PRINCIPLES OF MATHEMATICS 10

Chapter 5 – Functions Date ________________

Lesson 1 – What is a Function? (5.1) /
Interpreting Graphs of Functions (5.2)

A function is a rule that gives a single output number for every valid input number. (In other words, for every x - value,
there is only ONE y - value.)

A relation is just a set of ordered pairs. They are called ordered pairs because the order of the 2 values or elements
is important.

x-coordinate y-coordinate
(also called an element (also called an element or
or input number) or an output number)

Functions can be expressed in 5 different ways:

1. An equation eg. y  3x

2. A set of ordered pairs eg. {(2,6), (1,3), (0,0)} Note: The curly brackets indicate a “set”

3. A table of values eg.

x y
2 6
1 3
0 0

4. A statement eg. To find y , multiply x by 3.

5. A graph eg.

If we have a graph of a function, we can determine two things:

The domain is the set of x-values represented by the graph.

The range is the set of y-values represented by the graph.

Chapter 5 – Functions 1
Example 1: Monique has a part-time job at a garden centre. She earns $6.50 per hour. Employees are paid for whole
numbers of hours worked – not for parts of hours worked. Let h hours represent the time Monique works in a week and p
dollars represent her pay.

a) Make a table of values. Draw a graph of p against h.

Hours worked Pay, in dollars

(h) (p)
0

b) Write an equation for the function.

Example 2: A sunscreen’s effectiveness is indicated by a number called the sunscreen protection factor. The percent p
of the sun’s ultraviolet light that passes through a sunscreen is expressed as a function of its protection factor s by the
100
formula p .
s

a) Some sunscreens have protection factors of 2, 8, 15, 25, and 45. Complete the following table of values to
determine the percent of the sun’s ultraviolet light that passes through each sunscreen.

Sunscreen protection factor (s) Percent of ultraviolet light passing through (p)
2

15

25

45

Chapter 5 – Functions 2
b) Draw a graph to show how the percent of the sun’s ultraviolet light that passes through a sunscreen depends on the
protection factor.

Example 3: State the domain and range of each function.

Domain: Domain: Domain:

Range: Range: Range:

Chapter 5 – Functions 3
 PRINCIPLES OF MATHEMATICS 10
Chapter 5 – Functions Date ________________
Lesson 2 – Finding Relationships in Data (5.3)

Example 1: A group of students contacted their local police to determine the amount a person was fined for exceeding
the speed limit.

Table A Table B
Number of kilometers per hour Fine ($) Number of kilometers per hour Fine ($)
over the speed limit over the speed limit
5 85 30 150
10 90 35 160
15 95 40 170
20 100 45 180
25 105 50 190
55 200

a) Display both sets of data on the same graph. b) Use you graph to write an equation relating
the fine, f dollars, to the speed, s kilometers
per hour, by which a person exceeds the
speed limit.

c) Use the appropriate equation. Determine the fine for a person who exceeds the speed limit by each amount.

i) 12 km/h ii) 28 km/h

iii) 39 km/h iv) 51 km/h

Chapter 5 – Functions 4
Example 2: For each table of values, determine a rule that describes the following information. Then, write an equation
that describes the rule.

a) b) c)
x y x y x y
0 0 0 -1 0 1
1 4 1 2 1 2
2 8 2 5 2 5
3 12 3 8 3 10
4 16 4 11 4 17
5 20 5 14 5 26

Example 3: In a chemistry experiment, you are weighing beakers with different amounts of a chemical called ethanol.
Here are the results:

Volume of ethanol (mL) Mass of beaker + ethanol (g)

0 90
50 129
100 168
150 207
200 246

a) Plot the data on a graph. b) Identify a pattern in the data.

c) Write an equation that describes your graph.

d) Determine the mass of the beaker + 250mL of

ethanol.

Chapter 5 – Functions 5
 PRINCIPLES OF MATHEMATICS 10
Chapter 5 – Functions Date ________________
Lesson 3 – Linear Functions: Part I (5.4)

What is a function?
A function is a rule that gives a single output for a given input. This means for every x value in an equation, there is only
one possible y value.

Example 1: Determine if the following are functions or not.

a) b) c)
x y x y x y
-3 -1 1 5 16 4
5 3 2 6 9 3
7 5 3 7 4 2
9 7 4 7 1 1

Practice: Which of the following are functions? (Hint: It is not a function if you see an x with more than one y value!)

a) b) c)
x y x y x y
0 0 0 -1 -5 0
1 1 1 -2 -4 3
1 -1 2 -3 -3 4
5 2 3 -2 0 5
5 -2 4 -1 3 4
9 3 5 0 4 3

Hint: It may help to express the following in a table of values!

d)  2,4, (1,1), (0,0), (1,1), (2,4) e)  2,8, (1,1), (0,0), (1,1), (2,8)

Chapter 5 – Functions 6
What is a linear function?
A linear function has an equation that can be written in the slope-y-intercept form ( y  mx  b ), where m is the slope
and b is the y-intercept.

