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CONVERTERS
LECTURE PLAN
Sl.
No.
Lecture
No.
L-1
3-12
L-2
13-19
L-3
20-33
Performance Parameters
Of Phase Controlled Rectifiers
L-4
34-45
L-5
46-61
L-6
62-80
L-7
81-113
L-8
114-129
Lecture-1
+
AC
Input
Voltage
Line
Commutated
Converter
DC Output
V0(dc )
-
Different types of
Line Commutated Converters
AC to DC Converters (Phase controlled
rectifiers)
AC to AC converters (AC voltage controllers)
AC to AC converters (Cyclo-converters) at
low output frequency.
Differences Between
Diode Rectifiers
&
Phase Controlled Rectifiers
Cntd
Cntd
Vm
2Vm
Applications of
Phase Controlled Rectifiers
DC motor control in steel mills, paper and
textile mills employing dc motor drives.
AC fed traction system using dc traction
motor.
Electro-chemical and electro-metallurgical
processes.
Magnet power supplies.
Portable hand tool drives.
Classification of
Phase Controlled Rectifiers
10
11
Different Types of
Three Phase Controlled Rectifiers
Half wave controlled rectifiers.
Full wave controlled rectifiers.
Semi converter (half controlled
bridge converter).
Full converter (fully controlled
bridge converter).
12
Lecture-2
14
15
Supply Voltage
Output Voltage
Output (load)
Current
16
Supply
Voltage
Thyristor Voltage
17
Equations
vs Vm sin t i/p ac supply voltage
Vm max. value of i/p ac supply voltage
VS
Vm
2
vO vL output voltage across the load
18
Lecture-3
20
VO dc
1
Vdc
2
v .d t ;
O
vO Vm sin t for t to
VO dc
1
Vdc
Vm sin t.d t
VO dc
Vm sin t.d t
2
21
VO dc
VO dc
VO dc
VO dc
Vm
sin
t
.
d
Vm
cos t
2
Vm
1 cos ; Vm 2VS
2
22
23
Cntd
Vm
VO dc
1 cos ; Vm 2VS
2
The average dc output voltage can be varied
by varying the trigger angle from 0 to a
maximum of 180 radians
0
O dc
Control Characteristic
of
Single Phase Half Wave Phase
Controlled Rectifier
with
Resistive Load
25
Cntd
27
Control Characteristic
VO(dc)
Vdm
0.6Vdm
0.2 Vdm
0
60
120
180
Vm
1 cos
2
Vm
Vdc 1
Vn
1 cos Vdcn
Vdm 2
29
30
Cntd
VO RMS
vO .d t
2 0
1 2 2
Vm sin t.d t
2
1
2
31
Cntd
1 cos 2 t
By substituting sin t
, we get
2
2
VO RMS
VO RMS
VO RMS
1 2 1 cos 2 t
Vm
.d t
2
2
Vm2
1 cos 2 t .d t
1
2
1
2
Vm2
d t cos 2 t.d t
4
1
2
32
Cntd
VO RMS
VO RMS
VO RMS
VO RMS
Vm 1
t
2
Vm
2
Vm
sin 2 t
1
2
1
2
1
sin 2 sin 2
;sin2 0
2
1
sin 2
2
Vm
sin 2
2
2
1
2
1
2
33
Lecture-4
Performance Parameters
Of
Phase Controlled Rectifiers
34
Cntd
Cntd
Output ac power
PO ac VO RMS I O RMS
Efficiency of Rectification (Rectification Ratio)
Efficiency
PO dc
PO ac
; % Efficiency
PO dc
PO ac
100
Cntd
2
O dc
2
r rms
Vac Vr rms V
2
O RMS
2
O dc
VO dc
DC load output load voltage
37
Cntd
VO dc Vdc
rv
2
O RMS
VO dc
2
O dc
VO RMS
1
VO dc
rv FF 1
2
38
Cntd
I r rms
I O dc
2
O RMS
I ac
I dc
2
O dc
Cntd
Cntd
41
Cntd
Where
vS Supply voltage at the transformer secondary side
iS i/p supply current
(transformer secondary winding current)
iS 1 Fundamental component of the i/p supply current
I P Peak value of the input supply current
Cntd
43
Cntd
I I
IS
HF
1
2
I S 1
I S1
Where
2
S
2
S1
1
2
Cntd
I S peak
IS
Lecture -5
46
Cntd
47
48
Cntd
49
Output (Load)
Voltage Waveform
50
Cntd
Cntd
Assuming T1 is triggered t ,
we can write the equation,
diO
L
RiO Vm sin t ; t
dt
General expression for the output current,
t
Vm
iO
sin t A1e
Z
52
Cntd
L
tan
Load impedance angle.
R
L
Load circuit time constant.
