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Starvation
Too little food can result in starvation.
Extreme slimming, diet which does not contain carbohydrate diet results in the
disease called anorexia nervosa.
Childhood protein-energy malnutrition (Kwashiorkor)
Wrong proportion of nutrients e.g. too much carbohydrates (starchy foods)
and a lack of protein can lead to Kwashiorkor in young children.
Common between the age of nine months and two years
Characteristics:
Underweight, look fat due to carbohydrate diet,
If they are put on high protein diet, they usually begin to grow normally
Marasmus:
Severe shortage of energy in the diet causes marasmus.
Characteristic is the child has very less body weight when compared to the
normal body weight and looks very thin and weak
Vitamin, Minerals, Fibre and Water
Nutrient
Vitamin C
Function
Deficiency
Food sources
To maintain healthy
skin and gums, to
make stretchy protein
collagen in the skin,
keeps tissues in good
repair
Helps calcium to be
absorbed, for making
bones and teeth
Rickets in which
bones become soft
and deformed
Iron, Fe
For making
haemoglobin, in red
pigment in blood
which carries oxygen
Fibre
Maintain peristalsis
Calcium
Water
Formation of blood
cytoplasm
Solvent for transport
of nutrients and
removal of wastes
(Urine)
Anemia, in which
there are not enough
red blood cells so the
tissues do not get
enough oxygen
delivered to them
Constipation, long
term deficiency leads
to bowel cancer
Brittle bones and
teeth; poor blood
clotting
Dehydration
Vitamin D
Vegetable, fruit,
whole meal bread
Milk and other dairy
products, bread
Drinks, fruits,
vegetables
Digestion:
Large insoluble molecules of food are broken down in to small molecules
There are two types of digestion
Mechanical digestion: The breakdown of food into smaller pieces without
chemical change of the food molecule
Chemical digestion: The breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small
soluble molecules
1. Ingestion: Taking in pieces of food into the mouth
2. Digestion: The breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into smaller
more soluble ones by chemical and mechanical means.
3. Absorption: Taking the digested food molecules into the cells
4. Assimilation: Making use of the digested food molecules for example to
release energy or grow etc.
5. Egestion: The elimination of undigested food materials through the anus
Teeth:
Teeth help in ingestion and mechanical digestion of food we eat.
The food is crushed in to small pieces of food thus giving the food large
surface area, which helps the enzymes to work on the food in the digestive
system.
Structure of Tooth:
The part of the tooth which is embedded in the gum is called the root.
The part which can be seen is called the crown
The crown is covered with enamel
Enamel is the hardest substance made by animals.
It is very difficult to break or chip it off
But it can be dissolved by acids
Bacteria feed on sweet food left on the teeth
This makes acids, which dissolves the enamel and decay sets in.
Under the enamel there is a layer of dentine, which is like bone.
Dentine is hard but not hard as enamel
In the middle of the tooth is the pulp cavity, which contains nerves and
blood vessels, which supply the cytoplasm in the dent with food and oxygen
The root of the tooth is covered with cement
Mammals also differ from other animals in having two sets of teeth
The first set is called the milk teeth or the deciduous teeth
These starts to grow when the child is five months old
By the age of 24 to 30 months the child will have a set of 20 teeth.
The first set falls when the child is 7 year old, twenty teeth replace. The one
which fall out and the 12 set of new teeth make up the complete set of
permanent teeth.
All together there are 32 teeth; most people will have all their permanent
teeth by about 17 years of age
Dental decay:
Tooth decay and common dental problems are caused by bacteria
To get rid of tooth decay:
Do not eat too much sugar
Drinking water which contain fluoride and brushing teeth with a fluoride
toothpaste makes your teeth more resistant to decay
Regular brushing also helps to remove plaque, which will prevent gum
disease and reduce decay
Make regular visit to dentist
Alimentary canal:
The alimentary canal is a long tube which stars at the mouth, runs through the
stomach and intestines and finishes at the anus. It is part of the digestive system.
Functions of the regions of the digestive system:
Organ
Mouth
Function
Digestion starts from the mouth
The teeth cuts and grinds the food
Oesophagus
Stomach
Gall bladder
Pancreas
Liver
Small intestine
Duodenum
Ileum
Villi
Large Intestine
Rectum
Anus
produced
Maltose
Polypeptide and amino
Trypsin
acid
Digest protein to poly
Pepsin
peptide
Polypeptide works in
acidic condition in
Protein
Rennin
stomach
Clotting of milk in the
babies, only found in the
Lipase
Bile
fat droplets
Neutralizes the acidic
stomach
Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose
hydrogen carbonate)
Maltase
Sucrase
Lactase
Fat
Fat
human
Villi contain lacteals, which are parts of the Fats are absorbed into lacteals
lymphatic system.
Villi have walls only one cell thick
Diarrhoea:-
Some substances are converted and stored the nutrients are the dissolves in blood
plasma
Taken to different parts of the body, where they may become assimilated as part of
a cell
The liver has important role to play in the metabolism of glucose
If there is more glucose than necessary in the blood
Then liver converts some of it to the polysaccharide glycogen and store it