** Recall that equations can be rearranged into slope-y intercept form.

Example 2: Rewrite the following linear functions in slope-y-intercept form.

a) 2x  y  6 b) x  2y  8  0 c) 3x  2 y

Example 3: The student council at DSS is organizing a dance. The profit from the dance is a function of the number of
tickets sold. The function relating the profit P dollars and the number of tickets sold T is represented by the equation
P  5T  1000 , where T  400 .

a) Plot a graph of P against T . Use the equation only and do b) Determine the slope of the graph. What does
not make a table of values. it represent?

c) Determine the x- and y-intercepts. What each

of the intercepts represent?

d) What is the domain and range of this linear

function?

e) What is the maximum profit that can be made

at the dance?

Chapter 5 – Functions 7
Example 4

a) Graph 2x  y  6 for x  0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ONLY! b) What are the intercepts and the slope of the graph?

c) Determine the domain and range of the graph.

Example 5
Using the graph below, determine its domain and range. Write an equation that describes the function.

Chapter 5 – Functions 8
 PRINCIPLES OF MATHEMATICS 10
Chapter 5 – Functions Date ________________
Lesson 4 – Linear Functions: Part II (5.5)

DIRECT VARIATION
In a direct variation example, when one variable is doubled, the other variable also doubles. If one variable is tripled, the
other variable also triples.

Direct variation can be described by a function with an equation of the form y  mx . In this case, the slope, m , is
called the constant of proportionality.

The graph of y against x is a straight line passing through the origin. In other words, the y-intercept is zero!

Example 1: In the following table, y varies directly as x .

a) Complete the table b) By what number is each x -value multiplied to give the corresponding y -value?
What is this value called?
x y
2 4

6
c) Write the equation relating x and y.
16

24

Example 2: During thunderstorms, you may have noticed that there is sometimes a delay between seeing the flash of
lightning and hearing the thunderclap. This is because light travels much faster than sound (300 000 000 m/s vs 350
m/s). You can use this time delay to estimate the distance to the thunderstorm. This is calculated using the equation
d  0.35t , where d is the distance in kilometers and t is the time delay in seconds.

a) Suppose the time delay is 2.5 s. How far are you away b) Suppose you are 4.0 km away from the storm. What is
from the storm? the time delay?

Chapter 5 – Functions 9
Example 3: The amount of simple interest earned on an investment varies directly as the amount of money invested. For
one particular investment, a person who invested $2250 earned $258.75 interest. How much interest would an
investment of $1700 earn? Let I dollars represent the interest earned and D dollars represent the amount of money
invested.

Example 4
a) Are all examples of direct variation also examples of linear functions?

b) Are all examples of linear functions also examples of direct variation?

PARTIAL VARIATION

Partial variation can be described by a function with an equation in the form y  mx  b . Just like with direct
variation, the constant of proportionality is the slope, m.

In partial variation, the graph DOES NOT go through the origin.

Example 5: Consider the following information:

● y x
varies partially as
● when x  4, y  18
● when x  0, y  2

What is the constant of proportionality (constant of variation)?

Chapter 5 – Functions 10
 PRINCIPLES OF MATHEMATICS 10
Chapter 5 – Functions Date ________________
Lesson 5 – Function Notation (5.6)

In algebra, we use symbols such as x and y to represent numbers. When working with functions, we use symbols such
as f (x ) and g (x) .

We can write: y  3x  1 OR f ( x)  3 x  1
(x-y notation) (function notation)

When we see f (x ) , we say “f of x”. You can think of f (x ) as y.

A function is like a machine that assigns a single output number to every allowable input number.
The inputs (x values) make up the domain of a function, the outputs (y or f(x) values) make up the range of a function.

Example 1: Given f ( x)  3 x 2  x  6 , determine each value.

a) f (2) b) f (1) c) f ( 2)

Example 2: Given f ( x)  2 x 2  1 , determine each expression.

a) f (5) b) f (c) c) f (3x )

Chapter 5 – Functions 11
Example 3: Given f ( x)  6 x  3 , determine each expression.

a) f ( x  2) x c)  2 f ( x)
b) f( )
2

Example 4
a) From the graph of y  f (x ) , determine each value.

i) f (5) 

ii) f (0) 

iii) f (2) 

iv) f (5) 

v) f (2) 

vi) f (3) 

b) Determine the domain and the range of the function.

Chapter 5 – Functions 12
 PRINCIPLES OF MATHEMATICS 10
Chapter 5 – Functions Date ________________
Lesson 6 – Relations (5.7)

Recall: A function is a rule that gives a single output number for every valid input number (Only one y value for every
x value)

A relation is a rule that produces one or more output numbers for every valid input number. (One or more y values for
every x value)

As with functions, relations can be expressed in 5 different ways:

Example 1: Express the following relation in 5 different ways:

 As an equation: x 2  y 2  25

 In words:  As a set of ordered pairs:

 As a table of values:  As a graph:

x y
-5

-4

-3

Example 2: Determine the domain and range for Example 1.

How do we differentiate between a function and a relation? Use the vertical line test!

Vertical Line Test

If no two points on a graph can be joined by a vertical line,
then the graph represents a function
Chapter 5 – Functions 13
Example 3: Determine whether each of the following relations is a function. State the domain and range.

a) b) c)

Function? Function? Function?

Domain: Domain: Domain:

Range: Range: Range:

d) e) f)

Function? Function? Function?

Domain: Domain: Domain:

Range: Range: Range:

g) h) i)

Function? Function? Function?

Domain: Domain: Domain:

Range: Range: Range:

Chapter 5 – Functions 14