Professional Documents
Culture Documents
EN 1997-1 Eurocode 7
Section 8 Anchorages
Section 9 Retaining structures
Brian Simpson
Arup Geotechnics
EN 1997-1
Geotechnical design General Rules
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
BP111.5
General
Basis of geotechnical design
Geotechnical data
Supervision of construction, monitoring and maintenance
Fill, dewatering, ground improvement and reinforcement
Spread foundations
Pile foundations
Anchorages
Retaining structures
Hydraulic failure
Overall stability
Embankments
BP112.6
BP124-T1.31
Appendices A to J
2
BP106.9
Anchorages
BP124-F3.6
8.1
General
8.2
Limit states
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
Suitability tests
8.8
Acceptance tests
8.9
Anchorages
Section depends on EN1537 - Execution of special
geotechnical work - Ground anchors
Not fully compatible with EN1537. Further work on
this is underway.
BS8081 being retained for the time being.
10
EN1537:1999
11
EN1537:1999
Execution of special geotechnical work - Ground anchors
12
13
Partial factors in
anchor design
14
15
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN 1997-1 Eurocode 7
Section 8 Anchorages
Section 9 Retaining structures
Brian Simpson
Arup Geotechnics
16
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN 1997-1 Eurocode 7
17
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN 1997-1 Eurocode 7
18
Genting Highlands
19
BP87.59
BP106.30
BP111.22
BP112.43
BP119.43
BP124-F3.9
BP130.33
BP145a.8
Genting Highlands
BP87.60
BP106.31
BP111.23
BP112.44
BP119.44
BP124-F3.10
BP130.34
BP145a.9
BP119.45
BP124-F3.11
BP106.32
BP111.24
BP130.35
BP145a.10
BP112.45
21
The slope and retaining wall are all part of the same
problem.
BP119.46
BP87.62
BP106.33
BP124-F3.12
BP130.36
BP111.25
BP112.46
BP145a.11
22
23
BP145a.1
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN 1997-1 Eurocode 7
24
EN 1997-1
Geotechnical design General Rules
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
BP106.9
BP111.5
BP112.6
General
Basis of geotechnical design
Geotechnical data
Supervision of construction, monitoring and maintenance
Fill, dewatering, ground improvement and reinforcement
Spread foundations
Pile foundations
Anchorages
Retaining structures
Hydraulic failure
Overall stability
Embankments
Appendices A to J
25
BP124-T1.31
9 Retaining structures
9.1 General
9.2 Limit states
9.3 Actions, geometrical data and design situations
9.4 Design and construction considerations
9.5 Determination of earth pressures
9.6 Water pressures
9.7 Ultimate limit state design
9.8 Serviceability limit state design
26
27
28
29
10%
30
100%
10%
31
32
33
34
35
37
Wall friction
38
39
40
41
Kp(C&K) /
Kp(EC7) %
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
9.8.2 Displacements
51
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN 1997-1 Eurocode 7
52
8m propped wall
53
BP87.71
BP111.33
BP112.49
BP119.50
BP78.26
BP111.34
BP124-F3.15
DA1 DA1
-1
-2
0.5
0.5
EC7
SLS
0
-8.5
-2.5
CASE:
-8.5
Stage 2
-8.0
Characteristic ' ( )
24
24
24
1.25
Design '
24
19.6
24
'/' active
'/' passive
0.34
0.42
0.34
Design Ka
0.34
0.42
0.34
Kp
4.0
2.9
4.0
4.0
2.9
1.3
4.0
1.0
1
Ka
Factor on Ka
Factor on Kp
Design Kp Excd. side
Retd. side
Q
BP112.51
BP119.51
BP78.28
BP124-F3.16
CASE:
Unplanned overdig (m)
DA1 DA1
-1
-2
0.5
0.5
EC7
SLS
0
Design '
24
19.6
24
Design Ka
0.34
0.42
0.34
4.0
2.9
1.3
4.0
1.0
1
Computer program
STW STW
Data file
Wall length (m)
PROP11
PROP1
15.1 17.9
*
*
1097 1519
1.35
1481 1519
* Computed ** Assumed
F
BCAP3A
17.8
**
-236
+682
1
-236
+682
BP124-F3.17
BP87.75
BP111.36
BP112.52
57
BP87.2
BP111.54
BP112.54
BP119.53
BP124-F3.18
10kPa (13kPa)
0
-8m (-8.5m)
= 24 (19.6)
58
59
Bending moment [kNm/m]
-20.00
-1200.
-1000.
