Professional Documents
Culture Documents
discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275272796
READS
3,069
1 AUTHOR:
Paul Tom
National Institute of Technology Karnataka
2 PUBLICATIONS 1 CITATION
SEE PROFILE
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
In
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
By
PAUL TOM P.
13ST17F
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Practical Training Report entitled ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
OF BRIDGE AND CULVERT submitted by PAUL TOM P. (Register Number: 13ST17F) as
the record of the work carried out by him, is accepted as the Practical Training Report submission
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of Master of Technology in
Structural Engineering in the Department of Civil Engineering.
Head of Department
Faculty Advisor
Dr. K. Swaminathan
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I hope that I can build upon the experience and knowledge that I have gained and
make a valuable contribution towards this industry in the coming future.
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.. i
CONTENTS... ii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 BRIDGES....1
1.2 CULVERT...1
1.3 LOADS AND STRESSES...2
1.4 VEHICLE CLASSIFICATIONS.....2
iii
1. INTRODUCTION
This internship was carried out at Larsen & Toubro, EDRC, Transportation IC, with the
objective of gaining first-hand knowledge about the technical practices in a structural
design office, office ethics and corporate lifestyle. L & T Transportation Infrastructure
handles major roadway projects which includes National and State Highways all around
India and associated structures like flyovers, Vehicle Underpass (VUP), Pedestrian
Underpass (PUP), Rail Over Bridge (ROB), major & minor bridges and cross-drainage
works like culverts. The structural design wing of this department handles these structures
of all Infrastructure Projects. The design of the VUP Sub-structure & Super-structure and
box culvert included in this internship report are designed based on the Working Stress
Method as per the design codes published by The Indian Roads Congress.
1.1 BRIDGES
A bridge is a structure having a total length above 6m between the inner face of the dirt
walls for carrying traffic or other moving loads over a depression or obstruction such as
channel, road or railway. They are classified as minor or major bridges as per the criteria
given below:
1.2 CULVERT
A culvert is a cross-drainage structure having a total length of 6m or less between the inner
faces of the dirt wall or extreme vent-way boundaries measured at right angles thereto.
The types of culverts are:
Box Culvert
Pipe Culvert
CLASS A
Adopted on all roads on which permanent bridges and culverts are constructed.
1.5
1
1.5
1
FIXED
FREE
Wearing coat
Slope
3000
RCC DIAPHRAGM
JACK LOCATION
1500
3500
RCC PIER
Span of Bridge
4
Type of bearing
Normal
11.70 MPa
15.56 MPa
240.00 MPa
319.20 MPa
Normal
205.00 MPa
272.65 MPa
As per table 1 of IRC 6-2010, for wind load case the permissible stresses are increased by
33% and for seismic case it is increased by 50%.
2.2 CALCULATION OF LOADS AND MOMENTS
The first step in the design of any structure is the analysis of various dead loads, SuperImposed Dead Load (SIDL), live loads, seismic loads, wind loads and longitudinal loads.
2.2.1 DEAD LOAD ANALYSIS
Dead load reactions can be directly taken from the STAAD model or can be manually
calculated by considering the dead load due to superstructure (girder, diaphragm and deck
slab). Longitudinal moments are calculated in the same way by multiplying reactions with
the longitudinal eccentricity which is the distance between the centerline of pier and
bearing.
The reaction on each bearing due to girder, diaphragm and deck slab and due to Superimposed Dead Load, SIDL (wearing coat and crash barrier) is found out separately.
The dead load due to self-weight of pier cap, pier shaft and footing is also separately
calculated by multiplying the unit weight of concrete (25kN/m3) by their respective
volumes
2.2.2 LIVE LOAD ANALYSIS
The live load for each load combination can be calculated manually as well as with the
help of a STAAD model.
For the STAAD model vehicle definitions has to be provided as per IRC 6-2010, for the
load calculations and position of load has to be inputted as per IRC 6-2010.
A point worth noting is that STAAD requires the distance to the centerline of the outermost
wheel away from the origin along the transverse direction, while during manual calculation
of transverse moments the eccentricity of the center of gravity from the centerline of the
carriage-way is used.
As per IRC 6-2010 table 2, for a 3 lane, 12m wide carriage-way, 2 critical load
combinations are possible.
Three Class A
One Class 70R; this configuration is checked for criticality as it generates maximum
transverse moment.
The reactions on each bearing is noted down from the STAAD model for design of pier
cap and for the calculation of transverse and longitudinal moments.
As per IRC 6-2010 Cl. 205, for 3 lane traffic, a 10% reduction is to be considered for the
longitudinal effect as the probability of the characteristic loads acting simultaneously is
low.
Braking Effect
2.2.4 BEARINGS
G1
G2
G3
G4
Free-End Pier
Fixed-End Pier
Fig 4: Bearings
Type of Bearing
Vertical
Horizontal Reaction
Horizontal Reaction
along longitudinal
along transverse
direction
direction
Reaction
to be multiplied by the ratio of squares of basic wind speed at the location to the base wind
speed corresponding to table 4 (ie. 33ms-1) to obtain the wind pressure corresponding to
the considered location. Intermediate values can be interpolated.
The longitudinal wind load is taken as 25% of the transverse wind load.
The lever arm distance to the center of gravity of the considered portion is also determined
for calculation of moments.
Transverse Wind Force, Ft = Pz x A x G x CD
Vertical Wind Force, Fv = Pz x A x G x CL
2.2.6 SEISMIC FORCES
The Seismic Coefficient Ah is given by the equation,
Ah= (Z/2) x (I/R) x (Sa/g)
Where, Z is the zone factor
I - Importance factor
R - Response Reduction Factor
Sa/g - Seismic Response Acceleration Coefficient for 5% damping.
The values for zone factor, importance factor and Response Reduction Factor are given in
IRC 6-2010 in tables 6, 7 and 8 respectively.
The value for the Seismic Response Acceleration Coefficient depends on the type of soil
and time period of vibration and is given in Cl 219.5.1 in IRC 6-2010 for various types of
soils.
The time period for vibration is given by,
T = 2 x (D/1000F)1/2
Where D Approximate Dead Load of Superstructure or Live Load
F Horizontal force in kN required to be applied at the center of mass of the superstructure
for 1mm horizontal deflection at the top of the pier/abutment along the considered direction
of the horizontal force. (Stiffness in kN/mm)
11
Only 20% of Live Load is taken for the load combinations involving Seismic forces under
the assumption that only 20% of the live load acts on the super-structure in the event of an
earthquake. (Cl. 219.5.2, IRC 6-2010)
The vertical force, horizontal force in transverse and longitudinal direction and Moments
in transverse and longitudinal direction are found out for these load combinations at the
bottom of pier and bottom of foundation. All load cases are checked if they are within
permissible limits of stresses in steel and concrete.
Note: Seismic loads are increased by 25% in seismic cases for calculating the forces at the
bottom of the footing and all moment are recalculated for lever arm distance increased by
the depth of the footing.
2.3 PIER DESIGN
The area of concrete required for pier to resist axial load is calculated by dividing the
maximum axial load value amongst all the load combinations by the permissible stress in
concrete for the respective load case. The area of steel provided in any case shall not be
less than 0.3% of the gross sectional area of concrete (Cl. 306.2.2 IRC 21-2000).
The cross-sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement shall not be less than 0.8% nor more
than 8% of the gross cross-sectional area. (Cl. 306.2.1 IRC 21-2000).
As per Cl. 306.3 the diameter of transverse reinforcement of any type shall not be less than
one quarter the diameter of the largest longitudinal bar in that region of the column and in
no case less than 8mm. The pitch of transverse reinforcement shall not exceed 300mm or
the least of the least lateral dimension of the column or 12 times the diameter of the smallest
longitudinal reinforcement in the column.
It may be noted that permissible stress in steel as well concrete is increased by 33% for
wind load case and by 50% for seismic cases.
13
The value of shear stress has to be within permissible limits as per IRC 21-2000 Cl.
307.2.5.5, which states that punching shear stress shall not be less than 0.16 x (fck)1/2.
16
17
deck slab for each girder. These section properties are used in creating a STAAD Pro
grillage model for analysis.
3.2 LOAD ANALYSIS
The various load cases considered for the design on the superstructure are:
The live load cases shown above are for a 3 lane carriage way. The live load combinations
may be changed based on the carriageway width as per IRC 6-2010, table 2.
The shear force and bending moment for each of these load cases are determined at a
distance, d away from the support m, at 0.25leff from the support and at the mid-span.
The section is designed for the flexure requirement at mid-span. The longitudinal
reinforcement obtained may be curtailed at a section of 0.25leff from the support based on
the moments at that section.
3.2.1
CLASS 70R
4.0 1m
18
5.465m
CLASS 70R
4.0 1m
3 CLASS A
6.15m
CLASS A
CLASS A
2.65
9.65m
19
CLASS A
3.2.2
LOAD SUMMARY
The load analysis is summarized for the section at effective depth, d, away from the
support and at the mid-span for design purposes.
All the loads and moments are tabulated by taking into considerations the impact factor
for the live load and the longitudinal effect for the various lane configurations.
Also each live load case is analyzed for maximum shear force and maximum bending
moment condition from the STAAD model and are listed as separated load cases.
Loads are listed separately for the inner and outer girder.
3.2.3
LOAD COMBINATIONS
All the live load cases are each combined with the Super-imposed Dead Load (SIDL)
as these come under the service condition and the critical value is taken as the
maximum results from inner and outer girder results, which is used for carrying out the
design.
3.3 GIRDER DESIGN
The girder design is carried out at the mid-span for the construction stage where only dead
load is considered followed by the curtailment design at the required distance from the
support. After this design is carried out for the composite section in service stage in a
similar fashion and stresses are now combined and checked whether they are within
permissible limits.
The design of girders are carried as a T flange, by determining the neutral axis depth and
this depth is used to determine the revised stresses in steel and concrete due to axial force
combined with biaxial bending.
For the construction stage only the dead load is considered along with the self-weight of
the deck slab as it is cast at a later stage. The SIDL along with live load case is considered
in the service stage and design is carried out. The stresses in concrete and steel are checked
if they exceed the permissible limits.
20
Shear reinforcement is also determined at these 2 sections as per IRC 21-2000 Cl. 304.7.1.
G2
G3
G1
G4
Jacking Point
during such maintenance and so live loads can be ignored. The loads considered to be
acting on the diaphragm during jacking are the self-weight of girder, deck slab, crash
barrier, wearing coat and self-weight of diaphragm itself
The diaphragm is also provided with shear reinforcement and side face reinforcement as
per IRC 21-2000 Cl. 304.7.1.
23
width generally and height is provided as required which is including the height of fill. As
the parapet wall is constructed at the sides of the carriage-way, the parapet load is given
throughout the span of the top slab.
Surcharge Live Load is considered to be equivalent to 1.2m of earth fill as per Cl. 214.1
IRC 6.2010. The unit weight of soil fill is taken as 20kN/m3 and the load is applied
horizontally on the side walls.
Earth pressure is considered for the at rest condition. The pressures at top and bottom slab
level are computed and applied on the side walls.
For the High Flood Level (HFL) condition, the water pressure inside the box culvert is
applied vertical down on the bottom slab and the Submerged Soil Pressure is also
calculated and applied horizontally on the side walls. Water pressure acting horizontally
inside and outside will balance each other and is therefore ignored.
4.3.2 LIVE LOAD
For calculation of load dispersion along the traffic direction, as per Cl 305.16.3, IRC 21200-, the effect of contact of wheel or track load in the direction of span length shall be
taken as equal to the dimension of the tyre contact area over the wearing surface of the slab
in the direction of the span plus twice the overall depth of the slab inclusive of the thickness
of the wearing surface.
