lady of Loreto & St. Anthony de Padua

trading port developed by the Chinese and Arabs

Later

San Miguel

Suburbs

Malate

Summer Resort

of wealthy Filipinos; first fishing and salt-making town

Resthouses of Spaniards were built

Ermita

Red-Light District

Early Tourist Belt

Paco

first town built around the train station

Pandacan
Further

Quezon City

New Capital

built by Americans for Oil Depot

master plan by: Juan Arellano, Harry T. Frost, Louis Croft, AD Williams

Suburbanization

Constitution Hill

new site: the Capital

158 ha in Novaliches Watershed--National Government Center; 20 ha civic space--Plaza of the Republic

PHHC

precursor of NHA; neighborhood concept

Middle class residential; master plan by Carlos Arguelles

Philam Life Homes

Projects 1-8
BLISS

Icon of middle class suburbanization during the 1950's

walk-up housing units for the govenrment sector; by Manuel Manosa, Geronimo Manahan, Gabino de Leon, Honorato Paloma

Present Day

Navotas

most dense

Metro Manila

Marikina City

least dense

Metro Manila

Manila

CBD's

Makati

Ayala; 1948

business & recreational center of the Metropolitan region

Ortigas

Ortigas; 1950

600 hectares; shopping

Cubao

Araneta; 1960

alternative business center in the eastern side of the metropolis; bazaar economy

Emerging CBD's

center for business & commerce, population nucleus & seats of government

Fort Bonifacio

Global City

former military base, envisioned to be first intelligent & ecological city; 500 ha;between Makati & Ortigas

Boulevard 2000

Phil. Estates Authority

usher renaissance of Manila; reclamation

Filinvest

Corporate City

joint venture of government & privae sector; access of residential to nearby industrial estates & technological parks

Center of development

URBAN PLANNING
IMAGE OF

Kevin Lynch

THE CITY

RESPONSIVE

Ian Bentley

ENVIRONMENTS

URBAN

SHAPE

PATTERN

URBAN

Concentric Zone Theory

MODELS

Path

channel along which oberserver moves;

roads

Edge

linear elements not used as paths; not as dominant as paths but are important organizing features

riverside

District

2D, "inside of", common identifiable character.

red light district

Node

points or strategic spots by which an observer can enter; directly related to paths & districts

junction

Landmark

point references; scale varies; unique & special in place

Rizal monument

Permeabilty

designing overall layout of routes & development blocks

Variety

depends on feasibility;locating uses in the site

Legibility

designing the massing of the building & enclosureof public spaces

Robustness

arrangement of individual buildings & outdoor spaces

Visual Appropriateness

designing the external image; details

Richness

developing design for sensory choice

Personalization

make people put their own mark on the plces where they live & work

Radiocentric

large circle with radial corridors of intense development emanating from the center

Rectilinear

2 corridors of intense development crossing at the center, small cities

Star

radiocentric form with open spaces between the outreaching corridors of development

Ring

city built around a large open space

Branch

Linear span with connecting arms

Sheet

vast urban area with little/ no articulation

Articulated sheet

sheet accented by 1 or more central clusters & several subclusters

Constellation

series of nearly equal sized cities in close proximity

Linear

result of natural topography which restricts growth, transportation spine

Satellite

constellation of cities around a main center

EW Burgess

CBD: center; includes transition zone for expansion--factories, slums, ethnic village

geographer
Sector Model

Homer Hoyt

other uses grow with the CBD in specific directions; cities grow in the direction of the higher income

economist
Multiple Nuclei Model

Chauncy Harris (g)

premise that uses do not evolve around a single core but at several nodes

Edward Pullman (g)

Urban Realms

James Vance

emergence of large self-sufficient suburban sectors, each focused on a downtown independent of the central city

sociologist
URBAN

conservation

retaining the essentil spirit of the original

REDEV'T

urban renewal

renewing towns; redevelopment & rehabilitation;

STARTEGIES

adaptive reuse

conversion of buildings into different uses without significantly altering the structure

rehabilitation

repairing, converting, redecorating

URBAN

Invasion

entrance of new population or facilites in an already occupied area

ECOLOGICAL

Block-boosting

forcing old population out of the area because of social differences

PROCESSES

Centralization

increase in population at a certain geographic center

Gentrification

improving physical set-up, affecting market of previously rundown areas

URBAN PLANNING
EMERGING

Planned Unit

THEORIES

Development

Cluster zoning

mid-sized developments with the intentions of self-sustainability, no zoning regulations

Transit Oriented

670m form transit stop

Urban TOD

trucnk line of transit network;

Developments

& commercial core

Neighborhood TOD

local bus line within 10 minutes travel time from a trunk line of transit stop

Andres Duany

Walton County

strong sense of community, by the sea

Elizabeth Prater-Zyberk

Florida

Jackson Taylor

Peter Calthorpe

San Jose
California

originally an industrial town, redeveloped with new housing & commercial uses

Laguna West

Peter Calthorpe

Sacramento County

emphasis on well-defined public spaces & amenities; focal point--100-acre town center

Phil Angelides 1990

California

town center: located at terminus of radial boulevards which originate in neighborhood parks

Kentlands

Andres Duany

Gaithersburg

355-acre new development; 6 neighborhoods; lake & greenbelts define neighborhoods

Elizabeth Prater-Zyberk

Maryland

Peter Calthorpe
NEW

Seaside

URBANISM

75-acre; 2 edges--Hispanic & Japanese; historic district of Victorian homes