Plants

Tuesday, November 24, 2015

10:55 AM

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 8:26 PM

Plant kingdom - upper left fern

Right hand segoia tree
Gyndosperms
Lower left - flower
Angeosperm - flowering plants
All plants are multicellular
Eukaryotes

Also photosynthetic autotrophs make their own food

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 8:27 PM

Evolution of plants - story of terrestrial life

475 million years ago
Ancestors of plants - some kind of green algae - lived in water
Majority of plants live on land
Think about evolutionary problems that had to be solved moving from water
environment to land
Water is required for all major life processes
Doesn't mater what kind of organism you are
Water on land - in short supply
How did plants adapt?
Number of problems to solve

Obtain water - water in tissues

How is that going to be accomplished?
Transport water within the plant
Water in soil
Out of soil and transport water within the plant in some way to get it to the tissues
Third thing thats necessary
Somehow eliminate water loss
Problems of organism on land
A lot of evaporation that can occur
Moisture in tissues tends to evaporate away
How do you cut down on water loss
Support Algae growing in water - support of plant parts - not a problem - things tend to float
in water
Water provides some sort of support
On land - not the case, gravity pulls you down
Lastly - reproduction - movement of gametes without water
Reproduction involving male and female gametes swimming in watery environment
Now without water - how is that accomplished

First of all regard to obtaining water - most of water in soil where plants are living
Have root system to tap into moisture in soil

How is it going to all of plant

Some plants - have vascular system

Piping system somewhat similar to our arteries and veins

Move water from roots up to all different parts of plant
How does a plant prevent evaporation from drying it out - waxy cuticle on leaves
and wax tends to keep moisture in and from evaporating away
Have to do photosynthesis and one things they have to do is obtain carbon dioxide
from air
Can't have completely covering leaves - won't get seal
Stomada - opening in leaves
Also close if conditions get very dry and tissues in danger of drying out
How does plant support it self in terrestrial environment
Chemical called lignin found in some plants
Stiffinening agent
Getting gametes together - on land important for plants to protect gametes in some
way from drying out
In addition important to protect embryos - not in an aquatic environment - problem
with drying out
Prodected in ovary, seeds, fruits
pollenn

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 8:37 PM

4 major periods in plant evolution

Not concerned about approximate date when they appear
General idea - sequence when they occur

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 8:39 PM

Origin of plants - came about rougly 475 million years ago

Clear by looking at things like chlorophyll ancestors green algae
Nexxt major innovation vascular plants

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 8:39 PM

Series of tubes layed end to end

Xylem - water - roots to all parts of plant
Pholem - food
System of transport within plants
2 sets of pipes
Early vascular plants lacked seeds
Water in roots have to get up to chute part of plant
2 sets of plumbing - one for water one for food
Early plants didn't have seeds

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 8:41 PM

Seed plants
360 million years ago
Protects plant embryo and other problems associated with - such as drying out
Provides food
Embryo in center
Around it - endosperm - seed uses food as it grows
Seed coat - often times hard and protects embryo inside from drying out or being
crushed

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 8:42 PM

Flowering plants - angeiosperm

Flowers very complex reproductive structures
Have ovary
Within overy - ovules
Things become seeds
Protects these seeds and
The ovary tissue itself become fruit surrounding the fruit
Fruit used by animals and plant uses animals to disperse seeds

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 8:43 PM

Thousands of species - today

One time - more abundant group
Vascular plants
Some of them seedless and some with seeds
Numbers on right
Majority of plants we have today
In angiosperm group
Flowering plants
Picture of plants as today
If we go back into plants
Period where bryobites dominant
Some of the seedless vascular plants dominant

Gymnosperms dominant
Angiosperms - new kid on block, diversified to large extent

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 8:45 PM

Lfiecycle of an animal Zygote Zygote - begins as single cell, union of male and female gamete
Zygote diploid
That zygote than divides by mitosis and becomes multicellular body
Then we have meiosis and goes on in certain cells of that body
Produces haploid gametes
Haploid gametes come together fertilization and zygote formed
Talk about plants -