The calculation of load dispersion in the direction across traffic, as per Cl. 305.16.2 IRC
21-2000,
The effective width, beff = x (1 a/lo) + bl
a constant having values as per the table in Cl. 305.16.2, IRC 21-2000, depending upon
the b / lo ratio, where b is the width of the slab.
a the distance of the center of gravity of the concentrated load from the nearer support.
lo the effective span
26
bl breadth of the concentration area of the load i.e., the dimension of the tyre or track
contact area over the road surface of the slab in a direction at right angles to the span plus
twice the thickness of the wearing coat or surface finish above the structural slab.
If the effective width is greater than the distance between wheels or tracks of the vehicle,
overlapping of load dispersion occurs and net effective width is considered by taking the
load dispersion due to both wheels without overlapping and for calculation of load
intensity, load due to both tracks or wheels are considered.
The load intensity hence calculated is applied as a UDL per meter width on the top slab of
the STAAD model. The tracked and wheeled vehicles (including bogie load) of each class
are separately analyzed for maximum value of bending moment by placing the vehicle at
the center of span and for maximum shear force by placing the vehicle at the edge of the
span. The critical load case hence obtained is considered for design. The shear force and
bending moment values at critical sections are tabulated after considering reduction due to
longitudinal effect and impact factor. (Impact factor need not be considered for bottom slab
and side wall as they are buried in the soil)
The critical section for bending moment are taken at half the thickness of the slab from the
corner nodes which are the equivalent of the inner face of the box culvert and at the center
of the slab. The critical section for Shear Force is taken at a distance,d, effective depth,
away from the face of the support as shown in the following figure.
4
7
8
9
10
1 2
EP Earth Pressure
BR Braking Force
LL Live Load
28
The above load combinations are for Low Flood Level, in case of floods, the High Flood
Level (HFL) is considered where Submerged Earth Pressure and water pressure are
additional forces instead of Dry Earth Pressure.
The combinations for HFL are as follows:
1. DL+SIDL+SEP+WP
2. DL+SIDL+SEP+WP+LLS-L
3. DL+SIDL+SEP+WP+LLS-R
4. DL+SIDL+SEP+WP+LLS-BOTH
5. DL+SIDL+SEP+WP+LLS-L+LL
6. DL+SIDL+SEP+WP+LLS-R+LL
7. DL+SIDL+SEP+WP+LLS-BOTH+LL
8. DL+SIDL+SEP+WP+LLS-L+LL+BR-L
9. DL+SIDL+SEP+WP+LLS-R+LL+BR-R
SEP Submerged Earth Pressure
WP Water Pressure
The design moments are taken as the maximum value at the critical sections considered.
4.4 DESIGN OF BOX SECTION
The critical case is taken for maximum shear force and maximum bending moment
condition at the critical sections 1, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 10 as shown in the figure above.
The design for flexure is done as per Working Stress Design Methodology.
4.4.1 DESIGN FOR FLEXURE
The effective depth for the top slab, bottom slab and side wall are calculated by deducting
the clear cover and depth of stirrup and diameter of the reinforcement bar.
The effective depth required is calculated as per the following procedure and the depth is
checked if safe or not. If not section dimensions need to be revised.
Effective depth required, dreq = (M/Qb)1/2
29
31
REFERENCES
1. IRC 6-2010, Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges
Section II Loads and Stresses (5th Revision)
2. IRC 21-2000, Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges,
Section III Cement Concrete (Plain and Reinforced) (3rd Revision)
3. IRC-78-2000, Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges,
Section VII- Foundations and Substructures.
4. Dr. V.K. Raina, Concrete Bridge Practice: Analysis, Design and Economics, page
387-396, Design of a RCC section subject to combined Axial Thrust and Biaxial
Bending.
5. Foundation Analysis and Design, 5th edition, by Joseph E.Bowles, McGraw-Hill,
1996.
32
CONTENTS
1
2
1
1.1
DETAILS OF SUBSTRUCTURE
PERMISSIBLE STRESSES....
2
2.1
2.2
3
DEAD LOAD
REACTION DUE TO DEAD LOAD...... 3
REACTION DUE TO SIDL.... 3
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
LIVE LOAD
CLASS 70R.....
CLASS 70R + 1 CLASS A......
3-CLASS A..
4
4
5
6
4
4.1
LONGITUDINAL FORCES
FRICTIONAL FORCE
7
7
5
5.1
WIND FORCE
DEAD LOAD......
5.1.1 Superstructure.....
5.1.2 Sub-structure...
LIVE LOAD............
8
9
9
9
9
SEISMIC FORCES
SELF-WEIGHT CALCULATION OF PIER..
SEISMIC COEFFICIENT...
6.2.1 Longitudinal Direction........
DEAD LOAD OF SUPERSTRUCTURE...
SIDL.
DIRT WALL....
SUB-STRUCTURE.
6.6.1 Pier cap....
6.6.2 Pier..
LIVE LOAD
6.7.1 Class 70R....
6.7.2 Class 70R + Class A...
6.7.3 3-Class A.........
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
LOAD CASES
FORCES AND MOMENTS FOR FOOTING TOP
SEISMIC COMBINATIONS FOR FOOTING TOP......
13
13
14
5.2
6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
15
15
8
8.1
8.2
LOAD COMBINATIONS
PIER BOTTOM.......
FOOTING BOTTOM..
16
16
20
9
9.1
9.2
LOAD SUMMARY
BOTTOM OF PIER.
BOTTOM OF FOOTING....
24
24
25
10
26
11
MATERIAL STRESSES
27
12
28
13
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
FOOTING DESIGN
SECTIONAL PROPERTIES...
EARTHFILL
FOOTING CORNER STRESSES...
NET PRESSURE.....
DESIGN AT CRITICAL SECTIONS.....
FOOTING SHEAR..
32
32
33
34
37
38
43
1. DETAILS OF SUBSTRUCTURE
Grade of Concrete
Grade of Steel
Density of concrete
Overall span of RCC Girder
Effective Span
Size of Pier
Transverse Direction
Longitudinal Direction (Thickness)
Equivalent width of pier in transverse direction
Depth of pier cap
Thickness of dirt wall
Spacing between bearings
Eccentricity between C/L OF Pier & Bearings
Height of Crash barrier
Thickness of wearing coat
Thickness of deck slab
Depth of RCC Girder
Thickness of bearing
Minimum height of pedestal
% camber
Average thickness of bearing pedestal
Total width of deck slab
Depth of founding level from GL
Depth of footing
GL to footing top level
FRL at pier location
Existing ground level
Average bearing Top level
Pier cap top level
Footing top level
Founding level
Height of pier from GL to pier cap top
Height from bearing level to footing top
Height of pier (i.e.. Footing top to pier cap top)
35.00
500.00
25.00
20.00
19.00
MPa
MPa
kN/m3
m
m
3.00
1.00
2.79
1.50
0.30
3.00
0.11
1.15
0.06
0.23
1.50
0.07
0.20
2.50
0.31
12.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
621.59
613.64
619.67
619.30
612.64
611.64
5.65
7.03
6.65
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
%
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
2
2.79 m
4
0.23 m
0.29 m
11.65
40.34 <50
1.00
Normal
Wind
Seismic
Normal
Wind
Seismic
Normal
Wind
Seismic
11.70
15.56
17.55
240.00
319.20
360.00
205.00
272.65
307.50
MPa Table 9
MPa
MPa
MPa Table 10
MPa
MPa
MPa Table 10
MPa
MPa
2
440.00 kN/m
2. DEAD LOAD
2.1 REACTION DUE TO DEAD LOAD
(Girder+Diaphragm+Deck Slab)
Width of pier cap
1.40 m
Values from STAAD Model
Reaction on Bearings
Bearing Reaction (kN) Trans. ecc. Long. ecc. Trans. Moment
B1
357.00
4.50
0.11
1606.50
B2
379.00
1.50
0.11
568.50
B3
379.00
-1.50
0.11
-568.50
B4
357.00
-4.50
0.11
-1606.50
1472.00
0.00
Long. Moment
39.27
41.69
41.69
39.27
161.92
Reaction on Bearings
Reaction (kN) Trans. ecc. Long. ecc. Trans. Moment
174.00
4.50
0.11
783.00
31.00
1.50
0.11
46.50
31.00
-1.50
0.11
-46.50
174.00
-4.50
0.11
-783.00
410.00
0.00
Long. Moment
19.14
3.41
3.41
19.14
45.10
1882.00 kN
3. LIVE LOAD
3.1 CLASS 70R
80
120
120
170
170
170
170
A2
A1
6.58
3.98 1.52
A1 =
A2 =
2.13
1.37
3.05 1.37
256.27 kN
743.73 kN
1000.00 kN
Maximum Reaction =
Transverse Moment =
Longitudinal Moment =
6.00
2.96
743.73 kN
2197.72 kNm
81.81 kNm
27
27
114
114
68
68
68
68
A1
1.1
A2
3.2
1.2
A1 =
A2 =
4.3
3.0
3.0
3.0
5.50
142.84 kN
357.16 kN
1.95 2.30
7.50
70R
6.00
2.96
Transverse Moment =
Longitudinal Moment =
1090.53 kNm
39.29 kNm
3.10
Maximum Reaction =
Total Reaction due to Class A =
10% reduction for longitudnal effect as per IRC 6-2010 Cl. 205
Reaction =
Transverse Moment =
Longitudinal Moment =
Total Reaction =
990.80 kN
981.47 kNm
35.36 kNM
357.16 kN
554.00 kN
1100.89 kN
3.3 3-CLASS A
0.4
6
0.45 0
2.3
1.2
2.3
1.2
4.25
2.3
2.75
0.75
357.16
1071.48 kN
803.61 kNm
117.8628 kNm
964.332 kN
723.249 kNm
106.07652 kNm
4. LONGITUDINAL FORCES
4.1 FRICTIONAL FORCE
As per Cl. 211.5.1 OF IRC 6-2010, following values of horizontal force have been considered.
- Coefficient of friction at movable bearing =
0.05
Rg - Reaction at free end due to dead load =
1882.00 kN
Rq - Reaction at free end due to live load
Class 70R
743.73 kN
Class 70R + Class A
990.80 kN
3 Class A
964.33 kN
S.No.
5. WIND FORCE
The project stretch contains less obstructions for wind hence the terrain is considered
to be plain as per table 4 of IRC 6-2010
Basic wind speed for the project stretch
Height of the superstructure
Height from GL to bottom of superstructure
42.5 m/s
8.85 m
5.92 m
2
463.7 N/m
769.1076 N/m
0.75
=
=
=
=
=
10.00
2.93
29.31
12.00
4.09
1.40
=
=
=
2.09
2.00
94.36 kN
=
=
23.59 kN
1.44 m
m
m
2
m
m
=
=
12.00 m
2
120.00 m
138.44 kN
5.1.2 Sub-structure
=
Dimension of pier in longitudinal direction, b
=
1.00
Dimension of pier in transverse direction, t
=
3.00
Height of pier exposed to wind, h
=
5.65
t/b
=
3.00
h/b
=
5.65
As per note 4 of IRC 6-2010 page 30, h/b
=
40.00
From table 5 of IRC 6-2010, CD
=
1.20
As per IRC 6-2010, Cl. 209.4 Note 1, CD value should be multiplied with maximum of
(1-1.5r/b) or 0.5 for piers with rounded corners, where r is the radius of rounded pier corner.