R
general expression for the output load current
1
R
t
Vm
iO
sin t A1e L
Z
53
Cntd
A1e
sin
Z
We get the value of constant A1 as
A1 e
Vm
Z sin
54
Cntd
Vm
Vm
iO
sin t e
sin
Z
Z
R
t
L
sin
sin
Where t
55
Cntd
Vm
L
iO
sin
sin
0
Z
sin e
R
L
sin
To Derive An Expression
For
Average (DC) Load Voltage of a
Single Half Wave Controlled
Rectifier with
RL Load
57
VO dc
VO dc
1
VL
2
v .d t
O
1
VL
vO .d t vO .d t vO .d t
2 0
1
VO dc VL
vO .d t ;
2
vO Vm sin t for t to
58
VO dc
1
VL
2
VO dc
Vm
VL
2
Vm sin t.d t
cos t
Vm
VO dc VL
cos cos
2
Vm
VO dc VL
cos cos
2
59
Effect of Load
Inductance on the Output
During the period t to the
instantaneous o/p voltage is negative and
this reduces the average or the dc output
voltage when compared to a purely
resistive load.
60
I O dc I L Avg
VO dc
RL
Vm
cos cos
2 RL
61
Lecture-6
i0
+
V0
+
Vs
FWD
L
63
vS
Supply voltage
iG
Gate pulses
0
iO
Load current
t=
0
vO
Load voltage
64
t1
t2
t3
t4
SCR
FWD
SCR
FWD
67
68
iO
vS
L
+
vO
E
69
E
sin
Vm
For trigger angle ,
the Thyristor conducts from t to
For trigger angle ,
the Thyristor conducts from t to
1
70
Vm
vO
Load voltage
E
0
iO
Im
Load current
0
71
Equations
vS Vm sin t Input supply voltage.
vO Vm sin t o/p load voltage
for t to .
vO E for t 0 to &
for t to 2 .
72
Vm
E
iO sin t Ae
Z
R
73
Where
Z R L = Load Impedance.
2
L
tan
Load impedance angle.
R
L
Load circuit time constant.
R
The general expression for the o/p current can
1
be written as
Vm
E
iO
sin t Ae
Z
R
R
t
L
74
t , we get
Vm
E
iO 0
sin Ae
Z
R
75
Vm
E E Vm
iO sin t sin e
Z
R R Z
R
t
L
76
To Derive
An
Expression For The Average
Or
DC Load Voltage
77
VO dc
v .d t
O
1
VO dc
vO .d t vO .d t vO .d t
2 0
78
VO dc
VO dc
VO dc
VO dc
Vm cos t
E t
E t
2
0
E 0 Vm cos cos E 2
2
Vm
E
cos cos
2
2
2
2
Vm
cos cos
E
2
2
79
VO RMS
1 2
vO .d t
2 0
80
Lecture-7
T1
A
+
vO
AC
Supply
T2
B
82
Discontinuous
Load Current Operation
without FWD
for
83
vO
Vm
t
0
iO
()
()
84
Assuming T1 is triggered t ,
we can write the equation,
diO
L
RiO Vm sin t ; t
dt
General expression for the output current,
t
Vm
iO
sin t A1e
Z
86
L
tan
Load impedance angle.
R
L
Load circuit time constant.
R
general expression for the output load current
1
R
t
Vm
iO
sin t A1e L
Z
87
A1e
sin
Z
We get the value of constant A1 as
A1 e
Vm
Z sin
88
Vm
Vm
iO
sin t e
sin
Z
Z
R
t
L
sin
sin
Where t
89
Vm
L
iO
sin
sin
0
Z
sin e
R
L
sin
vO
Vm
t
0
iO
()
()
92
VO dc Vdc
VO dc
VO dc
VO dc
vO .d t
1
Vdc Vm sin t.d t
Vm
Vdc
cos t
Vm
Vdc
cos cos
93
Vm
cos cos
VO dc
Vm
cos 1
VO dc
Vm
when
94
VO RMS
1 2 2
Vm sin t.d t
95
96
vO
Vm
t
0
iO
()
()
97
Thyristor T1 is triggered at t ;
T1 conducts from t to
Thyristor T2 is triggered at t ;
T2 conducts from t to 2
FWD conducts from t to &
vO 0 during discontinuous load current.