-800.0
-600.0
-400.0
-200.0
.0
200.0
400.0
-16.00
-8.000
y coordinate (x = -0.5000m)
-12.00
-4.000
630kN/m
.0
BP112.55
BP119.54
BP124-F3.19
CIRIA
Fs
CIRIA
Fs
BS DA1 DA1
8002 -1
-2
0.5
0.5
0.5
Design '
16.5
24
20.4
24
Design Ka
0.49
0.36
0.41
2.1
3.4
Computer program
Data file
Wall length (m)
CASE:
Unplanned overdig (m)
BP78.32
EC7
SLS
0
DA1
-1
0.5
DA1
-2
0.5
DA1
-2
0.5
DA1
-2
0.5
19.6
24
24
19.6
19.6
19.6
0.34
0.42
0.34
0.34
0.42
0.42
2.8
4.0
2.9
4.0
1.3
4.0
1.0
1
2.9
1.0
1.3
2.9
1.0
1.3
STW
STW
STW
STW
STW
PROP4
PROP5
PR1B-03 PROP11
PROP1
20.4
**
1870
##
14.1
**
776
1.5
1.0? 1.35
17.8
**
-236
+682
17.8
**
-241
838
17.8
**
1359
1.35
1.3
SAFE
17.8 17.8
**
**
-308 -229
1158 1131
1
BP112.56
BP119.55
BP124-F3.20
35
30
25
Length (m)
BM/50
Prop F/50
20
15
10
5
EC7SAFE
EC7FREW
EC7-STW
BS8002
CIRIA 104
BP78.34
BP124-F3.21
BP87.75
BP111.36
BP112.52
63
BP87.39
BP111.37
BP124-F3.22
BP112.53
64
2m
SAFE Grundbau2
BP116.24
BP119.58
BP124-F3.24
q=80kPa
k=35
= 17 kN/m3
/ = 2/3 (active)
Ka = 0.224
3.32m
22.4
8m
30.5
15.3
= 20 kN/m3
?
Weissenbach, A, Hettler, A and Simpson, B (2003) Stability of excavations. In Geotechnical Engineering
Handbook, Vol 3: Elements and Structures (Ed U Smoltczyk). Ernst & Sohn / Wiley.
65
Grundbau in STAWAL
BP119.59
BP124-F3.25
Be n d in g Mo m e n t [kN m /m ]
-60 0 .0
2 .0 0 0
-4 0 0 .0
-2 0 0 .0
.0
.0
.0
2 00 .0
4 00 .0
6 0 0 .0
199.3kN/m
[1]
-2 .0 0 0
-4 .0 0 0
Reduced Level [m]
-6 .0 0 0
.0
-8 .0 0 0
.0
-8.000
[2]
[2]
-1 0 .0 0
T oe
-10 .59m
-1 2 .0 0
-1 4 .0 0
Sh ear
Mom ent
W a ter Pres sure
Ac tual Press ures
-24 0 .0
-1 6 0 .0
-24 0 .0
-1 6 0 .0
Sca le x 1 :1 2 8 y 1 :1 2 8
-8 0 .0 0
-8 0 .0 0
.0
.0
8 0.0 0
8 0.0 0
1 60 .0
1 60 .0
2 4 0 .0
2 4 0 .0
Pre s s u re [kPa ]
Sh e a r Fo rce [kN /m ]
66
XBP119.60
BP124-F3.26
400
350
300
L=10.7
L=10.6
250
Penetration cm
200
BM kNm/m
Strut force kN/m
150
100
50
0
Char
DA1-1
DA1-2
DA2
C:\bx\Grundbau\Prague\[grundbau.xls]
67
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN 1997-1 Eurocode 7
68
Eurocode 7 Workshop
Dublin, 31 March to 1 April 2005
BP130.1
Organised by
69
6m
Fill
Design situation
-
20o
0.75m
Soil conditions
-
0.4m
BP130.2
Actions
- Characteristic surcharge behind wall 15kPa
Sand
B=?
Require
- Width of wall foundation, B
- Design shear force, S and bending moment, M in the wall
70
Example 5
BP130.3
Surcharge 15kPa
20o
6m
Fill
20o
0.4m
Kaz
0.75m
Sand
71
B=?
Example 5
BP130.4
Surcharge 15kPa
20o
6m
Fill
20o
0.4m
Kaz
0.75m
Sand
72
B=?
BP130.5
BASE WIDTH m
5.0
1 b
1=3
N
N
2 N
4.0
3 N
N
2
2=N
2
b b
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0
C:\BX\BX-C\EC7\Dublin\[Dublin-results.xls]
73
8 16 16 17
C C C C C C C
Contributor
Surcharge 15kPa
6m
0.4m
Soil conditions
-
Fill
BP124.A6.11
Design situation
-
20o
BP130.2
Actions
- Characteristic surcharge behind wall 15kPa
0.75m
Sand
B=?