0.50
For pier with r = 0.5m, (1-1.5r/b)
=
0.25
CD multiplication factor
=
0.50
CD is multiplied by 0.5
=
0.60
Gust factor, G
=
2.00
Solid area of projected elevation, A1
=
5.65
Transverse force on substructure due to wind
=
5.22
Longitudinal force on substructure due to wind
=
1.30
Lever arm (from top of footing to C.G. of exposed area)
for wind force acting on substructure
5.2 Live Load
(Cl. 209.3.3 IRC 6-2010)
Height of deck from GL
For basic wind speed of 42.5m/s,
Hourly mean speed of wind at deck level
Height of live load from ground level
For height of 10.95m & for basic wind speed 33m/s
Horizontal wind pressure
For height of 10.95m & for basic wind speed 42.5m/s
Horizontal wind pressure
Total length of superstructure exposed to wind force
Height of exposed area of live load (excluding height of crash barrier)
for calculating wind force
Area of live load resisting wind
CD value as per Cl. 209.3.6 of IRC 6-2010
Gust factor (G) for spans upto 150m
Transverse wind force due to live load
Longitudinal wind force
C.G. of force from bearing level
kN
kN
3.82 m
7.64 m
=
=
35.80 m/s
10.65 m
2
473.00 N/m
=
=
2
784.53 N/m
10.00 m
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
m
m
m
1.85
18.50
1.20
2.00
34.83
8.71
m
m2
kN
kN
3.81 m
6. SEISMIC FORCES
6.1 SELF-WEIGHT CALCULATION OF PIER
12
1.4
0.4
1
1.1
2
4.4
3.2
=
4.8 m
2
=
8.36 m
2
=
13.16 m
3
= 18.424 m
=
0.2 m
= 0.84386 m
= 0.60902 m
=
460.6 kN
=
5.15 m
2
=
2.79 m
3
= 14.3685 m
= 359.213 kN
2
=
0.77 m
=
231 kN
= 127.05 kNm
=
=
10
0.1
2.5
Importance Factor
1.2
= 0.2325
=
30172
=
6.65
=
71401
= 1882.00
=
=
=
m
Mpa
m
kN/m
kN
0.3247 sec
2.5
0.06
m4
Mpa
m
kN/m
kN
kN
kN
sec
= 1472.00 kN
=
88.32 kN
=
0 kN
=
1.2 m
6.4 SIDL
Total Load
Seismic force in Transverse Direction
Seismic force in Longitudinal Direction
CG of SIDL from bearing top
6.5 DIRT WALL
Total Load
Seismic force in Transverse Direction
Seismic force in Longitudinal Direction
CG of dirt wall from top of footing
Height of Dirt wall
11
=
=
=
=
410.00
24.6
0
1.95
kN
kN
kN
m
=
=
=
=
=
231.00
13.86
13.86
7.709
2.108
kN
kN
kN
m
m
6.6 SUB-STRUCTURE
6.6.1 Pier cap
Total Load
Seismic force in Transverse Direction
Seismic force in Longitudinal Direction
CG of pier cap from top of pier cap
CG of pier cap from top of footing
=
=
=
=
=
6.6.2 Pier
Height from GL to pier cap bottom
Total Load
Seismic force in Transverse Direction
Seismic force in Longitudinal Direction
CG of pier cap from top of footing
=
4.15 m
= 289.81 kN
= 17.3887 kN
= 17.3887 kN
= 3.0775 m
= 743.73 kN
= 8.92476 kN
=
0 kN
= 990.80 kN
= 11.8896 kN
=
0 kN
6.7.3 3-Class A
Total Load
Seismic force in Transverse Direction
Seismic force in Longitudinal Direction
=
=
=
12
460.60
27.636
27.636
0.61
6.05
kN
kN
kN
m
m
964.33 kN
11.572 kN
0 kN
2.98 m
7. LOAD CASES
7.1 FORCES AND MOMENTS FOR FOOTING TOP
The elevation difference between top of bearing to top of
S.No.
Description of loads
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Dead Load
Self weight of
superstructure
Weight of dirt
wall+approach slab
Weight of pier cap
Weight of pier
2 SIDL
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
Live Load
Class 70R
Class 70R + Class A
3 Class A
P (kN)
HL
(kN)
7.03 m
HT (kN) eL (m)
eT (m)
ML
(kNm)
1472.00
161.92
231.00
460.60
359.21
-127.05
410.00
45.10
743.73
990.80
964.33
MT
(kNm)
81.81 2197.72
35.36 981.47
106.08 723.25
4 Longitudinal Forces
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
131.29
7.03
922.68
143.64
142.32
7.03
7.03
1009.50
1000.20
5 Wind Load
5.1 On superstructure
5.1.1
5.1.2
-138.44
23.59
8.71
94.36
34.83
8.47
10.83
8.47
10.83
32.30 129.19
1.30
5.22
3.82
3.82
13
199.76
94.34
799.04
377.35
294.10 1176.39
4.98
19.94
6 Seismic Loads
6.1 Longitudinal Seismic Case
Dead load on
6.1.1
superstructure
6.1.2
SIDL
6.1.3
Dirt Wall
6.1.4
Pier Cap
6.1.5
Pier
6.1.6
Live Load
6.1.6.1
Class 70R
6.1.6.2
Class 70R + Class A
6.1.6.3
3 Class A
0.00
0.00
13.86
27.64
17.39
8.23
8.98
7.71
6.05
3.08
0.00
0.00
106.85
167.09
53.51
0.00
0.00
0.00
10.01
10.01
10.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
88.32
24.60
13.86
27.64
17.39
8.23
8.98
7.71
6.05
3.08
726.70
220.86
106.85
167.09
53.51
8.92
11.89
11.57
10.01
10.01
10.01
89.33
119.00
115.82
S.No.
Description of loads
Longitudinal Seismic
1 Case
1.1 L+0.3T (DL+SIDL)
L+0.3T (DL+SIDL+ Class
1.2 70R)
L+0.3T (DL+SIDL+ Class
1.3 70R+ Class A)
L+0.3T (DL+SIDL+ 3 Class
1.4 A)
P (kN)
HL
(kN)
ML
HT (kN) (kNm)
MT
(kNm)
58.88
51.54 327.45
382.50
58.88
54.22 327.45
409.30
58.88
55.11 327.45
418.20
58.88
55.01 327.45
417.25
17.67 171.80
98.23 1275.00
17.67 180.73
98.23 1364.33
17.67 183.69
98.23 1394.01
17.67 183.38
98.23 1390.83
14
For Footing bottom , depths are increased by 1m and seismic forces are increased by
7 Seismic Loads
7.1 Longitudinal Seismic Case
Dead load on
7.1.1
superstructure
7.1.2
SIDL
7.1.3
Dirt Wall
7.1.4
Pier Cap
7.1.5
Pier
7.1.6
Live Load
7.1.6.1
Class 70R
7.1.6.2
Class 70R + Class A
7.1.6.3
3 Class A
0.00
0.00
17.33
34.55
21.74
9.23
9.98
8.71
7.05
4.08
0.00
0.00
150.88
243.40
88.63
0.00
0.00
0.00
11.01
11.01
11.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
110.40
30.75
17.33
34.55
21.74
9.23
9.98
8.71
7.05
4.08
1018.77
306.82
150.88
243.40
88.63
11.16
14.86
14.46
11.01
11.01
11.01
122.82
163.62
159.24
S.No.
Description of loads
P (kN)
Longitudinal Seismic
1 Case
1.1 L+0.3T (DL+SIDL)
L+0.3T (DL+SIDL+ Class
1.2 70R)
L+0.3T (DL+SIDL+ Class
1.3 70R+ Class A)
L+0.3T (DL+SIDL+ 3 Class
1.4 A)
HL
(kN)
ML
HT (kN) (kNm)
MT
(kNm)
73.61
64.43 482.91
542.55
73.61
67.77 482.91
579.40
73.61
68.89 482.91
591.64
73.61
68.77 482.91
590.33
-138.44
23.59
8.71
94.36
34.83
9.47
11.83
9.47
11.83
32.30 129.19
1.30
5.22
4.82
4.82
15
223.35
103.05
893.40
412.18
326.40 1305.58
6.29
25.16
8. LOAD COMBINATIONS
8.1 PIER BOTTOM
8.1.1 DL+SIDL (Without Live Load)
S.No.
Description of loads
1 Dead Load
2 SIDL
Total
P (kN)
HL (kN)
HT (kN)
2522.81
410.00
2932.81
34.87
45.10
79.97
S.No.
1
2
3
4
Description of loads
Dead Load
SIDL
LL - Class 70R
Longitudinal Frictional Force
Total
P (kN)
HL (kN)
HT (kN)
2522.81
410.00
743.73
3676.54
131.29
131.29
7.03
0.00
34.87
45.10
81.81
922.68
1084.46
2197.72
2197.72
S.No.
1
2
3
4
Description of loads
Dead Load
SIDL
LL - Class 70R+Class A
Longitudinal Frictional Force
Total
P (kN)
HL (kN)
HT (kN)
2522.81
410.00
990.80
3923.61
143.64
143.64
7.03
0.00
34.87
45.10
35.36
1009.50
1124.83
981.47
981.47
S.No.
1
2
3
4
Description of loads
Dead Load
SIDL
LL - 3 Class A
Longitudinal Frictional Force
Total
P (kN)
HL (kN)
HT (kN)
2522.81
410.00
964.33
3897.14
142.32
142.32
7.03
0.00
16
34.87
45.10
106.08
1000.20
1186.25
723.25
723.25
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
5.1
5.2
Description of loads
P (kN)
HL (kN)
HT (kN)
Dead Load
2522.81
SIDL
410.00
LL - Class 70R
743.73
Longitudinal Frictional Force
131.29
7.03
Wind Load
On superstructure
-138.44
32.30
129.19
On substructure
1.30
5.22 3.82
Total
3538.10 164.89
134.41
Negative because wind is assumed to act upwards for critical condition
34.87
45.10
81.81
922.68
3.82
294.10
4.98
1383.54
2197.72
1176.39
19.94
3394.05
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
5.1
5.2
Description of loads
Dead Load
SIDL
LL - Class 70R+Class A
Longitudinal Frictional Force
Wind Load
On superstructure
On substructure
Total
P (kN)
HL (kN)
HT (kN)
2522.81
410.00
990.80
143.64
-138.44
3785.17
34.87
45.10
35.36
1009.50
7.03
32.30
1.30
177.24
129.19
5.22
134.41
3.82
3.82
294.10
4.98
1423.91
981.47
1176.39
19.94
2177.80
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
5.1
5.2
Description of loads
Dead Load
SIDL
LL - 3 Class A
Longitudinal Frictional Force
Wind Load
On superstructure
On substructure
Total
P (kN)
HL (kN)
HT (kN)
2522.81
410.00
964.33
142.32
-138.44
3758.71
34.87
45.10
106.08
1000.20
7.03
32.30
1.30
175.92
129.19
5.22
134.41
17
3.82
3.82
294.10
4.98
1485.33
723.25
1176.39
19.94
1919.58
S.No.
Description of loads
P (kN)
1 Dead Load
2 SIDL
2522.81
410.00
2932.81
HL (kN)
HT (kN)
58.88
58.88
51.54
51.54
327.45
407.42
382.50
382.50
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
Description of loads
Dead Load
SIDL
LL - Class 70R
Longitudinal Frictional Force
Longitudinal Seismic Force
Total
P (kN)
HL (kN)
HT (kN)
2522.81
410.00
148.75
3081.56
131.29
58.88
190.17
7.03
54.22
54.22
34.87
45.10
16.36
922.68
327.45
1346.46
439.54
409.30
848.84
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
Description of loads
Dead Load
SIDL
LL - Class 70R+Class A
Longitudinal Frictional Force
Longitudinal Seismic Force
Total
P (kN)
HL (kN)
HT (kN)
2522.81
410.00
198.16
3130.97
143.64
58.88
202.52
7.03
55.11
55.11
34.87
45.10
7.07
1009.50
327.45
1423.99
196.29
418.20
614.50
Description of loads
Dead Load
SIDL
LL - 3 Class A
Longitudinal Frictional Force
Longitudinal Seismic Force
Total
P (kN)
HL (kN)
HT (kN)
2522.81
410.00
192.87
3125.68
142.32
58.88
201.20
7.03
55.01
55.01
18
34.87
45.10
21.22
1000.20
327.45
1428.83
144.65
417.25
561.90
S.No.