Things are imilar yet different

Start again with zygote
Zygote same in plant as animal
Fusion of 2 gamete cells
Single cell becomes multicellular to produce sporophite
Sporophite - thing we tend to tihnk about - something with flowers - adult plant
We have meiosis occuring in this plant
Instead of gametes formed directly as we saw with animals
Something produced called spores
Haploid just like gametes are haploid
Spore germentates and becomes sporofite
Diff3erent from animals
Sporofite multicellular
Can be something that looks kinda like adult plant
Gamenophite - produces gametes and form mature sporophite
A little different here
Sporophite because it produces spores
And one things most different between plants and animals
We have gamenophite free living organism that is multicellular
Don't have such a thing with animals
In plants alternation of generations
You can have thing that looks like plant, diploid, sporophite
Multicellular, looks like plant
Haploid and gamenophite

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 8:49 PM

Go from having gametophite dominant portion - most conspicuous

To having sporophite dominant thing
In an angeosperm - flowering plant
tree on right
Sporophite
Gamonophite - very tiny, not free living thing
Far left and look at moss
See in understory of woods
Gamenophite - sporophite - little
Only seed at certain things
Moss - most conspicuous part is gametophite

Moss to flowering plants more ephasis of sporophite

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 9:15 PM

Bryophites - on left - picture of moss

Sedless vascular plant on right - fern

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 9:15 PM

Bryophytes - moss on left

Hornworts - on right
Non vascular plants
Mosses liverworts and hornworts
Not very closely related to each other
Term of convinence more than anyhting else
Wort means plant
Mugwort, hogwort
Simply mean plant
These bryophites non vascular plants
No vascular plants
Would have been the first kinds of plants out there

Weather first plants looked like mosses of today don't know

First plants would have been non vascular plants
Something like them
Characteristics of bryophytes
Waxy cuticle - keep plants from drying out
Bryophytes don't have true roots
Absorb water through surface cells live in moist environments
Not vascular and don't have cells stifined with ligins
No support
Mosses sprawling things not tall like tree or shrub
Gametes developed within specialized structure
Zygotes develops within female structure
Need water for reproduction
Sperm flagellated sperm must swim to egg
Some water present

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:11 PM

Sporophite short livied

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:12 PM

Look at the life cycle of moss

Illustrate some of points we're making
Upper right hand corner sporophyte - brownish thing - sits upon green leafy thing
Gamenophyte
Sporophyte attached to this
Structures on top - make spores
Whats going on up in there - meiosis
Takes place
Spores formed
Those spores are tiny things released in air

Disperse to different places

Germenate
Germenated one produce male and some produce female
Little green leafy structures called the moss
At some point we have to have these male and female gamenophytes produce
gametes
Male produce sperm swim over female gamenophytes and fertalize egg thats
present
Egg kept within the gamenophyte plant
Zygote develop right there in that gamenophyte plant
Sporophyte produced by that like in the bginning of illustration

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:15 PM

Require moist habbitat

Marshy environments

Bogs or marshes
Pete bogs
Sphagnomoss
Builds up in bogs
Stuff that biulds up doesn't decompose
And builds up over hundreds of thousands of years
Ireland - cut into them
And use them for fule

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:16 PM

Vascular plants
Have a root system
Vascular root system absorb water and minerals from soil

Live in much dryer environments

Shoot part - photosynthesis occurs
Shoot part - kept moist by vascular system that brings water from roots up to plant

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:17 PM

Xylem and phloem in more advanced system

Xylem - transport water and minerals - dead tissue, aslo provides support
Strengthened so they provide support
Phloem - transport food - organic materials made from the leaves and stems - live
tissue
Have lignin to harden tissues for support
For example - cut down tree and look at stump
See in center are a lot of cells 0 most are xylem cells

Outside of the cross section of stump - functional

Inside - filled up with piff
Very outside of stump - phloem cells
Just to inside of bark
Peel away bark of tree
Find smooth portion inside - stripped away phloem cells - phloem in the inside
Make circle around trunk of tree and destroy all bark
Destroy all phloem connections
Tree will then die
First vascular plants to evolve - seedless vascular plants
Lycophytes, horsetails, ferns
Non vascular gametophytes whose sperm must swim to eggs
Lifecycle much like what is for mosses
Sperm can get to egg
Live in moist environments
Sporophyte dominant portion of life cycle
Thing that we see is sporophyte
Gamenophyte very small and well trained to find this

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:20 PM

Important and dominant species in early years of earth

Club mosses - herbaceous
Basic tree - not big
However carboniferous period Lycophytes were trees - dominant forest trees at this time
Lots of swampy forests
These would be in those forests
One thing that happened in these forests
Is that the ocean levels rise and fall
Swamps and lycophytes in swamp
Ocean level rise
Swamp would be swamped