Require
- Width of wall foundation, B
- Design shear force, S and bending moment, M in the wall
74
BP124.A6.12
BASE WIDTH m
5.0
1 b
1=3
N
N
2 N
4.0
3 N
N
2
2=N
2
b b
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0
75
16 16 17
23-Jun-05 00:02
BP130.5
76
3.75
3.75
3.75
3.75
3.75
Column no. 1
Column no. 2
Eccentricity (m)
0.57
0.57
0.57
0.79
0.79
2.61
2.61
2.61
2.17
2.17
Column no. 3
690
941
690
941
690
207
285
285
285
285
Inclination H/V
0.30
0.30
0.41
See
note
0.41
R (kN/m)
1392
1373
879
659
659
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
Rd (kN/m)
1392
981
628
471
471
Rd/Vd
2.02
1.04
0.91
0.50
0.68
(R)
77
Column no. 4
Column no. 5
BP130.5
BP124.A6.12
BENDING MOMENT
kNm/m .
1200
1
1000
800
600
400
1=3
b
N N
2
b b 1 2
N N
200
0
2
0
C:\BX\BX-C\EC7\Dublin\[Dublin-results.xls]
78
2=N
8 16 16 17
27-Jun-05 21:43
BP124.A6.14
kN/m .
2=N
1
250
200
b b
SHEAR FORCE
1
b
150
N N
N
N
100
50
0
2
0
79
1 2
8 16 16 17
23-Jun-05 00:02
BP130.8
Serviceability:
80
10kPa
1.5m
3.0m
Design situation
- Embedded sheet pile retaining wall for a
3m deep excavation with a 10kPa
surcharge on the surface behind the wall
Soil conditions
Sand: c'k = 0, 'k = 37 o, = 20kN/m 3
Actions
- Characteristic surcharge behind wall
10kPa
- Groundwater level at depth of 1.5m
below ground surface behind wall and at
the ground surface in front of wall
Require
- Depth of wall embedment, D
- Design bending moment in the wall, M
Sand
D= ?
81
BP130.9
10kPa
1.5m
Sand
Design situation
- Embedded sheet pile retaining wall for a
3m deep excavation with a 10kPa
surcharge on the surface behind the wall
Soil conditions
Sand: c'k = 0, 'k = 37 o, = 20kN/m 3
Actions
- Characteristic surcharge behind wall
10kPa
- Groundwater level at depth of 1.5m
below ground surface behind wall and at
the ground surface in front of wall
Require
- Depth of wall embedment, D
- Design bending moment in the wall, M
3.0m
BP130.9
D= ?
82
Kp(C&K) /
Kp(EC7) %
Values of Kp ?
83
BP130.14
1.5m
Tie bar anchor
Design situation
- Anchored sheet pile retaining wall for an 8m
high quay using a horizontal tie bar anchor.
Soil conditions
o
- Gravelly sand - 'k = 35 , = 18kN/m3
(above water table) and 20kN/m3 (below
water table)
Actions
- Characteristic surcharge behind wall 10kPa
- 3m depth of water in front of the wall and a
tidal lag of 0.3m between the water in front of
the wall and the water in the ground behind
the wall.
Require
- Depth of wall embedment, D
8,0m
GWL
Water
3.3m
Sand
84
3.0m
D=?
BP130.16
Design situation
- Anchored sheet pile retaining wall for an 8m
high quay using a horizontal tie bar anchor.
Soil conditions
o
- Gravelly sand - 'k = 35 , = 18kN/m3
(above water table) and 20kN/m3 (below
water table)
Actions
- Characteristic surcharge behind wall 10kPa
- 3m depth of water in front of the wall and a
tidal lag of 0.3m between the water in front of
the wall and the water in the ground behind
the wall.
Require
- Depth of wall embedment, D
1.5m
Tie bar anchor
8,0m
GWL
Water
3.3m
Sand
85
3.0m
D=?
BP130.16
BP130.23
600
500
400
1
300
b N
3 3
3
2
b
N
1 1
200
1*
N
b
N
N
c 1
N N
b
2 N N
100
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A A 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 7 8 9 D 12121213141616 B C C C C C
86
1515151515
23-Jun-05 00:14
Eurocode 3, Part 5
BP87.78
BP130.26
87
88
BP114.32
BP116.50
BP130.27
89
SSI important
BP130.28
90
BP87.114
BP130.37
BP87.115
BP99.
91
BP130.38
91
92
BP87.116
BP130.39
But characteristic calculation gives zero tie force, for 12m length.
BP99.
93
93
BP130.40
BP87.117
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN 1997-1 Eurocode 7
Examples:
Results broadly similar to existing practice
DAs: big effect on gravity walls; small effect on embedded
94
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN 1997-1 Eurocode 7
Section 8 Anchorages
Section 9 Retaining structures
Brian Simpson
Arup Geotechnics
95