Description of loads
1 Dead Load
2 SIDL
3 Transverse Seismic Force
Total
P (kN)
HL (kN)
HT (kN)
2522.81
410.00
2932.81
17.67
17.67
34.87
45.10
98.23
178.20
171.80
171.80
1275.00
1275.00
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
Description of loads
Dead Load
SIDL
LL - Class 70R
Longitudinal Frictional Force
Transverse Seismic Force
Total
P (kN)
HL (kN)
HT (kN)
2522.81
410.00
148.75
3081.56
131.29
17.67
148.95
7.03
180.73
180.73
34.87
45.10
16.36
922.68
98.23
1117.25
439.54
1364.33
1803.88
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
Description of loads
Dead Load
SIDL
LL - Class 70R+Class A
Longitudinal Frictional Force
Transverse Seismic Force
Total
P (kN)
HL (kN)
HT (kN)
2522.81
410.00
198.16
3130.97
143.64
17.67
161.31
7.03
183.69
183.69
34.87
45.10
7.07
1009.50
98.23
1194.78
196.29
1394.01
1590.30
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
Description of loads
Dead Load
SIDL
LL - 3 Class A
Longitudinal Frictional Force
Transverse Seismic Force
Total
P (kN)
HL (kN)
HT (kN)
2522.81
410.00
192.87
3125.68
142.32
17.67
159.98
7.03
183.38
183.38
19
34.87
45.10
21.22
1000.20
98.23
1199.62
144.65
1390.83
1535.48
S.No.
Description of loads
1 Dead Load
2 SIDL
Total
P (kN)
HL (kN)
HT (kN)
2522.81
410.00
2932.81
MT (kNm)
34.87
45.10
79.97
S.No.
Description of loads
1 Dead Load
2 SIDL
3 LL - Class 70R
Longitudinal Frictional
4 Force
Total
P (kN)
HL (kN)
HT (kN)
2522.81
410.00
743.73
131.29
131.29
3676.54
8.03
0.00
MT (kNm)
34.87
45.10
81.81
2197.72
1053.97
1215.75
2197.72
S.No.
Description of loads
1 Dead Load
2 SIDL
3 LL - Class 70R+Class A
Longitudinal Frictional
4 Force
Total
P (kN)
HL (kN)
HT (kN)
2522.81
410.00
990.80
143.64
143.64
3923.61
8.03
0.00
MT (kNm)
34.87
45.10
35.36
981.47
1153.14
1268.47
981.47
S.No.
Description of loads
1 Dead Load
2 SIDL
3 LL - 3 Class A
Longitudinal Frictional
4 Force
Total
P (kN)
HL (kN)
HT (kN)
2522.81
410.00
964.33
3897.14
142.32
142.32
20
8.03
0.00
MT (kNm)
34.87
45.10
106.08
723.25
1142.52
1328.56
723.25
S.No.
Description of loads
P (kN)
HL (kN)
HT (kN)
1 Dead Load
2522.81
2 SIDL
410.00
3 LL - Class 70R
743.73
Longitudinal Frictional
4 Force
131.29
8.03
5 Wind Load
5.1 On superstructure
-138.44
32.30
129.19
5.2 On substructure
1.30
5.22
4.82
Total
3538.10
164.89
134.41
Negative because wind is assumed to act upwards for critical condition
34.87
45.10
81.81
MT (kNm)
2197.72
1053.97
4.82
326.40
6.29
1548.43
1305.58
25.16
3528.46
S.No.
Description of loads
1 Dead Load
2 SIDL
3 LL - Class 70R+Class A
Longitudinal Frictional
4 Force
5 Wind Load
5.1 On superstructure
5.2 On substructure
Total
P (kN)
HL (kN)
HT (kN)
2522.81
410.00
990.80
34.87
45.10
35.36
143.64
-138.44
3785.17
32.30
1.30
177.24
8.03
129.19
5.22
134.41
4.82
MT (kNm)
981.47
1153.14
4.82
326.40
6.29
1601.16
1305.58
25.16
2312.21
S.No.
Description of loads
1 Dead Load
2 SIDL
3 LL - 3 Class A
Longitudinal Frictional
4 Force
5 Wind Load
5.1 On superstructure
5.2 On substructure
Total
P (kN)
HL (kN)
HT (kN)
2522.81
410.00
964.33
34.87
45.10
106.08
142.32
-138.44
3758.71
32.30
1.30
175.92
21
8.03
129.19
5.22
134.41
4.82
MT (kNm)
723.25
1142.52
4.82
326.40
6.29
1661.25
1305.58
25.16
2053.99
S.No.
Description of loads
P (kN)
1 Dead Load
2 SIDL
2522.81
410.00
2932.81
HL (kN)
HT (kN)
MT (kNm)
34.87
45.10
73.61
73.61
64.43
64.43
482.91
562.88
542.55
542.55
S.No.
Description of loads
1 Dead Load
2 SIDL
3 LL - Class 70R
Longitudinal Frictional
4 Force
5 Longitudinal Seismic Force
Total
P (kN)
HL (kN)
HT (kN)
2522.81
410.00
148.75
34.87
45.10
16.36
131.29
3081.56
MT (kNm)
73.61
204.89
8.03
67.77
67.77
439.54
1053.97
482.91
1633.21
579.40
1018.94
S.No.
Description of loads
1 Dead Load
2 SIDL
3 LL - Class 70R+Class A
Longitudinal Frictional
4 Force
5 Longitudinal Seismic Force
Total
P (kN)
HL (kN)
HT (kN)
2522.81
410.00
198.16
34.87
45.10
7.07
143.64
3130.97
73.61
217.25
8.03
68.89
68.89
MT (kNm)
196.29
1153.14
482.91
1723.10
591.64
787.93
S.No.
Description of loads
1 Dead Load
2 SIDL
3 LL - 3 Class A
Longitudinal Frictional
4 Force
5 Longitudinal Seismic Force
Total
P (kN)
HL (kN)
HT (kN)
2522.81
410.00
192.87
34.87
45.10
21.22
142.32
3125.68
73.61
215.92
22
8.03
68.77
68.77
MT (kNm)
144.65
1142.52
482.91
1726.62
590.33
734.98
S.No.
Description of loads
P (kN)
1 Dead Load
2 SIDL
2522.81
410.00
2932.81
HL (kN)
HT (kN)
MT (kNm)
34.87
45.10
22.08
22.08
214.76
214.76
144.87
224.84
1808.51
1808.51
S.No.
Description of loads
1 Dead Load
2 SIDL
3 LL - Class 70R
Longitudinal Frictional
4 Force
5 Transverse Seismic Force
Total
P (kN)
HL (kN)
HT (kN)
2522.81
410.00
148.75
34.87
45.10
16.36
131.29
3081.56
22.08
153.37
8.03
225.91
225.91
MT (kNm)
439.54
1053.97
144.87
1295.17
1931.33
2370.87
S.No.
Description of loads
1 Dead Load
2 SIDL
3 LL - Class 70R+Class A
Longitudinal Frictional
4 Force
5 Transverse Seismic Force
Total
P (kN)
HL (kN)
HT (kN)
2522.81
410.00
198.16
34.87
45.10
7.07
143.64
3130.97
22.08
165.72
8.03
229.62
229.62
MT (kNm)
196.29
1153.14
144.87
1385.06
1972.13
2168.42
S.No.
Description of loads
1 Dead Load
2 SIDL
3 LL - 3 Class A
Longitudinal Frictional
4 Force
5 Transverse Seismic Force
Total
P (kN)
HL (kN)
HT (kN)
2522.81
410.00
192.87
34.87
45.10
21.22
142.32
3125.68
22.08
164.40
23
8.03
229.22
229.22
MT (kNm)
144.65
1142.52
144.87
1388.58
1967.75
2112.40
9. LOAD SUMMARY
9.1 BOTTOM OF PIER
ML (kNm) MT (kNm)
0.00
0.00
79.97
0.00
3676.54
131.29
0.00
1084.46
2197.72
3923.61
143.64
0.00
1124.83
981.47
3897.14
142.32
0.00
1186.25
723.25
3538.10
164.89
134.41
1383.54
3394.05
3785.17
177.24
134.41
1423.91
2177.80
3758.71
175.92
134.41
1485.33
1919.58
2932.81
58.88
51.54
407.42
382.50
3081.56
190.17
54.22
1346.46
848.84
3130.97
202.52
55.11
1423.99
614.50
3125.68
201.20
55.01
1428.83
561.90
2932.81
17.67
171.80
178.20
1275.00
3081.56
148.95
180.73
1117.25
1803.88
3130.97
161.31
183.69
1194.78
1590.30
3125.68
159.98
183.38
1199.62
1535.48
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
24
NORMAL
HT (kN)
WIND
HL (kN)
SEISMIC
LONGITUDINAL
P (kN)
2932.81
SEISMIC
TRANSVERSE
S.No.
Description of Load Combination
1 DL+SIDL (Without Live Load)
HT (kN)
ML (kNm) MT (kNm)
2932.81
0.00
0.00
79.97
0.00
3676.54
131.29
0.00
1215.75
2197.72
3923.61
143.64
0.00
1268.47
981.47
3897.14
142.32
0.00
1328.56
723.25
3538.10
164.89
134.41
1548.43
3528.46
3785.17
177.24
134.41
1601.16
2312.21
3758.71
175.92
134.41
1661.25
2053.99
2932.81
73.61
64.43
562.88
542.55
3081.56
204.89
67.77
1633.21
1018.94
3130.97
217.25
68.89
1723.10
787.93
3125.68
215.92
68.77
1726.62
734.98
2932.81
22.08
214.76
224.84
1808.51
3081.56
153.37
225.91
1295.17
2370.87
3130.97
165.72
229.62
1385.06
2168.42
3125.68
164.40
229.22
1388.58
2112.40
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
25
NORMAL
HL (kN)
WIND
P (kN)
SEISMIC
LONGITUDINAL
SEISMIC
TRANSVERSE
S.No.
2.79 m
1.00 m
Effective Cover
End Spacing
60 mm
0.1 m
16 Nos.
16 mm
3216.990877 mm2
6 Nos.
16 mm
1206.371579 mm2
10
Grade of Concrete
35.00 Mpa
Normal
Wind
Seismic
Normal
Wind
Seismic
Normal
Wind
Seismic
11.70
15.56
17.55
240.00
319.20
360.00
205.00
272.65
307.50
MPa
MPa
MPa
MPa
MPa
MPa
MPa
MPa
MPa
Area of Concrete
Area of steel
2.79 m2
8846.724913 mm
Percentage of Steel
Area of concrete to resist axial load only
0.317086914 %
335351.58 mm2
2682.81265 mm2
8370 mm2
SAFE
26
1.00
2.79
60
3216.99
440.00
1206.37
1335.00
8846.72
10.00
1.47E+06
4.90E+08
1.35E+09 mm3
ey (m)
concrete
steel
(Mpa)
tension (Mpa)
2932.81
79.97
0.00
0.03
0.00
2.15
21.32
3676.54
1084.46
2197.72
0.29
0.60
6.33
59.98
3923.61
1124.83
981.47
0.29
0.25
5.68
53.76
3897.14
1186.25
723.25
0.30
0.19
5.60
52.85
3538.10
1383.54
3394.05
0.39
0.96
7.74
72.89
3785.17
1423.91
2177.80
0.38
0.58
7.08
66.67
3758.71
1485.33
1919.58
0.40
0.51
7.00
65.76
2932.81
407.42
382.50
0.14
0.13
3.10
29.91
3081.56
1346.46
848.84
0.44
0.28
5.47
51.09
10
3130.97
1423.99
614.50
0.45
0.20
5.48
51.15
11
3125.68
1428.83
561.90
0.46
0.18
5.45
50.83
12
2932.81
178.20
1275.00
0.06
0.43
3.30
32.13
13
3081.56
1117.25
1803.88
0.36
0.59
5.71
53.74
14
3130.97
1194.78
1590.30
0.38
0.51
5.74
53.96
15
3125.68
1199.62
1535.48
0.38
0.49
5.70
53.62
27
NORMAL
Mx (Trans.) My (Long.)
kNm
kNm
ex (m)
WIND
P (kN)
m(bd^3/12+MT/ZT-ML/ZL)
(bd^3/12+MT/ZT+ML/ZL)
LONGITUDINAL
SEISMIC
S.No.
mm2
mm3
TRANSVERSE
SEISMIC
STEEL TENSION
CONCRETE COMP
m
m
mm
mm2
mm
mm2
mm
mm2
1.4025 m
1.4 m
0.105
1.4025
B2
3.00
1.70
B1 1.5
0.4
1.20
1.1
14.04
0.20
4.40
Results from STAAD after 10% reduction due to longitudinal effect for 3 lanes traffic for live load
Description
S.No.