98
To Derive an Expression
For The
DC Output Voltage For
A
Single Phase Full Wave
Controlled Rectifier
With RL Load & FWD
99
VO dc Vdc
VO dc Vdc
VO dc
VO dc
vO .d t
t 0
sin t.d t
Vm
Vdc
cos t
Vm
Vdc cos cos ; cos 1
VO dc Vdc
Vm
1 cos
100
102
vO
Vm
t
0
iO
()
()
103
To Derive
An Expression For
Average / DC Output Voltage
Of
Single Phase Full Wave Controlled
Rectifier For Continuous Current
Operation without FWD
104
vO
Vm
t
0
iO
()
()
105
VO dc Vdc
VO dc Vdc
VO dc
vO .d t
Vm sin t.d t
Vm
Vdc
cos t
106
VO dc Vdc
Vm
cos cos ;
cos cos
VO dc Vdc
Vm
VO dc Vdc
2Vm
cos cos
cos
107
108
109
V O(dc)
Vdm
0.6Vdm
0.2 Vdm
0
-0.2Vdm
30
60
90
120
150
180
-0.6 V dm
-Vdm
Trigger angle in degrees
110
i.e., 0 90 ;
0
180
Lecture-8
Single Phase
Full Wave Bridge Controlled Rectifier
Single Phase
Full Wave Bridge Controlled
Rectifier
Single Phase
Full Wave Half Controlled
Bridge Converter
(Single Phase Semi Converter)
116
117
t , at t 2 ,...
Thyristor T2 is triggered at
t , at t 3 ,...
0
118
Waveforms of
single phase semi-converter
with general load & FWD
for > 900
119
Single Quadrant
Operation
120
121
122
from t to 2
t 0 to , to ,...
123
vO
Vm
t
iO
()
()
125
To Derive an Expression
For The
DC Output Voltage of
A
Single Phase Semi-Converter
With R,L, & E Load & FWD
For Continuous, Ripple Free
Load Current Operation
126
VO dc Vdc
VO dc Vdc
VO dc
VO dc
vO .d t
t 0
sin t.d t
Vm
Vdc
cos t
Vm
Vdc cos cos ; cos 1
VO dc Vdc
Vm
1 cos
127
2Vm
to 0 by varying from 0 to .
1 cos
Vdn
2
2Vm
128
VO RMS
VO RMS
VO RMS
2
2
Vm sin t.d t
2
Vm2
1
2
1 cos 2t .d t
Vm 1
sin 2
2
2
1
2
1
2
129
130
LECTURE PLAN
Sl.No
Lecture No.
L1
2-12
L2
13-20
L3
21-34
L4
35-44
L5
45-51
L6
52-58
L7
59-68
L8
69-78
131
Lecture-1
132
A
+
vO
AC
Supply
T2
B
133
133
Discontinuous
Load Current Operation
without FWD
for
134
134
vO
Vm
t
0
iO
()
()
135
135
Assuming T1 is triggered t ,
we can write the equation,
diO
L
RiO Vm sin t ; t
dt
General expression for the output current,
t
Vm
iO
sin t A1e
Z
137
137
L
tan
Load impedance angle.
R
L
Load circuit time constant.
R
general expression for the output load current
1
R
t
Vm
iO
sin t A1e L
Z
138
138
A1e
sin
Z
We get the value of constant A1 as
A1 e
Vm
Z sin
139
139
Vm
Vm
iO
sin t e
sin
Z
Z
R
t
L
sin
sin
Where t
140
140
Vm
L
iO
sin
sin
0
Z
sin e
R
L
sin
Lecture-2
142
142
vO
Vm
t
0
iO
()
()
143
143
VO dc Vdc
VO dc
VO dc
VO dc
vO .d t
1
Vdc Vm sin t.d t
Vm
Vdc
cos t
Vm
Vdc
cos cos
144
144
Vm
cos cos
VO dc
Vm
cos 1
VO dc
Vm
when
145
145
VO RMS
1 2 2
Vm sin t.d t
146
146
147
147
vO
Vm
t
0
iO
()
()
148
148
Thyristor T1 is triggered at t ;
T1 conducts from t to
Thyristor T2 is triggered at t ;
T2 conducts from t to 2
FWD conducts from t to &
vO 0 during discontinuous load current.
149
149
Lecture-3
150
150
VO dc Vdc
VO dc Vdc
VO dc
VO dc
vO .d t
t 0
sin t.d t
Vm
Vdc
cos t
Vm
Vdc cos cos ; cos 1
VO dc Vdc
Vm
1 cos
151
151
153
153
vO
Vm
t
0
iO
()
()
154
154
To Derive
An Expression For
Average / DC Output Voltage
Of
Single Phase Full Wave Controlled
Rectifier For Continuous Current
Operation without FWD
155
155
vO
Vm
t
0
iO
()
()
156
156
VO dc Vdc
VO dc Vdc
VO dc
vO .d t
Vm sin t.d t
Vm
Vdc
cos t
157
157
VO dc Vdc
Vm
cos cos ;
cos cos
VO dc Vdc
Vm
VO dc Vdc
2Vm
cos cos
cos
158
158
159
159
160
160
V O(dc)
Vdm
0.6Vdm
0.2 Vdm
0
-0.2Vdm
30
60
90
120
150
180
-0.6 V dm
-Vdm
Trigger angle in degrees
161
161
180
Lecture-4
Single Phase
Full Wave Bridge Controlled Rectifier
164
Single Phase
Full Wave Half Controlled
Bridge Converter
(Single Phase Semi Converter)
167
167
168
168
t , at t 2 ,...
