-

Surface

LOCALE
-

CLASS
Mechanical

Aqueous

Placer
Solution

Unsupported

Supported

Caving

Cut and fill

stoping
Stull stoping
Square set
stoping

METHOD
-Open pit
mining
quarrying
-Open cast
(strip) mining
-Auger mining
Hydraulicking
Dredging
Borehole
mining
Leaching
Coal
nonmetal
Metal
nonmetal
Metal
nonmetal
Metal
nonmetal
Metal
Metal
Metal

Longwall mining
Sublevel caving
Block caving

Coal
Metal
Metal

Room and pillar

mining
Stope and pillar
mining
Shrinkage
stoping
Sublevel stoping

Sketches:

PLAN OR SECTION
SECTION
Sequence of development:
The opencast mining by its nature involves the carrying out of the pit of moderate to
large amounts of gangue and ore with relatively long distances and very steep
inclines.
These requirements affect pit design, equipment selection and the ratio of required
production. Being normally low ore grades, production equipment must be high and
stripping ratios should be maintained at moderate levels (usually 1-5 d3 / tc or 0.8-4
m3 / t). Therefore, the lower limits (depth) of the cuts are relatively moderate
(usually <1000ft, or <300 m).
The main steps in the development are as follows: After the denouncement and land

use change, lies and builds the plant surface. This is particularly important in the
development of an open pit mine, is the location of the land, the use of the surface
and leach pads.
Storage facilities, processing and transport are located in the vicinity of the proposed
design of the final cut, but with reasonable access to the outside. the team is
selected and acquired as necessary.
Then the advance of stripping begins in the top layer to commence and proceed with
the program, so the stripping and mining continue to jointly maintain mine plans in
the short and long term.
Despite the high degree of mechanization and mobility required, design and
maintenance of haul roads is particularly important in the pits, providing access to
banks of production, ore handling facilities, land and service areas.
The establishment of the first bank and each subsequent bank mineral is a critical
operation. The initial entry is known as opening bank. It is a prism of rock wedge,
which must be removed to establish a new bank face.
The holes are placed in parallel rows, in descending order of depth, so when they
detonated a ramp can be formed with suitable inclination, the largest bank in the
child. Explosives consumption is higher than normal, since there is only one free face;
material handling is obstructed by tilting and limited maneuverability.
Cycle of operations:
-STRIPPING OVERBURDEN: The operation of a quarry begins with stripping the
overburden (the soil and subsoil above the bedrock). The overburden is stripped with
an excavator, dragline, ripper, bulldozer, grader or other earthmoving equipment,
and placed in large dump trucks. This process is repeated as the faces advance.
When overburden stripping is taking place there is a large increase in the volume of
traffic movement so it is important that such activities are planned in advance and do
not create additional risks to quarry operations.
Overburden stripping should take place a safe distance from quarry faces so that the
risk of failure of the face is minimised and persons at the toe of the quarry face are
not placed at risk with the risk of mobile plant running or falling over the quarry face
minimised.
-MINING ORE, COAL OR STONE:
Drilling: roller-bit rotary (average rock). Percussion or rotary-percussion (hard rock)
Blasting: ammonium nitrate and fuel oil (ANFO) or slurry (alternative: sof rock can
be ripped. Coal can be loaded directly) Loading and firing similar to the processes
used in tripping.
Excavation: power shoved, hydraulic shovel, front-end loader, draglines scraper
(soil-like ores)
Haulage: truck, belt conveter, rail.
Hoisting(very steep pits): high-angle conveyor, skip hoist, hydraulic pipeline.
-AUXILIAR OPERATIONS: Are similar for stripping and mining. For open pit mining the
auxiliary operations that will be of concern are slope stability, dust control, pumping
and drainage, waste disposal. Maintenance of equipment and haul roads, and
personnel transport. Environmental control must also be emphasize throughout the
lifetime of the mine. Reclamation is now an auxiliary operations thar is pursured
during exploitation to ease any envoromental problems and minimize the expense of
reclaiming after mining is terminated
Deposti Conditions:

Ore strength: Any

Rock strength: Any
Deposit shape: any, but prefer deposit paralled to the surface
Deposit dip: Any, prefer deposits with low dip
Deposit size: Large or thick
Ore grade: Can be very low if other conditions are favorable
Ore uniformity: prefer uniform ore, but blending can be easily implemented in most
operations
Depth: Shallow to intermediate
Advantages
Disadvantages
- High productivity
- Limited by depth to
- Lowest cost of the broadly used methods
about 1000ft
- High production rate
- Limited by stripping ratio
- Low labor requirement
because of economics
- Relatively flexible can vary output if demand
- High capital investment
- Ideal for large equipment
associated with large
- Fairly low rock breakage cost
equipment
- Simple development and acces
- Surface may require
- Little support normally required
extensive reclamation,
- Good recovery
an expense added to the
- Favorable health
production cost
- Requires large deposit
and large equipment to
achieve lowst cost
- Weather detrimental;
can impede or prohibit
operations
- Slope stability is critical;
proper design and
maintenance of benches
plus good drainage
essential
- Must provide waste
disposal; provision of
dump area and proper
dump design is essential.
- Pit may fill with water
after mining: water may
be polluted
Production rate
Relative cost
Ingresos pueden ser calculados de:
Tomando en cuenta el
primer mtodo de
Tonelajes
minado, sabemos que es
Leyes
de gran utilidad aprender
Recuperaciones
y aproximar
Precio del producto
procedimientos para la
Nomenclatura
estimacin de costos,
Cm, costo mina $/t
que es aplicable para
Cp, costo planta $/t
algunos mtodos de
Cfr, costo de refinacin y
explotacin.
fundicin $/t
R, recuperacin del
Nuestra aproximacin se
proceso minero y

metalrgico
Lm, ley media
P, precio
RF, factor de utilidad =(PCfr)*R*f, f=22.04 para
cobre

Dependiendo de los factores tecnolgicos,

geolgicos y naturales, existen algunas posibles
variaciones del minado a cielo abierto. La
diferencia esta principalmente en el diseo y
equipo del tajo; la Secuencia bsica del desarrollo
y ciclo de operaciones es muy similar.

basa en ciertas
relaciones empricas que
prevalecen en
operaciones altamente
mecanizadas de minado
superficial, las cuales
pueden ser modificadas
para aplicarse tambin al
minado subterrneo
mecanizado. La
terminologa del costo,
es la siguiente:
A = productividad
promedio en tc
(t)/empleado-turno.
B = relacin estimada
del costo de labor para
costos de operacin.
C = relacin estimada
del costo de propiedad a
costos de operacin.
SR0= relacin total de
descapote en tc/tc (t/t);
convertir de yd3/tc a
(m3/t).