All plants die and form sedements of ocean

Consecuence
Huge organic material piles up and becomes part
That organic material which over billions of years produces coal
Carboniferous
Get a lot of carbon, coal based carbon from

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:22 PM

Farily common during carboniferou horse tails

Horse tails today - much smaller things
Although not uncommon plants
Along roadsides - common to find horse tails
The horsetails you see exist in two forms

Picture on right - see kind of like horse tail - where it got name from
Also exist in form on left
Reproductive form
No wiskery parts of horsetail
These trees - also part of coal forests

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:23 PM

Very abundant
12 thousand species of ferns today
Not quite as many
Tropical moist warm environments to live

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:23 PM

Left hand side - zygote

Simply the union of two gamete cells into single cell diploid thing
Go onto become sporophyte
Initially attached to gamenophyte
Doesn't get much larger
And produces thing we think of when we think of fern
Fern also have primative root system
It can obtain moisture from substrate
On ferm - flip ferm over - structures calle spori - produces spores
Meiosis in structures spores being produced
Released and can fall to ground and germinante and grow into gamenophyte
Small structure

And on this gamenophyte

Cells produce eggs
And cells produce sperm
Sperm swim over to egg or get to egg
Live in moist environment
Fertilization occuring
Zygote and cycle repeastes itself
Identify fern
Looking at sporophite
If we look carefully - see gamenophyte

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:25 PM

Part of carboniferous swamp forests

Organic material that under compression produce coal and fossil fuels

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:26 PM

Seed plants
The sporophyte much more complex for non seed plants
Other major differences as well
Plants we seen so far
Male and female free living organisms
Seed plants
Gametophytes different
Female - reduced in size completely dependent on sporophyte *(ovule)
Male gametophyte - small desiccation resistant (pollen)

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:28 PM

Sperm has to swim to egg

Most plant groups require moist environment
In seed plants
Different system
Polination
So the sperm doesn't have to swim to egg
Sperm is packaged into thing called pollen
Pollen disperesed by wind or animals
Gets to where egg is located
Sperm come out and fertilize egg
Advantage with this sytem - is that seed plants live in much dryer environments
Much more successful

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:29 PM

The dispersal - spore

Sporophyte made spores - tiny things dispersed by wind drop to ground and
germenate
Seeds as dispersal unit
Embryo - fertilized embryo with covering around it
Seed coat to keep it from drying out
Food supply for embryo
Seeds dispered
Seeds remain dormant
Seeds germanate to form new sporophite

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:30 PM

Had their hayday in mesozoiac when dinosaurs present

Still with us today
Giant redwood on right
On left - looks more like a flowering plant with fruit
That fruit - fleshy seed
Called geko
History of gymnosperms
Naked seeds - not enclosed in an overy
Gymno - gymnasium - greek male people gymnasiam naked while they exercised
Naked seeds
Mean seed not enclosed in ovary tissue
Flowering plants - seed enclosed in ovary tissue

Fruit
Gymnosperms wind pollinated
Diminant in warm mesozoic peripod
Dinosaurs were around 250-150 million years ago
Replaced forests present before consisted of cool moist adapted lycohophytes
horsetails and treeferns
The conifers have many drought resistant features
They diminished in the cretaceous after angiosperms became prevalent

Four main devisions of gymnosperms

3 are small, probably haven't geard of
1 large
Cycads
Ginkgos
Gnetophytes
Conifers

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:35 PM

Cycads more common in dinosaurs

Some still alive today
Look like palm trees
Some common name have palm in them
Not palm trees
Palm tres flowering plants
Have seed bearing cones just like conifer plants

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:35 PM

Small group and looks like angiosperms derrived by some ancestor in this group
Just a few species today
Welwitschia - speciess today in africa
Two giant leaves that come out of ground and expand over a great number of years
Some can be very old
Ephedra - chemicals in it that are often used as stimulant and used as part of herbal
diet mediciens

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:36 PM

Just one single species

Ginkgo biloba
This plant well represented in fossil period 200 million years ago
Thought to be extinct plant but rediscovered in eastern china
Favored plant in growing in cities pollution tolerant
Male plants are fine
Female produce fleshy seed and fall to ground and rot and have horrid odor
When you plant trees if your dealing with male or female
In cities just get female by chance
Extracts of leaves can be used or have been used as herbal treatment for memory
Weather it does nayhting remains to be seen