Thyristor T2 is triggered at
t , at t 3 ,...
0
169
169
Waveforms of
single phase semi-converter
with general load & FWD
for > 900
170
170
Single Quadrant
Operation
171
171
172
172
173
173
from t to 2
t 0 to , to ,...
174
174
Lecture-5
Load Voltage & Load Current Waveform
of Single Phase Semi Converter for
< 900 & Continuous load current
operation
175
175
vO
Vm
t
iO
()
()
176
176
To Derive an Expression
For The
DC Output Voltage of
A
Single Phase Semi-Converter
With R,L, & E Load & FWD
For Continuous, Ripple Free
Load Current Operation
177
177
VO dc Vdc
VO dc Vdc
VO dc
VO dc
vO .d t
t 0
sin t.d t
Vm
Vdc
cos t
Vm
Vdc cos cos ; cos 1
VO dc Vdc
Vm
1 cos
178
178
2Vm
to 0 by varying from 0 to .
1 cos
Vdn
2
2Vm
179
179
VO RMS
VO RMS
VO RMS
2
2
Vm sin t.d t
2
Vm2
1
2
1 cos 2t .d t
Vm 1
sin 2
2
2
1
2
1
2
180
180
Lecture-6
181
182
182
Waveforms of
Single Phase Full Converter
Assuming Continuous
(Constant Load Current)
&
Ripple Free Load Current
183
183
184
184
185
185
iO
Ia
iT1
Ia
Ia
& iT2
iT3
Ia
t
& iT4
186
186
Lecture-7
187
187
1
VO dc Vdc
vO .d t ;
2 0
VO dc
VO dc
VO dc
2
Vdc
Vm sin t.d t
2
2Vm
Vdc
cos t
2
2Vm
Vdc
cos
189
189
and is obtained as
2Vm
2Vm
Vdc max Vdm
cos 0
2Vm
190
190
Vdcn
Vn
cos
2Vm
cos
191
191
2Vm
cos
193
193
194
194
V O(dc)
Vdm
0.6Vdm
0.2 Vdm
0
-0.2Vdm
30
60
90
120
150
180
-0.6 V dm
-Vdm
Trigger angle in degrees
195
195
Lecture-8
198
Controlled Rectifier
Operation
900< <1800
Line Commutated
Inverter Operation
199
199
To Derive An
Expression For The
RMS Value Of The Output Voltage
VO RMS
1 2
vO .d t
2 0
200
200
2
2
vO .d t
2
201
201
VO RMS
1
2
2
Vm sin t.d t
VO RMS
V
2
sin t.d t
VO RMS
1 cos 2 t
.d t
2
VO RMS
d t cos 2 t.d t
2
2
m
2
m
2
m
202
202
VO RMS
VO RMS
VO RMS
t
2
2
m
2
m
2
m
sin 2 t
sin 2 sin 2
sin 2 2 sin 2
;
2
sin 2 2 sin 2
203
203
VO RMS
V
sin 2 sin 2
2
2
2
m
2
m
2
m
V
V
Vm
VO RMS
0
2
2
2
Vm
VO RMS
VS
2
Hence the rms output voltage is same as the
rms input supply voltage
204
204
205
205
iO
Ia
iT1
Ia
Ia
& iT2
iT3
Ia
t
& iT4
206
206
I O RMS
2
The average thyristor current can be
calculated as
IT Avg
I O dc
2
207
207
power Electronics
unit-5
208
LECTURE PLAN
Sl.
No.
Lecture
No.
PPT Slide
No.
L1
3-10
L2
11-26
L3
27-39
L4
40-52
L5
52-63
L6
64-77
L7
78-99
power Electronics
Converters
unit-5
209
L8
100-119
Lecture-1
Introduction to
Three phase converters
power Electronics
unit-5
210
211
Contd
The single phase full wave controlled
rectifiers provide two output pulses during
every input supply cycle and hence are
referred to as two pulse converters
power Electronics
unit-5
212
power Electronics
unit-5
213
214
214
power Electronics
unit-5
215
215
Classification of 3-phase
converters
power Electronics
unit-5
216
Classification according to
no of pulses in the output wave
3- pulse converter
6-pulse converter
12- pulse converter
power Electronics
unit-5
217
Lecture-2
3-Phase
Half Wave Converter
(3-Pulse Converter)
with
R-L Load
Continuous & Constant
Load Current Operation
power Electronics
unit-5
218
218
power Electronics
unit-5
219
219
Vector Diagram of
3 Phase Supply Voltages
VCN
120
120
VAN
0
0
120
vRN v AN
vYN vBN
vBN vCN
VBN
power Electronics
unit-5
220
220
power Electronics
unit-5
221
221
vbn Vm sin t
Vm sin t 120
vBN
vcn Vm sin t
Vm sin t 1200
Vm sin t 240
power Electronics
unit-5
222
222
van
vbn
vcn
power Electronics
unit-5
van
223
223
Ia
power Electronics
unit-5
224
224
To Derive an
Expression for the
Average Output Voltage of a
3-Phase Half Wave Converter
with RL Load
for Continuous Load Current
power Electronics
unit-5
225
225
T1 is triggered at t 300
6
T2 is triggered at t
1500
6
0
T3 is triggered at t
270
6
2
0
Each thytistor conducts for 120 or
radians
3
power Electronics
unit-5
226
226
Vdc
Vm sin t.d t
2
6
power Electronics
unit-5
227
227
56
3Vm
Vdc
sin
t
.