1
2
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
Dead Load
SIDL
Live Load
Class 70R
Class 70R + Class A
3 Class A
405.00
337.50
266.40
S.No.
Description
1
2
3
4
5
Dead Load
SIDL
Class 70R
Class 70R + Class A
3 Class A
Shear Force
(kN)
736.00
205.00
875.16
744.32
647.19
Bending
Moment
(kNm)
1148.28
543.53
1295.82
1123.36
1071.99
Torsion
(kNm)
80.96
22.55
96.27
81.87
71.19
Loads @ distance 'd' from the face of pier considering impact factor
S.No.
Description
1
2
3
4
5
Dead Load
SIDL
Class 70R
Class 70R + Class A
3 Class A
Shear Force
(kN)
357.00
174.00
343
297
285.3
Bending
Moment
(kNm)
607.79
296.24
683.23
593.16
569.79
28
Torsion
(kNm)
39.27
19.14
44.14
38.32
36.81
Bending Moment and Shear Force due to self weight of cantilever portion of pier cap
at pier face
1.50 m
157.06 kN
172.77 kN
1.85
319.92
88.65
2.30
204.11
S.No.
m
kNm
kN
m
kNm
1.33
131.66
61.65
1.60
98.71
at pier face
Load Combination
1 DL+SIDL+Class 70R
DL+SIDL+Class 70R
2 +Class A
3 DL+SIDL+3 Class A
Maximum
at distance d away
1.20 m
89.70 kN
98.67 kN
Torsion
199.78
185.38
174.70
199.78
SF (kN)
BM (kNm)
5065.20
3187.40
3638.54
3541.40
5065.20
m
kNm
kN
m
3442.71
3391.34
3442.71
988.32
976.62
1034.32
1727.56
1704.19
1817.63
Load Combination
S.No.
Torsion
1 DL+SIDL+Class 70R
199.78
2 DL+SIDL+Class 70R +Class A 185.38
3 DL+SIDL+3 Class A
174.70
Eq. SF (kN)
228.32
211.87
199.66
Eq. SF = 1.6T/b
Eq. BM = T(1+D/b)/1.7
29
Torsion
102.55
96.73
95.22
Eq. SF
(kN)
117.20
110.55
108.83
Eq. BM
(kNm)
112.06
105.70
104.05
at pier face
SF (kN)
BM (kNm)
1 DL+SIDL+Class 70R
2305.89
3954.86
2 DL+SIDL+Class 70R +Class A2158.60
3668.60
3 DL+SIDL+3 Class A
2049.26
3604.21
Maximum
2305.89
3954.86
Load Combination
Grade of Concrete
Grade of Steel
Modular Ratio
Permissible flexural compressive stress in concrete cbc
Normal
35.00 MPa
500.00 MPa
10.00
11.70 MPa
Normal
240.00 MPa
Normal
205.00 MPa
k
j
Q
0.31
0.90
1.64
Clear Cover
Total Depth, D
Width of pier cap, b
Design Shear Force at column face
Maximum Bending Moment
Effective Depth Required, dreq
Depth provided, d
40.00
1500.00
1400.00
2305.89
3954.86
1312.73
1402.50
mm
m
m
kN
kNm
mm
mm
13117.32 mm2
25.00 mm
28.00
1st layer
14 Nos. of
2nd layer
14 Nos. of
Provided Reinforcement
Side face reinforcement (0.05%)
Diameter of bars
No. of bars required
25 mm dia bars
25 mm dia bars
Provide
10 Nos. of
13744.47
1050.00 mm2
12.00 mm
10.00
30
2.30 Mpa
1402.50 mm
1.17 < 2.3
SAFE
0.65
Effective depth
Design Shear Stress, v
% reinforcement
Table 12B IRC 21-2000
Shear stress in concrete, c
0.35 MPa
1618.67 kN
788.19 mm2
4 legged
16 mm dia stirrups
Asv
Spacing Required
804.25 mm2
142.85 mm
mm dia
16 stirrups @
4 legged
140 mm
>
804.25 mm2
788.185 SAFE
<
199.78
1263.00
813.00
480.41
804.248
Transverse Reinforcement
As per IRC 21-2000 Cl 304.7.2.4.3
Maximum Torsion
Average effective width, b1
Average effective depth, d1
Torsional transverse reinforcement required, Aswt
31
kNm
mm
mm
mm2
OK
P2
1.2
1.3
P3
1.15
Traffic Direction
3.2
1.15
P4
P1
1.00
3.1
1.4
Ground Level
0.3
2
0.7
2.79
5.50
5.50
30.25 m2
27.73 m3
27.73 m3
2.91 m
2.75 m
5.05 m2
27.78 m3
Weight of footing
694.38 kN
598.70 kN
32
13.2 EARTHFILL
Distance between pier and RE wall
Height of soil retained by RE wall
0.40 m
7.95 m
2361.45 kN
1.40 m
3306.03 kNm
2932.81
6587.33
79.97
893.11
0.00
3676.54
7331.06
1215.75
1396.71
2197.72
3923.61
7578.14
1268.47
1239.43
981.47
3897.14
7551.67
1328.56
1322.02
723.25
3538.10
7192.63
1548.43
1847.07
3528.46
3785.17
7439.70
1601.16
1689.78
2312.21
3758.71
7413.23
1661.25
1772.38
2053.99
2932.81
6587.33
562.88
1376.02
542.55
3081.56
6736.08
1633.21
2319.92
1018.94
10
3130.97
6785.49
1723.10
2367.80
787.93
11
3125.68
6780.20
1726.62
2375.82
734.98
12
2932.81
6587.33
224.84
1037.98
1808.51
13
3081.56
6736.08
1295.17
1981.88
2370.87
14
3130.97
6785.49
1385.06
2029.76
2168.42
15
3125.68
6780.20
1388.58
2037.78
2112.40
33
NORMAL
WIND
Ml (kNm)
LONGITUDINAL
SEISMIC
Pbottom (kN)
TRANSVERSE
SEISMIC
Ptop (kN)
S.No.
0.85 m
185.55
249.97
249.97
271.24
112.72
213.46
371.98
241.21
170.42
259.82
330.61
228.05
175.88
271.24
323.40
298.41
43.91
177.14
431.63
268.39
101.62
223.49
390.26
255.22
107.07
234.91
383.06
187.71
148.57
247.82
286.95
175.76
102.27
269.60
343.09
10
167.34
110.51
281.29
338.12
11
164.97
111.95
283.31
336.32
12
245.55
115.11
189.98
320.42
13
236.71
65.71
208.65
379.65
14
229.31
72.91
219.31
375.71
15
226.83
74.47
221.45
373.81
WIND
NORMAL
TRANSVERSE LONGITUDINAL
SEISMIC
SEISMIC
Load Case
SBC (kN/m )
Max. Pressure
(kN/m2)
Min. Pressure
(kN/m2)
Normal
440.00
371.98
112.72
OK
Wind
550.00
431.63
43.91
OK
Longitudinal Seismic
550.00
343.09
102.27
OK
Transverse Seismic
550.00
379.65
65.71
OK
34
P2
P23
PF
P3
P32
PB
P21
PA
PE
P34
PC
1.355
PG
2.79
P12
P43
PD
P1
5.5
P14
3.1
PH
1.00
5.5
9.96
P4
P41
1.4
35
1.355
185.55
185.55
221.86
233.57
249.97
249.97
233.57
221.86
232.18
151.77
169.50
187.82
252.51
332.92
346.33
328.02
223.77
187.86
220.81
237.06
277.26
313.17
307.85
291.60
215.20
188.73
229.63
246.96
284.09
310.55
299.13
281.79
235.71
106.61
119.00
143.23
239.83
368.93
397.72
373.50
227.30
142.70
170.31
192.47
264.58
349.18
359.24
337.08
218.72
143.57
179.13
202.37
271.41
346.56
350.52
327.27
178.06
158.21
204.51
222.56
257.46
277.31
261.69
243.64
157.66
120.38
196.58
227.01
287.70
324.98
300.50
270.07
10
153.34
124.51
206.77
237.82
295.29
324.12
294.65
263.60
11
151.91
125.01
208.54
239.69
296.37
323.26
292.71
261.55
12
213.41
147.25
157.31
170.92
222.11
288.28
301.36
287.75
13
194.58
107.84
146.28
172.27
250.78
337.53
343.27
317.28
14
190.78
111.45
155.43
182.05
257.84
337.18
338.45
311.83
15
189.29
112.01
157.31
184.04
258.98
336.27
336.39
309.67
36
NORMAL
P21 (kN/m2)
WIND
P12 (kN/m2)
TRANSVERSE LONGITUDINA
SEISMIC
L SEISMIC
Load Case
1293.08 kN
30.25 m2
42.75 kN/m2
Net pressure = Pressure due to load and moment - Pressure at 4 corners due to footing and soil
PD (kN/m2)
PE (kN/m2)
PF (kN/m2)
PG (kN/m2) PH (kN/m2)
179.12
175.02
190.83
175.02
142.81
184.97
207.22
184.97
206.01
159.40
224.33
239.81
149.23
135.92
249.97
294.43
213.46
189.82
229.71
225.73
163.07
186.19
252.47
256.98
212.96
193.66
230.30
220.13
159.22
195.55
254.57
247.71
203.50
130.48
227.73
259.58
128.42
88.37
261.64
342.86
210.95
160.89
233.11
245.49
142.26
138.64
264.13
305.42
210.45
164.74
233.70
239.89
138.40
148.00
266.24
296.15
181.33
165.09
199.38
184.94
125.39
170.79
224.64
209.92
190.58
161.29
221.01
198.57
96.27
169.05
263.60
242.54
10
192.44
167.15
223.49
195.98
96.18
179.55
266.96
236.38
11
192.30
167.95
223.45
194.84
95.71
181.37
267.07
234.38
12
179.78
141.93
193.39
208.10
137.58
121.37
212.45
251.81
13
189.03
136.56
215.02
223.31
108.46
116.52
251.41
287.53
14
190.88
141.90
217.50
221.24
108.37
125.99
254.77
282.39
15
190.75
142.75
217.47
220.04
107.90
127.93
254.88
280.29
37
NORMAL
PC (kN/m2)
WIND
PB (kN/m2)
TRANSVERSE LONGITUDINA
SEISMIC
L SEISMIC
2
Load Case PA (kN/m )
75 mm
16 mm
16 mm
0.917 m
0.901 m
2
P2
P3
PF
0.45
1.36
PB
0.901
PA
PE
PC
0.901
PG
2.79
Traffic Direction
3
PD
0.901
P1
P4
PH
a
2.2
0.917
3.1
1.00
0.917
2
38
b
1.4
0.5
0.901
0.45
1.355
38.62
68.76
193.53
311.52
195.29
1561.17
620.94
275.72
3111.87
548.68
259.18
2749.73
77.37
97.32
285.87
232.06
168.56
857.47
159.80
139.87
590.47
325.92
199.76
1060.03
757.53
304.54
2463.80
10
742.85
301.57
2416.05
11
752.25
303.47
2446.60
12
124.81
123.61
405.93
13
556.42
261.00
1809.70
14
541.74
257.54
1761.94
15
551.13
259.76
1792.50
Maximum Ast
WIND
NORMAL
LONGITUDINAL
SEISMIC
Depth Required
(mm)
TRANSVERSE
SEISMIC
Moment
Load Case about 1-1
(kNm)
-751.37 kNm
3111.87 mm2
39
0.28
0.91
1.49
0.23
0.92
1.63
0.21
0.93
1.68
0.21
0.93
1.68
1087.48
364.88
5449.96
1301.28
399.14
6521.42
1319.92
401.99
6614.82
1328.53
403.30
6657.99
1349.30
406.44
4985.72
1367.94
409.24
5054.59
1376.55
410.52
5086.42
1165.42
377.73
3790.42
1344.27
405.68
4372.09
10
1360.80
408.17
4425.86
11
1361.15
408.22
4427.00
12
1110.86
368.79
3612.98
13
1289.71
397.36
4194.65
14
1306.24
