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Space Trusses
INTRODUCTION
A space truss consists of members joined
together at their ends to form a stable threedimensional structures
A stable simple space truss can be built from
the basic tetrahedral, formed by connecting
six members with four joints
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
To determine the stability and determinacy of
space trusses
To determine member forces of space trusses
using tension coefficient analysis
Determinate Truss
Indeterminate Truss
Unstable Truss
Externally
r<6
r=6
r>6
Unstable Truss
Determinate if Truss is Stable
Indeterminate Truss
TYPES OF SUPPORT
EXAMPLE 1
m = 3, j = 4, r = 9
Ball &
Socket
m + r = 12
3j = 12
m + r = 3j
Determinate Truss
EXAMPLE 2
m = 15, j = 10, r = 15
Ball &
Socket
m + r = 30
3j = 30
m + r = 3j
Determinate Truss
EXAMPLE 3
m = 13, j = 8, r = 12
m + r = 25
3j = 24
m + r = 25 3j = 24
Ball &
Socket
Indeterminate Truss
in the First Degree
B
P
Member A
FBx
FAy
Both members A and B has zero force
because both members do not lie in a
straight line.
FAx
0
Member B
Member A
FAy
FBx
FAx
0
0
FBy
Member A
Member C
EXAMPLE 4
Identify the members of the space
truss that has zero force.
Theorem 1: Joint L
F1= 0 and F2 = 0
Theorem 3: Joint K
F3 = F4 = F5 = 0 and F1= 0
Theorem 3: Joint M
F6 = F7 = F8 = 0 and F2= 0
Theorem 3: Joint J
F9 = F10 = F11= 0 and F5 = F6= 0
EXAMPLE 5
Theorem 1: Joint F
Members FE, FC, FD lie in a
plane, except member FG. Thus,
member FG has zero force.
Theorem 3: Joint F
Members FE, FC, FD have zero
force.
Theorem 3: Joint E
Members ED, EA, EH have zero
force.
Therefore:
2 + 2 + 2
For 3D equilibrium:
Fx = 0 ; Fy = 0 ; Fz = 0
tLx = 0 ; tLy = 0 ; tLz = 0
2 + 2 + 2
L, F
Lz , Fz
Ly , Fy
Lx , Fx
Fy
A
F
X
D
Fx
Fz
E
z
=
=
=
Where t = F/L
t = tension coefficient
Fy
A
Y F
O
Fx
Fz
E
z
=
=
Fy
A
F
O
Fx
Fz
E
z
=
=
EXAMPLE 6
The space truss shown in
the figure has roller and
socket support at joint A, B,
C and D
i)
z
y
x
40 kN
10 kN
E
20 kN
40 kN
40 kN
2m
B
A
C
2m
4m
1m
EXAMPLE 6 Solution
1. Start at Joint G
Member Lx (m) Ly (m) Lz (m)
GC
0
0
-2
GE
-4
-2
0
GF
0
-2
0
Force (kN)
10
0
-40
L (m)
2
4.47
2
t (kN/m) F (kN)
-20
-40
2.5
11.18
-2.5
-5
Fx = 0: -4tGE + 10 = 0
Fz = 0: -2tGC 40 = 0
Fy = 0: -2tGE 2tGF = 0
-2(2.5) 2tGF = 0
EXAMPLE 6 Solution
2. Move to Joint F
Member
FC
FD
FE
FG
Force (kN)
L (m)
2.83
2.24
4
t (kN/m)
-5
-15
0
-2.5
F (kN)
-14.14
-33.6
0
Fx = 0: -4tFE = 0
tFE = 0 kN/m
tFC = -5 kN/m
EXAMPLE 6 Solution
3. Calculate the Reaction at Joint C
Member Lx (m) Ly (m) Lz (m)
CF
0
-2
2
CG
0
0
2
Force (kN) RCx
RCy
RCz
L (m)
t (kN/m) F (kN)
-5
-20
Fx = 0: RCx = 0 kN
Fy = 0: -2tCF + RCy = 0
-2(-5) + RCy = 0
RCy = -10 kN (
RCz = 50 kN (
EXAMPLE 7
Slotted roller
constraint in a
cylinder
Short link
4m
Ez = 4 kN
A
x
Ball &
socket
4m
2m
2m
EXAMPLE 7 Solution
1. Start with joints where there are only 3 unknowns
force/reaction.
Joint B 5 unknowns
Joint C 5 unknowns
Joint A 7 unknowns
Joint E 4 unknowns
Joint D
Theorem 3: Three members at a joint and no external force. Thus ,
all members have zero forces.
tDC = tDA = tDE = 0
EXAMPLE 7 Solution
Joint E
Member
EC
EB
ED
EA
Force (kN)
L (m)
4.47
6
4.47
4.47
t (kN/m)
0
1
0
-1
F (kN)
0
6
0
-4.47
where tED = 0
where tED = 0
Solve Eq. (i), (ii) & (iii): tEC = 0 kN/m, tEA = -1 kN/m and tEB = 1 kN/m
EXAMPLE 7 Solution
Joint C
Joint C has three (3)
unknowns, as tCE = tCD = 0
RCy
z
Therefore, by Theorem 3:
tCB = tCA = RCy = 0
D
Ez = 4 kN
x
y
EXAMPLE 7 Solution
Joint C
Member
CE
CA
CD
CB
Force (kN)
L (m)
6
5.66
4
4
Fz = 0: 4tCA = 0
tCA = 0 kN/m
Fx = 0: 4tCA + 4tCB = 0
tCB = 0 kN/m
Fy = 0: -RCy = 0
t (kN/m)
0
0
0
0
F (kN)
0
0
0
0
EXAMPLE 7 Solution
Joint B
Joint B has three (3)
unknowns.
RBy
B
RBx
D
Ez = 4 kN
x
y
EXAMPLE 7 Solution
Joint B
Member
BC
BA
BE
Force (kN)
L (m)
4
4
6
t (kN/m)
0
-1
1
RBx = 2 kN
Fy = 0: -4tBE RBy = 0
RBy = -4 kN
Fz = 0: -4tBA 4tBE = 0
tBA = -1 kN/m
F (kN)
0
-4
6
EXAMPLE 7 Solution
Joint A
z
C
B
D
RAy
RAx A
x
RAz
Ez = 4 kN
y
E
EXAMPLE 7 Solution
Joint A
Member
AB
AC
AD
AE
Force (kN)
L (m)
4
5.66
4
4.47
t (kN/m)
-1
0
0
-1
RAy = -4 kN
RAz = 4 kN
F (kN)
-4
0
0
-4.47
EXAMPLE 7 Solution
Method 2
Reactions at A, B and C can
also be obtained from
Method 2
RCy
z
RBy
C
B
RBx
D
RAy
RAx A
Ez = 4 kN
x
RAz
y
E
EXAMPLE 7 Solution
Method 2
My = 0
Fx = 0
2 RAx = 0
RBx = 2 kN
RAx = 2 kN
Mz = 0
Fy = 0
RCy = 0 kN
RAy 4 = 0
Mx = 0
RAy = 4 kN
Fz = 0
RBy = 4 kN
RAz 4 = 0
RAz = 4 kN
CLASS EXERCISE
The space truss shown in the Figure consists of six members and is
supported by a short link at A, two short links at B, and a ball and
socket at D. Analyse the force in each of the members for the given
loading.
y
2m
2m
3m
B O
z
7m
x
1800 N