d
2
6
3Vm
Vdc
cos t
3Vm
5
Vdc
cos
cos
2
6
power Electronics
unit-5
228
228
5
cos 6
3Vm
Vdc
2
5
cos sin
cos .cos sin sin
6
6
sin
0
0
cos
150
cos
sin
150
sin
3Vm
Vdc
0
0
2
cos
30
.cos
sin
30
sin
power Electronics
unit-5
229
229
0
0
0
0
cos
180
30
cos
sin
180
30
sin
3Vm
Vdc
0
0
2
cos
30
.cos
sin
30
sin
Note:
cos
30
cos
sin
30
sin
3Vm
Vdc
0
0
2
cos
30
.cos
sin
30
s
in
power Electronics
unit-5
230
230
3Vm
2 cos 300 cos
Vdc
3Vm
3
Vdc
cos
2
2
2
3Vm
3 3Vm
3 cos
Vdc
cos
2
2
3VLm
Vdc
cos
2
Where VLm 3Vm Max. line to line supply voltage
power Electronics
unit-5
231
231
232
232
VO RMS
2
2
Vm sin t.d t
1
2
and we obtain
VO RMS
3
3Vm
cos 2
6 8
power Electronics
unit-5
1
2
233
233
Lecture-3
3 Phase Half Wave
Controlled Rectifier Output
Voltage Waveforms For RL
Load
at
Different Trigger Angles
power Electronics
unit-5
234
234
Van
Vbn
Vcn
V0
=30
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Van
270
300
330
360
Vbn
390
420
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
=60
30
=300
Vcn
V0
0
300
330
360
390
power Electronics
unit-5
420
=600
t
235
235
Vbn
Van
Vcn
=900
V0
=90
0
30
60
90
120
power Electronics
unit-5
390 420
236
236
237
237
T1
T1
a
T2
T2
b
T3
+
T3
c
R V0
R
V0
L
n
n
power Electronics
unit-5
238
238
239
239
Vbn
Van
Vcn
=0
Vs
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300 330
360
Vbn
Van
390
420
Vcn
=150
V0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300 330
360
390
420
power Electronics
unit-5
=00
t
=150
t
240
240
Vbn
Van
Vcn
=300
V0
0
0
30
60
90
120
150 180
210
240 270
300 330
Vbn
Van
30
60
90
120
150 180
210
240 270
Vcn
=600
V0
=300
300 330
power Electronics
unit-5
=600
t
241
241
power Electronics
unit-5
242
242
T1 is triggered at t 300
6
vO van Vm sin t
5
0
T2 is triggered at t
150
6
243
243
0
T3 is triggered at t
270
6
sin t 120
0
244
244
3
Vdc
2
vO .d t
300
1800
Vm sin t.d t
300
3Vm
Vdc
2
sin t.d t
300
to 180
0
1800
1800
power Electronics
unit-5
245
245
3Vm
Vdc
2
cos t
300
1800
3Vm
0
0
Vdc
cos180
cos
30
2
0
cos180 1, we get
3Vm
0
Vdc
1
cos
30
2
power Electronics
unit-5
246
246
Lecture-4
power Electronics
unit-5
247
248
248
3 Phase
Half Controlled Bridge Converter
(Semi Converter)
with Highly Inductive Load &
Continuous Ripple free Load
Current
power Electronics
unit-5
249
249
power Electronics
unit-5
250
250
power Electronics
unit-5
251
251
power Electronics
unit-5
252
252
power Electronics
unit-5
253
253
7
t
, thyristor T1 is forward biased
6
6
power Electronics
unit-5
254
254
If thyristor T1 is triggered at t ,
6
power Electronics
unit-5
255
255
2
for
and the FWD Dm does not conduct.