399.90
4248.42
15
1306.59
399.96
4249.56
Maximum Ast
WIND
NORMAL
LONGITUDINAL
SEISMIC
Depth Required
(mm)
TRANSVERSE
SEISMIC
Moment
Load Case about 2-2
(kNm)
6657.99 mm2
40
0.28
0.91
1.49
0.23
0.92
1.63
0.21
0.93
1.68
0.21
0.93
1.68
Moment
Load Case about 3-3
(kNm)
Depth Required
(mm)
917.18
335.10
2856.06
1394.66
413.22
4342.91
1244.91
390.40
3876.60
1204.30
383.98
3750.13
1590.96
441.34
4520.67
1441.21
420.06
4095.16
1400.60
414.09
3979.75
1017.87
353.01
2797.54
1150.61
375.32
3162.37
10
1125.50
371.21
3093.35
11
1116.85
369.78
3069.60
12
1197.83
382.95
3292.17
13
1343.66
405.59
3692.96
14
1322.89
402.44
3635.89
15
1313.79
401.06
3610.86
4520.67 mm2
Maximum Ast
TRANSVERSE
SEISMIC
LONGITUDINAL
SEISMIC
WIND
NORMAL
41
0.28
0.91
1.49
0.23
0.92
1.63
0.21
0.93
1.68
0.21
0.93
1.68
917.18
335.10
4678.11
725.77
298.09
3701.80
3
4
946.19
984.17
340.36
347.12
4826.08
5019.78
517.05
240.34
2586.10
6
7
737.47
775.45
287.03
294.33
3688.60
3878.55
852.74
303.55
4234.03
840.48
301.37
4173.19
10
885.68
309.36
4397.62
11
893.16
310.67
4434.74
12
647.40
264.49
3214.49
13
622.06
259.27
3088.69
14
662.92
267.64
3291.54
15
670.86
269.24
3330.97
NORMAL
0.28
0.91
1.49
WIND
Depth Required
(mm)
0.23
j
Q
0.92
1.63
0.21
0.93
1.68
0.21
0.93
1.68
TRANSVERSE LONGITUDINA
SEISMIC
L SEISMIC
Moment
Load Case about 4-4
(kNm)
Maximum Ast
5019.78 mm2
Minimum Area of reinforcement = 0.12% of cross-sectional area
(As per IRC 78-2000 Cl. 707.2.7)
Minimum reinforcement
Reinforcement required along traffic direction
Diameter of bar
Provide
16 mm diameter bars @
Reinforcement provided
Reinforcement required across traffic direction
Diameter of bar
Provide
16 mm diameter bars @
Reinforcement provided
6600
6657.99
16
160 mm
6911.50
5019.78
16
160 mm
6911.50
mm2
mm2
c/c
mm2
mm2
mm
c/c
mm2
42
SAFE
SAFE
PROVIDE MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT
SAFE
347.14 kN/m
0.10
0.83 m
433.71 kNm
Area resisting shear at a distance 'd' away from the face of the pier
along traffic direction (section c-c & d-d)
across traffic direction (section a-a & b-b)
5.05 m2
4.56 m2
-73.12
5.84 SAFE
202.37 544.05
0.12 SAFE
0.20
189.22
-46.37
152.33 SAFE
242.39 653.98
0.14 SAFE
0.20
198.55
-16.96
272.57 SAFE
245.74 661.74
0.15 SAFE
0.20
197.07
-24.27
245.19 SAFE
247.39 666.73
0.15 SAFE
0.20
181.29
-85.73
5.07 SAFE
251.61 681.72
0.15 SAFE
0.27
190.63
-56.33
125.31 SAFE
254.96 689.48
0.15 SAFE
0.27
189.14
-63.63
97.94 SAFE
256.61 694.47
0.15 SAFE
0.27
164.79
-103.64
-100.66 SAFE
217.17 586.83
0.13 SAFE
0.30
162.68
-151.57
-257.30 SAFE
251.00 683.51
0.15 SAFE
0.30
10
163.96
-150.70
-250.75 SAFE
254.10 692.09
0.15 SAFE
0.30
11
163.73
-151.63
-254.35
254.17 692.34
0.15
0.30
12
167.30
-82.28
-26.11 SAFE
206.81 556.88
0.12 SAFE
0.30
13
165.20
-130.21
-182.75 SAFE
240.64 653.57
0.14 SAFE
0.30
14
166.48
-129.34
-176.20 SAFE
243.74 662.15
0.15 SAFE
0.30
15
166.24
-130.27
-179.80 SAFE
243.81 662.39
0.15 SAFE
0.30
SAFE
SAFE
43
WIND
168.38
LONGITUDINAL
SEISMIC
NORMAL
Permissi
ble
Shear
Stress
(c) Mpa
Stress at
Shear
SF
section b- along b- Stress
b, kN/m2 b, kN (v), Mpa
TRANSVERSE
SEISMIC
Stress at
Load
BM about SF along
section aCase
a-a, kNm a-a, kN
a, kN/m2
181.64
485.49
0.10 SAFE
181.64 457.71
0.09 SAFE
0.20
276.13
656.84
0.13 SAFE
143.78 349.20
0.07 SAFE
0.20
246.51
622.97
0.12 SAFE
187.41 466.44
0.09 SAFE
0.20
238.47
615.56
0.12 SAFE
194.92 487.50
0.10 SAFE
0.20
314.96
719.88
0.14 SAFE
102.48 238.27
0.05 SAFE
0.27
285.34
686.01
0.14 SAFE
146.10 355.50
0.07 SAFE
0.27
277.30
678.61
0.13 SAFE
153.61 376.56
0.07 SAFE
0.27
201.55
532.10
0.11 SAFE
168.88 424.08
0.08 SAFE
0.30
227.81
613.52
0.12 SAFE
166.45 418.87
0.08 SAFE
0.30
10
222.84
611.51
0.12 SAFE
175.39 443.14
0.09 SAFE
0.30
11
221.13
609.52
0.12 SAFE
176.87 447.27
0.09 SAFE
0.30
12
237.16
561.34
0.11 SAFE
128.26 311.66
0.06 SAFE
0.30
13
266.01
645.99
0.13 SAFE
123.24 299.34
0.06 SAFE
0.30
14
261.90
645.06
0.13 SAFE
131.32 321.26
0.06 SAFE
0.30
15
260.10
642.95
0.13 SAFE
132.89 325.63
0.06 SAFE
0.30
WIND
NORMAL
Permissi
ble
Shear
Stress
(c),
Mpa
LONGITUDINAL
SEISMIC
Stress at
Shear
SF
section d- along d- Stress
d, kN/m2 d, kN (v), Mpa
TRANSVERSE
SEISMIC
Stress at
Shear
Load
SF along
section cStress
Case
c-c, kN
(v) Mpa
c, kN/m2
30.25 m2
7.11 m2
23.14 m2
0.86 m
8.07 m2
Punching shear, Vp = Net Load, P - (P1+P2+P3+P4)/4 x Area effective in carrying punching shear
Punching Shear Stress, cp = Vp/Aps
Grade of concrete
Allowable Punching Shear - 0.16 x (fck)0.5
35.00 Mpa
44
0.95 SAFE
1722.21
0.21
0.95 SAFE
1780.25
0.22
0.95 SAFE
1774.03
0.22
0.95 SAFE
1689.69
0.21
1.26 SAFE
1747.73
0.22
1.26 SAFE
1741.51
0.22
1.26 SAFE
1547.49
0.19
1.42 SAFE
1582.44
0.20
1.42 SAFE
10
1594.05
0.20
1.42 SAFE
11
1592.80
0.20
1.42 SAFE
12
1547.49
0.19
1.42 SAFE
13
1582.44
0.20
1.42 SAFE
14
1594.05
0.20
1.42 SAFE
15
1592.80
0.20
1.42 SAFE
WIND
0.19
LONGITUDINAL
SEISMIC
1547.49
TRANSVERSE
SEISMIC
NORMAL
Allowable
Load Punching
Shear
, MPa
Case Shear, kN cp
Stress,
Mpa
=
=
45
1. SECTION PROPERTIES
16
17
18
7. DIAPHRAGM DESIGN
19
DETAILS OF SUPERSTRUCTURE
Grade of Concrete
35.00 MPa
Grade of Steel
500.00 MPa
Density of concrete
3
25.00 kN/m
18.00 m
Effective Span
17.50 m
3.00 m
0.06 m
1.50 m
% camber
2.50 %
12.00 m
621.59 m
613.64 m
621.34 m
7.70 m
1. SECTION PROPERTIES
1.1 NEAR SUPPORT
750
2
150
25
75
1500
0
5
0
0
600
600
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
Total
A x CG (mm3)
Area (mm2)
C.G. (mm)
900000
750
6.75E+08
22500
1425
3.21E+07
1875 1341.666667
2.52E+06
0
0
0.00E+00
0
0
0.00E+00
924375
7.10E+08
Iself (mm4)
1.69E+11
4.22E+07
6.51E+04
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
Area
C.G. from bottom
Distance of N.A. from top
Distance of N.A. from bottom
0.92
767.63
732.37
767.63
Ibase (mm4)
6.75E+11
4.57E+10
3.38E+09
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
7.24E+11
Iyy (mm4)
2.70E+10
2.57E+09
1.99E+08
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
2.98E+10
m2
mm
mm
mm
4
0.18 m
3
0.24 m
4
0.23 m
Moment of inertia
Ztop
Zbottom
Composite Section at support
Area (mm2)
924375
690000
1614375
230.00
3000.00
3000.00
40.00
40.00
A x CG (mm3)
C.G. (mm)
767.63
7.10E+08
1615
1.11E+09
1.82E+09
Iself (mm4)
1.79E+11
3.04E+09
mm
mm
mm
Mpa
Mpa
Ibase (mm4)
7.24E+11
1.80E+12
2.53E+12
m2
m
m
m
m
m
Total Area
Total depth of section
C.G. of composite section from bottom
Distance of N.A. from top of slab
Distance of N.A. from bottom
Distance of N.A. from top of girder
1.61
1.73
1.13
0.60
1.13
0.37
Moment of Inertia
Ztop slab
Ztop girder
4
0.47 m
3
0.78 m
3
1.26 m
Zbottom
3
0.41 m
4
0.55 m
Iyy (mm4)
2.98E+10
5.18E+11
5.47E+11
1.2 MID-SPAN
750
2
150
75
225
1500
150
5
5
4
150
250
300
600
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
Total
Area (mm2)
450000
67500
16875
75000
22500
631875
A x CG (mm3)
C.G. (mm)
750
3.38E+08
1425
9.62E+07
1325
2.24E+07
125
9.38E+06
300
6.75E+06
4.72E+08
Iself (mm4)
8.44E+10
1.27E+08
5.27E+06
3.91E+08
2.81E+07
Area
C.G. from bottom
Distance of N.A. from top
Distance of N.A. from bottom
0.63
747.26
752.74
747.26
Ibase (mm4)
3.38E+11
1.37E+11
2.96E+10
1.56E+09
2.05E+09
5.08E+11
Iyy (mm4)
3.38E+09
4.94E+09
9.02E+08
3.94E+09
9.28E+08
1.41E+10
m2
mm
mm
mm
4
0.16 m
3
m
0.21
4
0.21 m
Moment of inertia
Ztop
Zbottom
Composite Section at mid-span
Area (mm2)
631875
690000
1321875
230.00
3000.00
3000.00
40.00
40.00
A x CG (mm3)
C.G. (mm)
747.26
4.72E+08
1615
1.11E+09
1.59E+09
Iself (mm4)
1.55E+11
3.04E+09
mm
mm
mm
Mpa
Mpa
Ibase (mm4)
5.08E+11
1.80E+12
2.31E+12
m2
m
m
m
m
m
Total Area
Total depth of section
C.G. of composite section from bottom
Distance of N.A. from top of slab
Distance of N.A. from bottom
Distance of N.A. from top of girder
1.32
1.73
1.20
0.53
1.20
0.30
Moment of Inertia
Ztop slab
Ztop girder
4
0.41 m
3
m
0.77
3
1.36 m
Zbottom
3
0.34 m
4
0.53 m
Iyy (mm4)
1.41E+10
5.18E+11
5.32E+11
3
1.47 m
4
0.44 m
4
0.54 m
Total Area
Moment of Inertia
Moment of inertia about y-y axis
1.4 DIAPHRAGM
400
1480
including slab depth
S.No.