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:38 PM

Conifers most dominant member of this group

Pine, fir, spruce, cypress, juniper, yew, sequoia (red wood)
Bristle cone pine (on right picture) grow in dry areas long lives
3,4 thousand years old

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:39 PM

Male and female on same tree

Male shed pollen
Female have scales
Portions called scale and single seed associated with eachs cale
Pollon bearing male cones
Wind disperse pollon were fertiliztion takes place

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:39 PM

Diversity among these plants

Very important and dominant today

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:39 PM

Number of species we have today

Not necessary to know these numbers
Two major classes of flowering plants
Monocots
And dicots
Monocot and dicot refer to what you see when seed first germinates
Seed first germinate
Little leaf comes out - seed leaf
Monocots - single leaf appears
Dicots- two leafs
Monocots- plam, banana, grass, lily
Dicot - roses, oak, sunflowers

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:40 PM

Picture on far left - of plant thats dicot

See seedling
Two little leaves come out
Mean by monocot and dicot
Monocot just have single
Another conspicuous difference
Look at adult hard - difficult
One way to tell - look at other features
Look at leaves
Palm tree - veins in leaf run parallel to each other
Dicot - veins more like the fingers on a hand
Other features

Flower - tell very quickly which is which

Monocot petals in multiples of three
Dicots in multiples of 5

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:42 PM

Distinct feature of flowering plants - flower itself

Few flower parts that are important to note
Talking about them again
Many flowers but not all have both male and female parts
Center of flower - female parts
Long tall green thing - stigma - place were pollen lands during polination
Below have long green tube - style - pollinatin - pollen on stigma germenate and
tube - base of style - ovule - where egg part is located
Fertilization is there

Male structures as well

Filaments - long tube lke things on top of are anthers
Open up during polination and pollen released and land on stigma of same flower
Or flower is on another plant - cross polination

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:44 PM

Picture upper right - flower parts - know something about these

Male part of flower
See anthers that are highlighted
In those anthers where miosis occurs producing pollen
Shed and picked up by wind or insect or other animal
Ovary - ovule - meiosis occur and this produces the female gamenopyte
Multicellular thing

Only consists of few cells

One is egg
Another become enosperm
Material that surrounds egg and provides nutrition
Egg and pollen
Lower left - style and stigma
Pollen landed on stigmatic surface
Pollon germinates and sends down pollon tube
All of male gamenophyte in angeosperms
Pollon tube grows down to ovule
Two haploid nuclei in pollon
Gets down to ovule
One fuses with egg producing zygote
The other haploid nucleus fuses with the cell that goies to form endosperm
Which provides food for developing enbyo
Double fertilization
2 fertilization events
Forming zygote
Other fusion forms endosperm
Fertilization ovule becomes seed
Seed can be dispersed and when conditions appropriate and germinate

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:47 PM

Polination - male to female

Wind or animals
Also involved pollon term germanitating and on style
Once it gets on ovule fertilization
Interesting shape
Ragweed - allergy problems - not because of spikes but the protein in ragweed that
cause problem
Double fertilization
Flowering plants
2 sperm cells come out of pollon grain and enter the embryo sac
One fertilizes egg
Other fues with another cell for food

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:48 PM

Enclosed in ovary tissue

Forms fleshy part on fruit
Primary function they serve - disperse seeds
Fleshy fruit attracts animals
Takes fruit
Eats seeds
Adaptive to pass through digestive track without suffering problems
Animal moved some distance away
Way seeds can be dispersed away from plant

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:49 PM

Animal as pollinators
Gymnosperms
Primarily mode of polination by wind
Wind is very good at taking pollon long distances
Pollen get from female part of plant
When pollination not specific thing
Takes pollon whole variety of places
Lands on female part
Animal polinators for various reasons typically to obtain food
Pick up pollon - go to another flower
Much more specific way of transferring pollon from one plant to another

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:50 PM

Fact seeds are enclosed in fruit

Animals come and eat fruits and take seeds to variety of places
Gymnosperms - seeds of pinecone fall to ground
Seeds are dispersed to some extent by wind
But don't go far
Taken to variety of places by wind innapropriate for growth
Animals live where they are located
When they move around
Places where plants can live
More specific way to get them dispersed and appropriate where they can live
Human uses of plants
Really endless number of things we use them for

Major categories
Food - grains - corn, wheat, rice, etc.
Fruit, starch (potato)
Wood products - lumber, paper
Drugs, digitalis (heart) asprin