3
power Electronics
unit-5
256
256
0
vYN vbn Vm sin t
V
sin
120
m
3
0
vBN vcn Vm sin t
Vm sin t 120
3
Vm sin t 2400
257
257
3Vm sin t
6
3Vm sin t
3Vm sin t
2
3Vm sin t
6
power Electronics
unit-5
258
258
Lecture-5
power Electronics
unit-5
259
259
power Electronics
unit-5
260
260
power Electronics
unit-5
261
261
power Electronics
unit-5
262
262
power Electronics
unit-5
263
263
For
3
the Average output voltage is found from
6
3
Vdc
v
.
d
ac
6
3
Vdc
3
V
sin
2
6
power Electronics
unit-5
264
264
3 3Vm
Vdc
1 cos
2
3VmL
Vdc
1 cos
2
VmL 3Vm Max. value of line-to-line supply voltage
The maximum average output voltage that occurs at
a delay angle of 0 is
Vdc max Vdm
3 3Vm
power Electronics
unit-5
265
265
v
.
d
ac
power Electronics
unit-5
1
2
266
266
VO rms
VO rms
2
2
3
V
sin
3
3Vm
4
sin 2
power Electronics
unit-5
1
2
267
267
1
2
268
268
For
3
5
6
2
3
Vdc
v
.
d
v
.
d
ab
ac
2
6
3 3Vm
Vdc
1 cos
2
power Electronics
unit-5
269
269
Vdc
Vn
0.5 1 cos
Vdm
RMS value of o/p voltage is calculated by using
the equation
VO rms
VO rms
5
2
vab
.d t
3
3Vm
4
vac2 .d t
2
3 cos
power Electronics
unit-5
1
2
1
2
270
270
Lecture -6
power Electronics
unit-5
271
power Electronics
unit-5
272
272
power Electronics
unit-5
273
273
power Electronics
unit-5
274
274
power Electronics
unit-5
275
275
276
276
277
277
0
vBN vcn Vm sin t Vm sin t 120
3
Vm sin t 2400
278
278
power Electronics
unit-5
279
279
280
280
VO dc
6
Vdc
2
vO .d t ;
power Electronics
unit-5
281
281
Vdc
Vdc
3Vm sin t .d t
6
3 3Vm
cos
3VmL
cos
3 3Vm
3VmL
power Electronics
unit-5
282
282
Vdc
Vn
cos
Vdm
VO rms
2
vO .d t
1
2
power Electronics
unit-5
283
283
VO rms
VO rms
VO rms
2
vab .d t
6
2
1
2
2
2
3Vm sin t .d t
6
2
1 3 3
3Vm
cos 2
2 4
power Electronics
unit-5
1
2
1
2
284
284
Lecture-7
power Electronics
unit-5
285
power Electronics
unit-5
286
286
power Electronics
unit-5
287
287
power Electronics
unit-5
288
288
power Electronics
unit-5
289
289
2Vm
cos 1
2Vm
cos 2
power Electronics
unit-5
290
290
Vdc1 Vdc 2
power Electronics
unit-5
291
291
2Vm
cos 1
2Vm
cos 2
2Vm
cos 1 cos 2
cos 2
or
cos 2 cos 1 cos 1
2 1 or
1 2
radians
Which gives
2 1
power Electronics
unit-5
292
292
To Obtain an Expression
for the
Instantaneous Circulating
Current
power Electronics
unit-5
293
293
294
294
1
ir
vr .d t ; vr vO1 vO 2
Lr 2 1
vr vO1 vO 2
1
ir
vO1 vO 2 .d t ;
Lr 2 1
295
295
t
t
Vm
ir
sin t.d t sin t.d t
Lr 2 1
2 1
2Vm
ir
cos t cos 1
Lr
296
296
4Vm
Ip
Lr
power Electronics
unit-5
297
297
where
I p I L max
Vm
,
RL
&
ir max
4Vm
298
298
power Electronics
unit-5
299
299
Non-Circulating
Current Mode of Operation
In this mode only one converter is
operated at a time.
When converter 1 is ON, 0 < 1 < 900
Vdc is positive and Idc is positive.
When converter 2 is ON, 0 < 2 < 900
Vdc is negative and Idc is negative.
power Electronics
unit-5
300
300
Circulating
Current Mode Of Operation
In this mode, both the converters are
switched ON and operated at the same
time.
The trigger angles 1 and 2 are adjusted
such that (1 + 2) = 1800 ; 2 = (1800 1).
power Electronics
unit-5
301
301
302
302
Conv. 1
Rectifyin
g
1 < 900
Conv. 2
Rectifyin
g
2 < 900
Conv. 1
Inverting
1 > 900
power Electronics
unit-5
303
303
Advantages of Circulating
Current Mode Of Operation
The circulating current maintains
continuous conduction of both the
converters over the complete control
range, independent of the load.
