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Abstract--The effects of connecting a small distributed The network was designed in IPSA+ software and the load
generator onto the network including changes in reactive flow calculations are simulated with different values of
power and busbar voltages are examined. The tap settings on distributed generation and with different loads.
the transformers are changed in order to determine the
optimum power output from the generator while meeting
constraints on power factor and busbar voltages. The net
The load flow was initially run with automatic tap changer
present value is calculated for all values of distributed on the transformer to determine a range of possible values
generator which satisfy the voltage constraints. The most for the DG. The transformer tap settings were then
economical and efficient solution is found to be a 6MW changed manually to find values that satisfied the
generator with the transformer tap setting fixed at -2% which conditions.
results in a net present value of £6,468,847.02. The economic factor decides both the combination of tap
changer we are using and the amount of power supplied by
Index Terms – Distributed Generator, Net Present Value, the DG to the system; the NPV method was used to
Optimization Methods. determine the optimum solution.
I. NOMENCLATURE
III. DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
DG – Distributed Generator
NPV – Net Present Value
HV/MV – High Voltage/Medium Voltage A. IPSA
The circuit is based on a real scenario which was
II. INTRODUCTION modeled in IPSA software using the network shown in Fig.
1. The parameters of the overhead lines are given in Table
D
istributed generators are penetrating the UK I.
electricity grid. DG employing synchronous
machines (e.g. many CHP schemes and small scale
hydro) can contribute to system voltage control by
supplying the required reactive and real power, balance the
network voltage levels and reduce the stress on the existing DG
network [1]. Fig. 1. IPSA Network Design [4]
Tap-changers on transformers suitably adjust its turn
TABLE I
ratio in order to compensate for the voltage drop due to the OVERHEAD LINES PARAMETERS
real and reactive power flowing through it. Tap changer
control is based on a local measurement of the busbar Calculated
voltage, which is aimed to be kept almost within range of Nominal voltage of Line Impedance
Impedance
the nominal value for a wide range of load variations [2]. circuit (kV) (Ω/km)
(p.u)
The integration of DG into the network can cause 132 j3 j0.86
reduction or reversal of real power flows, and this could 33 0.5 + j1 1.15 + j2.3
lead to changes in the power factor detected by the HV/MV 11 0.5 + j0.25 2.1 + j1.03
transformer. These changes may affect the voltage
regulation provided by the tap changers. A DG is installed as shown in Fig 1. The corresponding
As a result the DG should be coordinated with the tap power factor for the generator can vary between 1 and 0.85
changers to ensure that the distribution network will not be and the DG busbar voltage is maintained within ±10% of
disrupted. The maximum power rating of a DG that can be nominal. All other busbars in the circuit are maintained
integrated into a system is limited by the ratings of the within ±5% of the nominal.
transformers, thermal capacity of the conductors, and the A fluctuating load (factory) is connected to the network
voltage variations allowed at the busbars [3]. with a peak load of 4MW and off-peak load of 1MW. The
For this paper only the maximum voltage variation will load has a corresponding power factor of 0.9(absorbing
be considered as a limiting factor. The voltages on the VArs). The daily profile of the load is shown in Fig 2.
busbars should be maintained within the required limits of
±10% for the DG busbar and ±5% for all others. The power
factor of the DG should be within the range of 0.85-1[4].
2
where:
X is the constant cost
n is number of years
r is the discount rate as a percentage
VII. BIOGRAPHIES
Vignesh Periasamy Nirmala was
Hassaan Nawabi was born in Karachi, born in Chennai on , March 22, 1987.
Pakistan on June 30, 1986. He He graduated from the Anna
graduated from NED University of University, India with a BEng
Engineering & Technology, Pakistan Electrical & Electronic Engineering
with a BEng Electrical Engineering Degree in 2008. His employment
Degree in 2008. He worked as an experience is in GKAR Operations
internee for People Steel Mill Ltd and specializing in UPS. He is currently pursuing MSc. in
Exide Battery Ltd. He worked on a Electrical Energy System at Cardiff University and has a
project “Energy Management” with deep interest in wind energy.
Atlas Battery Ltd. He is currently pursuing an MSc in
Electrical Energy Systems at Cardiff University and his Dikgang Pitinyane was born in
main area of interest is power distribution and micro- Botswana, on June 7, 1967. He holds
generation. Ordinary Technicians Diploma (City
and Guilds of London Institute) which
Raehveni Nadaraja was born in he achieved at the Botswana
Kuala-Lumpur, Malaysia on March 31, Polytechnic in 1990. He graduated at
1983. She graduated from the the University of Botswana with
University Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia B.Eng. Electrical and Electronics
with a BEng Electrical & Electronic Degree in 2003. He is currently pursuing MSc in Electrical
Engineering Degree in 2006. Her Energy System at Cardiff University and has keen interest
employment history included Freescale in earthing systems and energy management systems.
Semiconductors and Colgate-
Palmolive. She is currently pursuing MSc in Electrical
Energy System at Cardiff University and has deep interest
in power and energy generation.