Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FifthEdition
Talaro
Chapter
4
ProkaryoticProfiles:
theBacteriaandtheArchaea
Chapter4
Fig.4.1
3
flagella
3parts
filament long,thin,helicalstructurecomposedof
proteins
hook curvedsheath
basalbody stackofringsfirmlyanchoredincell
wall
rotates360o
12ormanydistributedoverentirecell
functionsinmotility
4
Flagellararrangements
1. monotrichoussingleflagellumatoneend
2. lophotrichoussmallbunchesarisingfrom
oneendofcell
3. amphitrichousflagellaatbothendsofcell
4. peritrichousflagelladispersedoversurface
ofcell,slowest
axialfilaments
periplasmic,internalflagella,enclosed
betweencellwallandcellmembraneof
spirochetes
motility
Fig4.7ab
fimbrae
finehairlikebristlesfromthecellsurface
functioninadhesiontoothercellsand
surfaces
pili
rigidtubularstructuremadeofpilinprotein
foundonlyinGramnegativecells
Functions
joinsbacterialcellsforDNAtransfer(conjugation)
adhesion
10
Conjugation
11
glycocalyx
Coatingofmoleculesexternaltothecellwall,
madeofsugarsand/orproteins
2types
1. capsulehighlyorganized,tightlyattached
2. slimelayerlooselyorganizedandattached
functions
attachment
inhibitskillingbywhitebloodcells
receptor
12
Fig4.10
13
2TypesofGlycocalyx
14
Biofilms
15
16
Peptidoglycan
uniquemacromoleculecomposedofa
repeatingframeworkoflongglycanchains
crosslinkedbyshortpeptidefragments
providesstrong,flexiblesupporttokeep
bacteriafromburstingorcollapsingbecause
ofchangesinosmoticpressure
17
Peptidoglycan
CellWallVideo
18
4groupsbasedoncellwall
composition
1.
2.
3.
4.
Grampositivecells
Gramnegativecells
Bacteriawithoutcellwalls
Bacteriawithchemicallyuniquecellwalls
19
Gram positive
Gram negative
20
Fig4.16
21
Grampositivecellwall
Consistsof
athick,homogenoussheathofpeptidoglycan
2080nmthick
tightlyboundacidicpolysaccharides,including
teichoicacidandlipoteichoicacid
cellmembrane
Retaincrystalvioletandstainpurple
22
Grampositivewall
23
Gramnegativecellwall
Consistsof
anoutermembranecontaining
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
thinshellofpeptidoglycan
periplasmicspace
innermembrane
Losecrystalvioletandstainredfrom
safranincounterstain
24
Gramnegativecellwall
25
Cytoplasm
densegelatinoussolutionofsugars,amino
acids,&salts
7080%water
servesassolventformaterialsusedinall
cellfunctions
CytoplasmicMembraneVideo
26
Figure3.10
27
Chromosome
single,circular,doublestrandedDNA
moleculethatcontainsallthegenetic
informationrequiredbyacell
DNAistightlycoiledaroundaprotein,
aggregatedinadenseareacalledthe
nucleoid
28
plasmids
smallcircular,doublestrandedDNA
freeorintegratedintothechromosome
duplicatedandpassedontooffspring
notessentialtobacterialgrowth&metabolism
mayencodeantibioticresistance,toleranceto
toxicmetals,enzymes&toxins
usedingeneticengineering readilymanipulated
&transferredfromcelltocell
29
ribosomes
madeof60%ribosomalRNA&40%
protein
consistof2subunits:large&small
procaryoticdifferfromeucaryotic
ribosomesinsize&numberofproteins
siteofproteinsynthesis
Allcellshaveribosomes.
30
ribosomes
31
Inclusions,granules
intracellularstoragebodies
varyinsize,number&content
bacterialcellcanusethemwhen
environmentalsourcesaredepleted
Examples:glycogen,polybhydroxybutyrate,
gasvesiclesforfloating,sulfurand
polyphosphategranules
32
Inclusions
33
Figure3.10
34
endospores
Resting,dormantcells
producedbysomeG+genera:Clostridium,Bacillus
&Sporosarcina
Havea2phaselifecyclevegetativecell&an
endospore
sporulationformationofendospores
germinationreturntovegetativegrowth
hardiestofalllifeforms
withstandextremesinheat,drying,freezing,
radiation&chemicalsnotameansofreproduction
35
endospores
resistancelinkedtohighlevelsofcalcium
&dipicolinicacid
dehydrated,metabolicallyinactive
thickcoat
longevityvergesonimmortality25,250
millionyears.
pressurizedsteamat120oCfor2030
minuteswilldestroy.
36
endospores
37
EndosporeFormation
Endospore
VideoClip
38
3shapesofbacteria
coccispherical
bacillirod
spiralhelical,comma,twistedrod,
spirochete
39
40
Archaea:theotherprocaryotes
constitutethirdDomainArchaea
seemmorecloselyrelatedtoDomainEukaryathanto
bacteria
containuniquegeneticsequencesintheirrRNA
haveuniquemembranelipids&cellwallconstruction
liveinthemostextremehabitatsinnature,
extremophiles
adaptedtoheatsaltacidpH,pressure&atmosphere
includes:methaneproducers,hyperthermophiles,
extremehalophiles,andsulfurreducers
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