One converter always operates as a
rectifier and the other converter operates
as an inverter, the power flow in either
direction at any time is possible.
power Electronics
unit-5
304
304
power Electronics
unit-5
305
305
Disadvantages of Circulating
Current Mode Of Operation
306
306
Lecture-8
power Electronics
unit-5
307
power Electronics
unit-5
309
309
power Electronics
unit-5
310
310
power Electronics
unit-5
311
311
power Electronics
unit-5
312
312
;
Vm Max. Phase Voltage
0
vYN vbn Vm sin t
V
sin
120
m
3
0
vBN vcn Vm sin t
V
sin
120
m
3
Vm sin t 2400
power Electronics
unit-5
313
313
power Electronics
unit-5
314
314
power Electronics
unit-5
315
315
vr 3Vm cos t
6
316
316
1
ir t
Lr
1
ir t
Lr
3Vm
ir t
Lr
ir max
vr .d t
3Vm cos t .d t
6
sin t 6 sin 1
3Vm
Lr
power Electronics
unit-5
317
317
Conv. 1
Rectifyin
g
1 < 900
Conv. 2
Rectifyin
g
2 < 900
Conv. 1
Inverting
1 > 900
power Electronics
unit-5
318
318
Contd
There are two different modes of
operation.
Circulating current free
(non circulating) mode of operation
Circulating current mode of operation
power Electronics
unit-5
319
319
Non Circulating
Current Mode Of Operation
In this mode of operation only one
converter is switched on at a time
When the converter 1 is switched on,
For 1 < 900 the converter 1 operates in
the Rectification mode
Vdc is positive, Idc is positive and hence the
average load power Pdc is positive.
Power flows from ac source to the load
power Electronics
unit-5
320
320
power Electronics
unit-5
321
321
322
322
323
323
Circulating Current
Mode Of Operation
Both the converters are switched on at the
same time.
One converter operates in the rectification
mode while the other operates in the
inversion mode.
Trigger angles 1 & 2 are adjusted such
that (1 + 2) = 1800
power Electronics
unit-5
324
324
power Electronics
unit-5
325
325
power Electronics
unit-5
326
326
Unit-6
327
LECTURE PLAN
Sl. No
Lecture No.
L-1
3-12
L-2
13-27
L-3
28-43
L-4
44-59
L-5
60-73
L-6
74-91
L-7
92-101
Power Electronics
1- to 1- Bridge type Cyclo-converter
with R and R-L load
Unit-6
L-8
101-109
328
Lecture-1
Ac Voltage Controllers
Power Electronics
Unit-6
329
Power Electronics
Unit-6
330
Applications Of Ac Voltage
Controllers
Lighting / Illumination control in ac power
circuits.
Induction heating.
Industrial heating & Domestic heating.
Transformer tap changing (on load
transformer tap changing).
Speed control of induction motors C
magnet controls.
Power Electronics
Unit-6
331
Unit-6
332
Power Electronics
Unit-6
333
Power Electronics
Unit-6
334
Vs
wt
Vo
io
wt
ig1
Gate pulse of T1
wt
ig2
Gate pulse of T2
wt
Power Electronics
Unit-6
335
Power Electronics
Unit-6
336
Power Electronics
Unit-6
337
Power Electronics
Unit-6
338
Lecture-2
Power Electronics
Unit-6
339
Power Electronics
Unit-6
340
Power Electronics
Unit-6
341
Power Electronics
Unit-6
342
Power Electronics
Unit-6
343
Power Electronics
Unit-6
344
Power Electronics
Unit-6
345
Duty cycle
Power Electronics
Unit-6
346
Power Electronics
Unit-6
347
Power Electronics
Unit-6
348
Power Electronics
Unit-6
349
Power Electronics
Unit-6
350
Power Electronics
Unit-6
351
Power Electronics
Unit-6
352
Power Electronics
Unit-6
353
Lecture-3
Principle Of AC Phase Control
And
Operation of single Phase half-Wave
A.C Phase controller
Power Electronics
Unit-6
354
Power Electronics
Unit-6
355
Power Electronics
Unit-6
356
Equations
Power Electronics
Unit-6
357
Power Electronics
Unit-6
358
Power Electronics
Unit-6
359
Power Electronics
Unit-6
360
Power Electronics
Unit-6
361
Power Electronics
Unit-6
362
Power Electronics
Unit-6
363
