A

MINI PROJECT REPORT ON

LINE FOLLOWING ROBOT

IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

BY
MOHD ZUBAIRUDDIN
12081A0456

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Associate Prof. HILAL AHMED MALIK

SHADAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

HIMAYATSAGAR ROAD, PEERANCHERU, HYDERABAD-500 008
(AFFILIATED TO J.N.T.U. HYDERABAD)
2014-2015

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report on the mini project entitled LINE

FOLLOWING ROBOT has been submitted By MOHD ZUBAIRUDDIN

bearing Roll No. 12081A0456, under the guidance of Associate Prof. HILAL
AHMED MALIK in the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the
degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering
affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kukatpally, Hyderabad.

Date:
Place: HYDERABAD

INTERNAL GUIDE

Prof. M.A.MUBEEN

Associate Prof. HILAL MALIK

HOD, Department of

ECE,
SCET, Hyderabad.

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the mini project entitled, LINE FOLLOWING

ROBOT completed and written by me has not previously formed the basis for the
award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication
Engineering.

Date:

MOHD ZUBAIRUDDIN

Place: HYDERABAD
12081A0456

Signature of the Student

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I am immensely grateful to my mini project guide Mr. HILAL AHMED
MALIK, Associate professor in Shadan College of Engineering & Technology,
Hyderabad for all the support, encouragement and valuable guidance offered by him
and valuable advice by our Mini-Project Co-ordinator Mr. MOHAMMED ABDUL
MUBEEN, Associate Prof. throughout the course of my mini project.

Finally I am thankful to one and all who have helped me directly or indirectly
to complete this mini project successfully.

MOHD ZUBAIRUDDIN
12081A0456

Examination Approval Sheet

The mini project report entitled "LINE FOLLOWING ROBOT" By
MOHD ZUBAIRUDDIN bearing Roll No.12081A0456 is approved for the degree
of Bachelor of Technology (Electronics and Communication Engineering) of
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kukatpally, Hyderabad.

Examiners
1

Head of the Department

External Examiner

Internal Examiner

Mini-Project Co-ordinator

Date

Place : HYDERABAD

ABSTRACT
5

This is Simple and cheap approach to Line Following Robot, It is a simple

basic Circuit which works on three 555 timers. It has a good efficiency on following
all kind of curves. A line following robot is a robot that basically follows a specific
line. This line following robot is sensor based. Sensor based approach uses various
kinds of sensors. The path can be visible like a white line on a black surface or vice
versa. This robot was developed based on a vision based system to navigate the robot
through a white line marked in the black surface.
It explains the requirements, the techniques and technologies used, design and
implementation, details, problems faced, and future improvements of the project.

CONTENTS
Sl.No.

Title

Page No
6

Chapter 1
Introduction

Chapter 2
2.1 Description

2.2 Components Required

2.3 Circuit Diagram

2.4 Circuit Operation

Chapter 3 Components Description

3.1 555 - Timer
3.1.1 Functional Description

3.1.2 Block Diagram

3.1.3 Pin description

3.1.4 Monostable Mode

3.1.5 Astable Mode

3.2 Resistor

3.3 Capacitor

10

3.3.1 Polarised Capacitor

10

3.3.2 Un-polarised Capacitor

11

3.4 Light Dependent Resistor

12

3.5 Light Emitting Diode

12

3.6 Diode

14

3.6.1

IN 4148 Diode

14

3.7 Transistor

15

3.8

Potentiometer

16

3.9

DC Motor

16

Chapter 4 Printed Circuit Board

4.1 General Purpose PCB

18

4.2 PCB Design

19

4.3 PCB Lay Out

20

4.4 PCB Preparation

20

4.5 PCB Etching

21
7

4.6 PCB Trouble Shooting

7

21

Chapter 5 Result
Result

22

Chapter 6 Advantages
5.1 Advantages

23

5.2 Applications

23

CONCLUSION

24

REFERENCES

25

LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. No.

Title

Page No

Circuit Diagram

3.1

555 Timer

3.2

Block diagram of 555 timer

3.3

Schematic of a 555 in Monostable Mode

3.4

Output Waveforms of 555 - Timer

3.5

Schematic of a 555 in Astable Mode

3.6

Resistor

10

3.7

Electrolytic Capacitor

10

3.8

Tantalum Bead Capacitor

11

3.9

Unpolarised Capacitor

11

3.10

Light Dependent Resistor

12

3.11

Light Emitted Diode

13

3.12

Diode

14

3.13

IN4148 Diode

14

3.14

3904 Transistor

15

3.15

Potentiometer

16

3.16

DC Motor

17

4.1

PCB

18

4.2

PCB Design

19

4.3

PCB Layout

20

5.1

Output When Circuit is OFF

22

5.1

Output When Circuit is OFF

22