1
Area (mm2)
592000
3
A x CG (mm )
C.G. (mm)
740.00
4.38E+08
Iself (mm4)
1.08E+11
Ibase (mm4)
4.32E+11
4
0.11 m
3
0.15 m
3
0.15 m
Moment of Inertia
Ztop
Zbottom
2. LOAD CALCULATION
Thickness of deck slab
Distance between bearings
Thickness of wearing coat
Cross-sectional area of crash barrier
0.23
3.00
0.10
0.30
m
m
m
m2
23.11 kN/m
15.80 kN/m
17.25 kN/m
2.2 SIDL
SIDL due to wearing coat on girder
SIDL due to crash barrier
6.60 kN/m
7.50 kN/m
Class 70R
4.01
5.465
Class A
4.01
3 Class A
6.15
Class A
Class A
Class A
2.65
9.65
STAAD grillage model is prepared with the vehicle postions as shown above.
S.No.
Load Case
1 DL of girder+deck slab+diaphragm
2 SIDL (Crash Barrier+Wearing Coat)
253.24
119.70
146.64
68.07
1270.36
591.75
966.76
446.93
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
213.81
73.36
187.90
178.00
127.13
50.58
110.36
113.49
1063.79
435.01
933.39
1036.60
923.23
338.32
815.10
698.56
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
276.44
95.01
223.45
166.58
179.65
74.86
180.78
102.32
1512.44
601.19
1322.82
1080.12
1084.44
424.70
939.86
717.80
S.No.
Load Case
1 DL of girder+deck slab+diaphragm
2 SIDL (Crash Barrier+Wearing Coat)
Shear Force
daway
0.25 leff
(1.5m
(4.25m
from
from
support) support)
252.25
25.20
146.55
18.03
1262.83
153.14
963.38
111.25
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
237.27
295.42
222.62
173.04
116.18
147.89
113.53
112.13
1054.50
1311.12
993.29
1020.00
976.23
1223.44
926.02
681.21
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
244.90
310.11
228.55
162.34
199.46
256.22
185.37
100.89
1440.92
1768.71
1326.56
1063.31
1005.31
1261.34
943.20
704.48
S.No.
Load Case
Shear Force
daway
0.25 leff
(1.5m
(4.25m
from
from
support) support)
Combo 1
Combo 2
Combo 3
Combo 4
2 + 3.1
2 + 3.2
2 + 3.3
2 + 3.4
333.51
193.06
307.60
297.70
195.20
118.65
178.43
181.56
1655.54
1026.76
1525.14
1628.35
1370.16
785.25
1262.03
1145.49
Combo 5
Combo 6
Combo 7
Combo 8
2 + 4.1
2 + 4.2
2 + 4.3
2 + 4.4
396.14
214.71
343.15
286.28
247.72
142.93
248.85
170.39
2104.19
1192.94
1914.57
1671.87
1531.37
871.63
1386.79
1164.73
Maximum
396.14
248.85
2104.19
1531.37
S.No.
Load Case
Shear Force
daway
0.25 leff
(1.5m
(4.25m
from
from
support) support)
Combo 1
Combo 2
Combo 3
Combo 4
2 + 3.1
2 + 3.2
2 + 3.3
2 + 3.4
262.47
320.62
247.82
198.24
134.21
165.92
131.56
130.16
1207.64
1464.26
1146.43
1173.14
1087.48
1334.69
1037.27
792.46
Combo 5
Combo 6
Combo 7
Combo 8
2 + 4.1
2 + 4.2
2 + 4.3
2 + 4.4
270.10
335.31
253.75
187.54
217.49
274.25
203.40
118.92
1594.06
1921.85
1479.70
1216.45
1116.56
1372.59
1054.45
815.73
Maximum
335.31
274.25
1921.85
1372.59
Outer girder resists approximately 10% more moment than inner girder so design is done for outer girder
and same design is adopted for inner girder as all girders are precast.
3. GIRDER DESIGN
3.1 CONSTRUCTION STAGE
Design of girder for construction stage (Dead Load alone)
bf
c'
kd
Neutral Axis
d
bw
st/m
300.00
750.00
150.00
1500.00
40.00
1368.00
1270.36
32.00
5.00
68.00
32.00
5.00
132.00
32.00
5.00
196.00
132.00
12063.72
40.00
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
kNm
mm at
Nos.
mm from bottom of girder
mm at
Nos.
mm from bottom of girder
mm at
Nos.
mm from bottom of girder
mm
mm2
MPa
13.33 MPa
240.00 MPa
10.00
0.36
521.76 mm
0.38
As neutral axis depth (kd) < Depth of flange, neutral axis lies in the web
For kd >Df
((bf - bw) x Df) x (kd - Df/2) + (bw x kd) x kd/2 = m x Ast x (d - kd)
6.75E+04 x kd - 5.06E+06 +
150.00 kd^2 = 1.65E+08
150.00 kd^2 + 1.88E+05 kd - 1.70E+08
=
0.00
Revised Neutral axis depth, kd
608.69 mm
Neutral Axis depth factor, k
0.44
Stresses for given moment
1.21E+05 kd
Bending Moment , M = (bf x (0.5 x c x kd) x (d - kd/3)) - ((bf - bw) x (0.5 x c' x (kd - Df) x (d - Df - (kd - Df)/3))
1.27E+09 =
2.66E+08 c - c
8.28E+07
x
1.27E+09 =
1.83E+08 c
where c' = (c x (kd - Df)/kd)
Actual stress in concrete, c
6.94 Mpa
93.84 Mpa
Top of Girder
6.94 MPa
93.84
MPa
bf
c
c'
kd
Neutral Axis
d
bw
st/m
300.00
750.00
150.00
1500.00
40.00
1400.00
966.76
32.00
5.00
68.00
32.00
5.00
132.00
32.00
0.00
196.00
100.00
8042.48
40.00
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
kNm
mm at
Nos.
mm from bottom of girder
mm at
Nos.
mm from bottom of girder
mm at
Nos.
mm from bottom of girder
mm
mm2
MPa
13.33 MPa
240.00 MPa
10.00
0.36
10
Solving
Neutral Axis depth, kd
451.11 mm
0.32
As neutral axis depth (kd) < Depth of flange, neutral axis lies in the web
For kd >Df
((bf - bw) x Df) x (kd - Df/2) + (bw x kd) x kd/2 = m x Ast x (d - kd)
6.75E+04 x kd - 5.06E+06 +
150.00 kd^2 = 1.13E+08
150.00 kd^2 + 1.48E+05 kd - 1.18E+08
=
0.00
Revised Neutral axis depth, kd
520.58 mm
Neutral Axis depth factor, k
0.37
Stresses for given moment
8.04E+04 kd
Bending Moment , M = (bf x (0.5 x c x kd) x (d - kd/3)) - ((bf - bw) x (0.5 x c' x (kd - Df) x (d - Df - (kd - Df)/3))
9.67E+08 =
2.39E+08 c - c
6.69E+07
x
9.67E+08 =
1.73E+08 c
where c' = (c x (kd - Df)/kd)
Actual stress in concrete, c
5.60 Mpa
98.08 Mpa
Top of Girder
5.6 MPa
98.08
MPa
11
bf
c '
kd
Neutral Axis
d
bw
st/m
Width of the web, bw
Width of the flange, bf
Depth of the flange, Df
Overall depth of the section, D
Clear Cover
Effective depth
Moment to be resisted by the section, Me
Diameter of main bar
No. of bars
Diameter of main bar
No. of bars
Diameter of main bar
No. of bars
Effective cover provided
Area of steel provided
Grade of concrete adopted
Permissible compressive stress in bending
Permissible tensile stress in reinforcement
Modular Ratio, m
Factor for critical neutral axis
300.00
3000.00
230.00
1730.00
40.00
1598.00
2104.19
32.00
5.00
68.00
32.00
5.00
132.00
32.00
5.00
196.00
132.00
12063.72
40.00
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
kNm
mm at
Nos.
mm from bottom of girder
mm at
Nos.
mm from bottom of girder
mm at
Nos.
mm from bottom of girder
mm
mm2
MPa
13.33 MPa
240.00 MPa
10.00
0.36
12
Solving
Neutral Axis depth, kd
320.53 mm
0.20
As neutral axis depth (kd) < Depth of flange, neutral axis lies in the web
For kd >Df
((bf - bw) x Df) x (kd - Df/2) + (bw x kd) x kd/2 = m x Ast x (d - kd)
6.21E+05 x kd - 7.14E+07 +
150.00 kd^2 = 1.93E+08
150.00 kd^2 + 7.42E+05 kd - 2.64E+08
=
0.00
Revised Neutral axis depth, kd
333.71 mm
Neutral Axis depth factor, k
0.21
Stresses for given moment
1.21E+05 kd
Bending Moment , M = (bf x (0.5 x c x kd) x (d - kd/3)) - ((bf - bw) x (0.5 x c' x (kd - Df) x (d - Df - (kd - Df)/3))
2.10E+09 =
7.44E+08 c - c
5.80E+07
x
2.10E+09 =
6.86E+08 c
where c' = (c x (kd - Df)/kd)
Actual stress in concrete, c
3.07 Mpa
122.06 Mpa
Top of Girder
3.07 MPa
122.06
MPa
Final Stresses
Actual stess in concrete at top of girder flange, c
7.89 Mpa
Actual Stress in bottom most steel layer, st
215.90 MPa
Actual stress within permissible limit
13
bf
c
c'
kd
Neutral Axis
d
bw
st/m
300.00
3000.00
230.00
1730.00
40.00
1630.00
1531.37
32.00
5.00
68.00
32.00
5.00
132.00
32.00
0.00
196.00
100.00
8042.48
40.00
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
kNm
mm at
Nos.
mm from bottom of girder
mm at
Nos.
mm from bottom of girder
mm at
Nos.
