Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ISSN 0931-2668
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Summary
Keywords
Goat; genetic variability; Kenya; mitochondrial
control region.
Correspondence
F.M. Kibegwa, Department of Animal
Production, University of Nairobi, PO
Box 29053, Nairobi 00625, Kenya.
Tel: +254723382047;
Fax: 020-2501258;
E-mail: mkibegwa@gmail.com
Received: 22 September 2014;
accepted: 1 February 2015
Introduction
Goats (Capra hircus) form an integral component of
the livestock sector in Kenya, and the goat population
size of 27 million spreads throughout all the agroecological zones (KNBS 2010). The majority of these
goats are found in the arid and semi-arid uncultivatable zones that comprise over 80% of Kenyas land
(Wekesa et al. 2006).
Indigenous goats (C. hircus), when compared with
their exotic counterparts, are better adapted to survive
and reproduce under the regions harsh environmental conditions (Jimmy et al. 2010). These indigenous
goats also often possess valuable traits such as disease
tolerance/resistance, high fertility, good maternal
qualities and longevity, all of which are qualities that
form the basis for low-input, sustainable agriculture
(Bruford & Wayne 1993). In addition, they play an
2015 Blackwell Verlag GmbH
F. M. Kibegwa et al.
F. M. Kibegwa et al.
Results
mtDNA control region variation and haplotype
analysis in African goats
F. M. Kibegwa et al.
Breed/population
No. of
individuals
Number of
breeds
Number of
haplotypes
Haplotype diversity
(h) (SD)
Nucleotide diversity
(p) (SD)
3
29
1
3
3
25
1.000 0.272
0.990 012
0.01528 0.00477
0.02067 0.00270
1
6
1
1
1
5
1.000 0.000
0.933 0.122
1.000 0.000
0.01635 0.00278
69
65
0.998 0.003
0.01556 0.00356
Senegal
Tunisia
Mozambique
3
6
8
1
1
1
3
6
5
1.000 0.272
1.000 0.096
0.857 0.108
0.02079 0.00573
0.02384 0.00319
0.00334 0.00085
Namibia
South Africa
4
26
2
4
4
17
1.000 0.177
0.948 0.028
0.03924 0.01143
0.02990 0.00376
1.000 0.000
1.000 0.000
60
216
2
23
36
159
0.973 0.007
0.9953 0.0013
0.02702 0.00711
0.02573 0.00391
Algeria
Egypt
Libya
Morocco
Nigeria
Zimbabwe
Kenya
Total
Accession numbers
AJ317777-79 (Luikart et al. 2001)
AJ317780-83; AJ317795-801
(Luikart et al. 2001); EF617711-28;
EF618220 (Naderi et al. 2007)
EF61822 (Naderi et al. 2007)
AJ317784-88 (Luikart et al. 2001);
EF618233 (Naderi et al. 2007)
AJ317810-811; AJ317823-25
(Luikart et al. 2001); EF618246-52
(Naderi et al. 2007); KJ466206-62
(Awotunde et al. 2015)
AJ317816-18 (Luikart et al. 2001)
AJ317789-794 (Luikart et al. 2001)
AJ317804-809 (Luikart et al. 2001);
EF618240-1 (Naderi et al. 2007)
EF618242-5 (Naderi et al. 2007)
AJ317812-15; AJ317819-20; AJ317844;
AJ317821-22 (Luikart et al. 2001);
EF618351-56 (Naderi et al. 2007);
KJ466263-73 (Awotunde et al. 2015)
AJ317802-803 (Luikart et al. 2001);
EF618545-6 (Naderi et al. 2007)
KP120622KP120681
F. M. Kibegwa et al.
(a)
(b)
Figure 2 (a) Phylogenetic tree of 216 African Goat mtDNA control region sequences and 22 goat reference sequences. The phylogenetic positions of
the 22 reference sequences, which were defined by Naderi et al. (2007), were marked by black dots in the neighbour-joining tree. (b) Neighbour-joining tree constructed with 60 individual mtDNA control region sequences of goats from Narok and Isiolo Counties and 22 reference sequences defined
by Naderi et al. (2007). The phylogenetic positions of the 22 reference sequences were marked by black dots, Isiolo by black triangles and Narok by
white triangles.
F. M. Kibegwa et al.
AMOVA
countries
AMOVA
Source of
variation
Among countries
Among breeds
within countries
Within breeds
Among
populations
Within
populations
d.f.
% of variation
p Value
11
14.16
0.0020
11
4.68
0.0753
193
81.16
<0.0001
1
0.10
0.3353
58
99.90
Discussion
mtDNA control region diversity
domesticated animals (Guo et al. 2005). The phylogenetic analysis of the 60 goat mtDNA control region
sequences from Isiolo and Narok counties showed
clustering into haplogroups that was in agreement
with previous studies on goat maternal haplogroups
(Luikart et al. 2001; Chen et al. 2005; Naderi et al.
2007).
The frequency distribution of the haplogroups in all
the published African goats and goats in this study
was consistent with the reported patterns in other
studies (Joshi et al. 2004; Awotunde et al. 2015), in
which haplogroups A is the major component (91%
of the goat haplotypes at the worldwide scale Naderi
et al. 2007). The different mtDNA haplogroups found
in goat breeds in our study further support the previous view of multiple maternal origins of domestic
goats (Chen et al. 2005). Nonetheless, it should be
noted that might have had a more complex history of
domestication than indicated by a previous study by
Joshi et al. (2004).
Phylogeographic structure of mtDNA control region
F. M. Kibegwa et al.
Figure 3 Median-joining network for the 29 mtDNA haplotypes of Isiolo and Narok goats represented by white and black circles, respectively. The
area of circle is proportional to haplotype frequency.
F. M. Kibegwa et al.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Conclusions
In conclusion, we analysed the mtDNA control region
fragments from Narok and Isiolo indigenous goat populations and sequences from African countries to
assess the goat phylogeny as well as to discern the
genetic diversity of the goat breeds/populations
within Kenya and at the continental level. We
observed high mtDNA diversity at a continental level
and within indigenous domestic goat breeds in Isiolo
and Narok Counties of Kenya which was in general
agreement with the pattern described in previous
studies (Chen et al. 2005; Naderi et al. 2007). We
speculated that gene flow among goat populations
facilitated by the traditional seasonal pastoralism and
annual long-distance migrations in history as well as
F. M. Kibegwa et al.
Table 3 Results of Tajimas D and Fus Fs neutrality tests including associated p-values
Regions
Tajimas D (p)
Fus Fs (p)
Haplogroup A
Haplogroup G
Overall
0.724 (0.266)
0.453 (0.360)
0.406 (0.762)
5.217 (0.051)
0.061 (0.497)
2.708 (0.244)
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