How to Deal with Left-Overs From Recycling?

or

When Incineration Turns into Recovery

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The National Waste Management Strategy

In the long-term period (2015 2019) we should focus on the
achievement of the objectives in recycling waste and complete
the establishment of regional centres for municipal waste
management in all regions. The construction of a plant for
energy recovery from municipal waste, as well as construction
of a central plant for hazardous and medical waste incineration is
also planned.
The establishment of plants for energy recovery from waste
has been planned in the long run. It is necessary that heating
plants and cement plant should take into consideration the
burning of municipal waste as alternative fuel.
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The German Context

Integrated waste management systems established during the last 30
years, striving for circular economy, yet residuals from recycling are to
be processed
Regulation on packaging waste defines recycling criteria and quota,
roughly 73 % of the packaging waste are recycled/recovered (2014)
Bio-waste and green/garden waste shall be collected and treated
separately as of 2015 (45 % in 2012, 23 % being incinerated, remaining
home composting/illegal dumping)
Currently 68 WtEs for residual MSW and 36 WtEs for refuse derived
fuel (RDF) in Germany, all but one RDF WtEs are privately owned,
majority is operated as CHP
Application of RDF in different furnaces (cement kilns, steel mills, coal
power plants), and energy recovery and disposal of various kind of
wastes in different facilities, e.g. biomass fuelled CHPs, hazardous
waste incinerators
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How To Deal With Residuals?

Paper

Mech.
Proc.

Bio

Mech.
Proc.

Recycl.

MRF

Residual

MRF

Paper 1
Paper 2
Paper 3

AD

Biogas
Compost

S
Paper
PET
HDPE
LDPE
Metals
.

HQ RDF

RDF Proc.

Cement/power plant

MQ RDF
LQ RDF

WtE facility

MRF=Material Recovery Facility

AD = Anaerobic Digestion
HQ/MQ//LQ = High/Middle/Low Quality
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Mass Balance Municipal Solid

Waste*

MBI + Energy Recovery

24.1

Disposal 1 / Landfill 0.1

MSW
49.8

Bulky +
Packaging +
Miscell.
Waste
23.0
Bio Waste
GGW
9.5

MBI

7.3

Energy Recovery

8.9

Energy Recovery

6.5

Material Recycling
16.5

Compost/Biogas

8.1

Energy Recovery 0.4

Plastic/Paper
Energy Recovery 1.0
Wood

*in million tonnes according to Statistical Survey of DESTATIS (2012), complemented by own extrapolations
GGW = Green and Garden Waste, MBI Mass Burn Incineration
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When Incineration Turns Into Recovery

Differentiation between energy recovery (R1=use waste principally
as fuel to generate energy) and disposal (D10=incineration on land)
A WtE facility can be regarded as facility to recover energy if energy
efficiency (R1 criteria) is greater than
0.65 for installations permitted after 31 December 2008
(0.60 if permitted before 1 January 2009)

Energy Efficiency=

Ep (Ef+Ei)
0.97 (Ew+Ef)

Ep = Annual energy generated, 1.1 x Heat, 2.6 x Electricity, in GJ/year

Ef = Steam generation due to auxiliary fuel input, GJ/year
Ei = Annual energy imported other than Ef and Ew, GJ/year
Ew = Annual energy input due to waste, GJ/year
0.97 = Factor accounting for energy losses due to bottom ash/radiation
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Why German RDF WtEs are CHPs

Generation of an additional revenue stream
Meeting R1 criterion only if heat will be supplied to external
users
Long lasting heat/steam supply contracts limit exposure to
volatile energy market
RDF Supply:
100,000 120,000 TPY (300 350 TPD)

RDF Supply:
up to 675,000 TPY (2,000 TPD)

Power Supply 12 GWh

Surplus: 14 GWh

HP steam
up to 250 t/h

HP steam
up to 200,000 TPY

Power Supply up 70 MW
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Output of German WtE Installations*

Energy
Heat

2010
District Heating

7,865

Steam

8,497

Power

2011
7,528

2012
-4%

10,036 +18%

8,391 +11%
10,147

+1%

6.458

6.789

5%

6,784

0%

1.11

1.15

+4%

1.19

+3%

Specific Output MWh/t

figures in GWh/year
Bottom Ash

2010

2011

2012

Raw Bottom Ash

5,053,000

5,454,000

5,576,000

Fe Metals

400,000

440,000

450,000

Non-Fe Metals

50,000

55,000

56,000

*according to ITAD, 2012 (only WtE facilities belonging to ITAD)

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Success and Challenges

Waste and RDF are regarded as commodities
Market mechanisms do apply
Sufficient capacity to secure a state of the art waste management
Coping with increased recycling?
Unused capacity is a must not for
operators
Continuously increasing energy output
Low energy feed in tariffs
Cost recovery challenging
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Outlook to Serbia

Major urban centres (Belgrade, Novi Sad, Ni, Kragujevac)

accounting for approx. 40 % of the population (2.7 m) and for 50 % of
the total waste generation
3 to 3.5 m tonnes, i.e. 1.5 to 1.75 m tonnes to be found in major
urban agglomerates annually in the future

Assuming an RDF generation rate of 25 % of the residual waste

(MSW plus commercial/industrial), would yield 375,000 to 437,000
tonnes RDF
Sufficient to build three RDF fuelled CHPs close to industrial
consumers, provided a continuous supply of RDF can be
guaranteed and recycling is not undermined
One of them in Belgrade others?
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Outlook to Serbia

Landfill mining, recovering both metals and flammables is an

option,too
von kories consultants is preparing a landfill reclamation project
in China currently, dealing with the restoration of 16 landfills, 11 of
them are proposed to be removed completely including recovery
of RDF and fuelling WtE plants
Lechate
discharge
to river

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thankyouforyourattention

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