mm from bottom of girder
mm
mm2
MPa
13.33 MPa
240.00 MPa
10.00
0.36
14
Solving
Neutral Axis depth, kd
270.03 mm
0.17
As neutral axis depth (kd) < Depth of flange, neutral axis lies in the web
For kd >Df
((bf - bw) x Df) x (kd - Df/2) + (bw x kd) x kd/2 = m x Ast x (d - kd)
6.21E+05 x kd - 7.14E+07 +
150.00 kd^2 = 1.31E+08
150.00 kd^2 + 7.01E+05 kd - 2.03E+08
=
0.00
Revised Neutral axis depth, kd
272.79 mm
Neutral Axis depth factor, k
0.17
Stresses for given moment
8.04E+04 kd
Bending Moment , M = (bf x (0.5 x c x kd) x (d - kd/3)) - ((bf - bw) x (0.5 x c' x (kd - Df) x (d - Df - (kd - Df)/3))
1.53E+09 =
6.30E+08 c - c
1.26E+07
x
1.53E+09 =
6.17E+08 c
where c' = (c x (kd - Df)/kd)
Actual stress in concrete, c
2.48 Mpa
126.35 Mpa
Top of Girder
2.48 MPa
126.35MPa
Modular Ratio
10.00
15
4. SHEAR DESIGN
Design for shear at distance 'd' away from the support of girder
Shear at 'd' distance away from support
Nominal shear stress, v
648.39 kN
1.35 MPa
2.50 MPa
2.52 %
0.60 MPa
287.64 kN
Provide
2 legged
12 mm dia stirrups @
Asv
Sv
sv
Shear resistance of vertical stirrups
Total Shear resistance at the section
125 mm spacing
2
226.19 mm
125.00 mm
200.00 MPa
578.33 kN
865.97 kN
SAFE
41.55 mm
SAFE
Design for shear at distance 0.25leff (4.25m) from the support of girder
Shear at 4.25m distance away from support
Nominal shear stress, v
274.25 kN
0.56 MPa
2.50 MPa
1.64 %
0.51 MPa
249.39 kN
250 mm spacing
mm2
mm
MPa
kN
Asv
Sv
sv
Shear resistance of vertical stirrups
226.19
250.00
200.00
294.96
544.35 kN
SAFE
83.09 mm
SAFE
16
119.70 kN
310.11 kN
620.78 kN
3000
230
321
1500
1274
300
Transformed compressive area of concrete flange, Ac
CG of composite section
Y,( Distance between CG of compressive area and that of composite section)
Design Shear = VAY / I
Provide
2 legged
Area of connector, As
Permissible Shear Stress for fy
Shear Capacity of connector, C
Spacing Required
Provided
0.69 m
1273.55 mm
0.32 m
338.23 kN/m
17
150 mm spacing
2
226.19 mm
435.00 Mpa
98.39 kN
290.91 mm
150.00 mm
SAFE
40.00
1.32
1.73
1.20
0.53
1.20
0.41
0.77
0.34
Mpa
m2
m
m
m
m
m4
m3
m3
1.00E-04
31622.78 Mpa
2
0.69 m
0.34 m
0.43
Mcs
Fcs
320.36 kNm
938.25 kN
-1.36 MPa
-1.36
0.71
0.42
-0.95
Mpa
Mpa
Mpa
Mpa
-0.23 Mpa
-0.24 Mpa
0.71 MPa
0.42 MPa
-0.23 MPa
(+)
(-)
(+)
(-)
(-)
-0.95 MPa
18
-0.24 MPa
7. DIAPHRAGM DESIGN
Girder+Deck Slab+Wearing Coat
Crash
Barrier
Diaphragm
1.5m
1m
2m
3m
2m
1m
1.5m
1480.00 mm
400.00 mm
592000.00 mm2
294.70 kNm
568.15 kNm
Grade of concrete
Grade of Steel
IRC 21-2000 Table 9 &10
st
40.00 Mpa
500.00 MPa
sv
200.00 Mpa
240.00 Mpa
cbc
13.33 MPa
10.00
0.28
0.91
1.69
m
k
j
Q
Width of the section, b
Effective depth required
Clear cover
Effective depth provided
400.00
916.23
50.00
1380.50
mm
mm
mm
mm
1891.33
1184.00
1891.33
25.00
490.87
4
1963.50
SAFE
mm2
mm2
mm2
mm
mm2
19
mm2
981.03
1184.00
1184.00
16.00
201.06
6
1206.37
SAFE
mm2
mm2
mm2
mm
mm2
mm2
910.05 kN
1.65 Mpa
% of reinforcement
Permissible shear stress
Shear to be carried by reinforcement
2.50
OK
0.36
0.28
755.43
Spacing of stirrups
Shear stirrups required
180.00 mm
410.41 mm2
Provide
12 mm,
Area of provided stirrups
4 LVS @
MPa
%
MPa
kN
180.00 mm spacing
452.39 mm2
SAFE
592.00 mm2
10.00 mm
78.54 mm2
4.00
265.34 mm
250 mm spacing on each face of diaphragm
10.00 mm at
20
99 15.5 0 4.5; 100 15.5 0 7.5; 101 15.5 0 10.5; 102 15.5 0 12; 103 16.5 0 0;
104 16.5 0 1.5; 105 16.5 0 4.5; 106 16.5 0 7.5; 107 16.5 0 10.5; 108 16.5 0 12;
109 17.5 0 0; 110 17.5 0 1.5; 111 17.5 0 4.5; 112 17.5 0 7.5; 113 17.5 0 10.5;
114 17.5 0 12; 115 18 0 0; 116 18 0 1.5; 117 18 0 4.5; 118 18 0 7.5;
119 18 0 10.5; 120 18 0 12;
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 2; 2 2 3; 3 3 4; 4 4 5; 5 5 6; 6 1 7; 7 2 8; 8 3 9; 9 4 10; 10 5 11;
11 6 12; 12 7 8; 13 8 9; 14 9 10; 15 10 11; 16 11 12; 17 7 13; 18 8 14;
19 9 15; 20 10 16; 21 11 17; 22 12 18; 23 13 14; 24 14 15; 25 15 16; 26 16 17;
27 17 18; 28 13 19; 29 14 20; 30 15 21; 31 16 22; 32 17 23; 33 18 24; 34 19 20;
35 20 21; 36 21 22; 37 22 23; 38 23 24; 39 19 25; 40 20 26; 41 21 27; 42 22 28;
43 23 29; 44 24 30; 45 25 26; 46 26 27; 47 27 28; 48 28 29; 49 29 30; 50 25 31;
51 26 32; 52 27 33; 53 28 34; 54 29 35; 55 30 36; 56 31 32; 57 32 33; 58 33 34;
59 34 35; 60 35 36; 61 31 37; 62 32 38; 63 33 39; 64 34 40; 65 35 41; 66 36 42;
67 37 38; 68 38 39; 69 39 40; 70 40 41; 71 41 42; 72 37 43; 73 38 44; 74 39 45;
75 40 46; 76 41 47; 77 42 48; 78 43 44; 79 44 45; 80 45 46; 81 46 47; 82 47 48;
83 43 49; 84 44 50; 85 45 51; 86 46 52; 87 47 53; 88 48 54; 89 49 50; 90 50 51;
91 51 52; 92 52 53; 93 53 54; 94 49 55; 95 50 56; 96 51 57; 97 52 58; 98 53 59;
99 54 60; 100 55 56; 101 56 57; 102 57 58; 103 58 59; 104 59 60; 105 55 61;
106 56 62; 107 57 63; 108 58 64; 109 59 65; 110 60 66; 111 61 62; 112 62 63;
113 63 64; 114 64 65; 115 65 66; 116 61 67; 117 62 68; 118 63 69; 119 64 70;
120 65 71; 121 66 72; 122 67 68; 123 68 69; 124 69 70; 125 70 71; 126 71 72;
127 67 73; 128 68 74; 129 69 75; 130 70 76; 131 71 77; 132 72 78; 133 73 74;
134 74 75; 135 75 76; 136 76 77; 137 77 78; 138 73 79; 139 74 80; 140 75 81;
141 76 82; 142 77 83; 143 78 84; 144 79 80; 145 80 81; 146 81 82; 147 82 83;
148 83 84; 149 79 85; 150 80 86; 151 81 87; 152 82 88; 153 83 89; 154 84 90;
155 85 86; 156 86 87; 157 87 88; 158 88 89; 159 89 90; 160 85 91; 161 86 92;
162 87 93; 163 88 94; 164 89 95; 165 90 96; 166 91 92; 167 92 93; 168 93 94;
22
169 94 95; 170 95 96; 171 91 97; 172 92 98; 173 93 99; 174 94 100; 175 95 101;
176 96 102; 177 97 98; 178 98 99; 179 99 100; 180 100 101; 181 101 102;
182 97 103; 183 98 104; 184 99 105; 185 100 106; 186 101 107; 187 102 108;
188 103 104; 189 104 105; 190 105 106; 191 106 107; 192 107 108; 193 103 109;
194 104 110; 195 105 111; 196 106 112; 197 107 113; 198 108 114; 199 109 110;
200 110 111; 201 111 112; 202 112 113; 203 113 114; 204 109 115; 205 110 116;
206 111 117; 207 112 118; 208 113 119; 209 114 120; 210 115 116; 211 116 117;
212 117 118; 213 118 119; 214 119 120;
DEFINE MATERIAL START
ISOTROPIC CONCRETE
E 2.17185e+007
POISSON 0.17
DENSITY 23.5616
ALPHA 1e-005
DAMP 0.05
END DEFINE MATERIAL
MEMBER PROPERTY AMERICAN
7 TO 10 18 TO 21 29 TO 32 40 TO 43 172 TO 175 183 TO 186 194 TO 197 205 TO 208 PRIS AX 1.614 IX 0.01 IY 0.547 IZ 0.466
95 TO 98 106 TO 109 117 TO 120 PRIS AX 1.32 IX 0.01 IY 0.531 IZ 0.41
51 TO 54 62 TO 65 73 TO 76 84 TO 87 128 TO 131 139 TO 142 150 TO 153 161 TO 164 PRIS AX 1.467 IX 0.01 IY 0.539 IZ 0.438
1 TO 6 11 17 22 28 33 39 44 50 55 61 66 72 77 83 88 94 99 105 110 116 121 127 132 138 143 149 154 160 165 171 176 182 187 193 198 204 209 TO 213 214 PRIS YD 0.01 ZD 0.01
12 TO 16 23 TO 27 34 TO 38 45 TO 49 56 TO 60 67 TO 71 78 TO 82 89 TO 93 100 101 TO 104 111 TO 115 122 TO 126 133 TO 137 144 TO 148 155 TO 159 166 TO 170 177 TO 181 188 TO 192 199 TO 203 PRIS YD 0.23 ZD 1
23
CONSTANTS
MATERIAL CONCRETE ALL
SUPPORTS
8 TO 11 110 TO 113 PINNED
DEFINE MOVING LOAD
TYPE 1 LOAD 40 60 60 85 85 85 85
DIST 3.98 1.52 2.13 1.37 3.06 1.37 WID 1.93
TYPE 2 LOAD 13.5 13.5 57 57 34 34 34 34
DIST 1.1 3.2 1.2 4.3 3 3 3 WID 1.8
LOAD 1 LOADTYPE Traffic TITLE LIVE LOAD
*CLASS 70R (Ecc)
*0.45+1.2+2.79+0.86/2
LOAD GENERATION 40
TYPE 1 -13.43 0 4.01 XINC 1
*CLASS 70R (Girder 2)
*4.5+1.93/2
LOAD GENERATION 40
TYPE 1 -13.43 0 5.465 XINC 1
*CLASS 70R + 1 CLASS A
LOAD GENERATION 40
TYPE 1 -13.43 0 4.01 XINC 1
*0.45+7.5+2.3-0.5/2=10
TYPE 2 -18.8 0 10 XINC 1
*3 CLASS A
LOAD GENERATION 40
TYPE 2 -18.48 0 2.65 XINC 1
TYPE 2 -18.48 0 6.15 XINC 1
TYPE 2 -18.48 0 9.65 XINC 1
24
25
JOINT LOAD
8 9 FY -67.5
JOINT LOAD
2 4 5 7 FY -333.75
MEMBER LOAD
2 TO 6 UNI GY -12.5
JOINT LOAD
2 4 5 7 FY -59.4
PERFORM ANALYSIS
FINISH
27