Power Electronics
Unit-6
364
Control Characteristics
Power Electronics
Unit-6
365
Power Electronics
Unit-6
366
Power Electronics
Unit-6
367
Power Electronics
Unit-6
368
Disadvantages
Power Electronics
Unit-6
369
Lecture-4
Single Phase Full Wave Ac Voltage
Controller (Bidirectional Controller)
With R-Load
Power Electronics
Unit-6
370
Unit-6
371
Power Electronics
Unit-6
372
L RMS
sin t.d t
2
L RMS
VL2 RMS
2
L
.d t
1
2
2
Vm sin t d t Vm sin t d t
2
Power Electronics
Unit-6
373
Contd
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
Vm
1 cos 2t
1 cos 2t
d t
d t
2
2
2
2
2
Vm
Power Electronics
Unit-6
374
Vm
t
4
2
Vm
sin 2 t
sin 2t
2 2
1
1
Vm
1
1
2 2 0 sin 2 2 0 sin 2
Vm
sin 2 sin 2
4
2
2
Power Electronics
Unit-6
375
Vm 2
4
Vm 2
sin 2 sin 2 2
2
2
sin 2 1
sin
2
.cos
2
cos
2
.sin
2
2
2
Vm 2
V 2 L RMS
sin 2 sin 2
2 2 2
Vm 2
2 2 sin 2
4
Power Electronics
Unit-6
376
Vm
VL RMS
2
Vm
VL RMS
VL RMS
2 2 sin 2
2 2
Vm
VL RMS
2 2 sin 2
1
2 2 sin 2
2
Vm
2
1
sin 2
2
2
2
Power Electronics
Unit-6
377
VL RMS
1
sin 2
Vm
2
VL RMS Vi RMS
VL RMS VS
1
sin 2
1
sin 2
2
Power Electronics
Unit-6
378
Lecture-5
Power Electronics
Unit-6
379
Power Electronics
Unit-6
380
Power Electronics
Unit-6
381
Gating Signals
Power Electronics
Unit-6
382
Power Electronics
Unit-6
383
Vm
L
iO
sin
sin
Where
Z R L
2
L
tan
R
= Load impedance angle (power
Power Electronics
factor angle
of load). Unit-6
1
384
vO=vS
Vm
iO
Im
t
Power Electronics
Unit-6
385
Lecture-5
Power Electronics
Unit-6
386
TRIAC
MT1
G
N2
MT2
P2
N3
P2
N1
N1
N4
P1
MT1
P1
MT2
Power Electronics
Unit-6
387
( I+ mode of operation)
MT2 (+)
P1
N1
P2
Ig
N2
MT1 ()
G
(+)
V
Ig
Power Electronics
Unit-6
388
Unit-6
389
MODE 2
MT2 positive, Negative gate current
(I- mode of operation)
MT2 (+)
P1
Initial
conduction
Final
conduction
N1
P2
N3
N2
MT1 ()
V
Power Electronics
Ig
Unit-6
390
Unit-6
391
Power Electronics
Unit-6
392
MODE 3
MT2 negative, Positive gate current
(III+ mode of operation)
MT 2 ()
N4
P1
N1
P2
N2
MT1 (+)
G
(+)
Ig Electronics
Power
Unit-6
393
Unit-6
394
MODE 4
MT2 negative, Negative gate current
(III+ mode of operation)
MT 2 ()
N4
P1
N1
N3
P2
MT1 (+)
G
(+)
Power Electronics
Ig
Unit-6
395
Power Electronics
Unit-6
396
Unit-6
397
Triac characteristics
I
+
A
RL
MT2
Rg
Vgg
-G
MT1
Vs
+
-
Power Electronics
Unit-6
398
VB01, VB01
- Breakover voltages
MT2(+)
G(+)
VB02
V
VB01
Ig1
V
MT2()
G()
Power Electronics
Unit-6
399
Lecture-6
Single phase full wave ac
voltage controller
(Bi-directional Controller)
using TRIAC
Power Electronics
Unit-6
400
Power Electronics
Unit-6
401
Power Electronics
Unit-6
402
Power Electronics
Unit-6
403
D1
D3
+
T1
D4
AC
Supply
D2
RL
Power Electronics
Unit-6
404
Power Electronics
Unit-6
405
Power Electronics
Unit-6
406
Power Electronics
Unit-6
407
Power Electronics
Unit-6
408
Power Electronics
Unit-6
409
Power Electronics
Unit-6
410
Power Electronics
Unit-6
411
Power Electronics
Unit-6
412
Power Electronics
Unit-6
413
Power Electronics
Unit-6
414
Power Electronics
Unit-6
415
Power Electronics
Unit-6
416
Power Electronics
Unit-6
417
Power Electronics
Unit-6
418
Lecture-7
CYCLOCONVERTER
Power Electronics
Unit-6
419
CYCLOCONVERTER
A device which converts input power at
one frequency to the out put power at
different frequency with one stage
conversion is called a cycloconverter.
A cycloconverter requires one stage
frequency conversion.
Cycloconverter of two types
(i) Step-Up Cycloconverter ( fo > s)
(ii) step-Down Cycloconverter ( fo < fs)
Power Electronics
Unit-6
420
Power Electronics
Unit-6
421
Power Electronics
Unit-6
422
Power Electronics
Unit-6
423
Power Electronics
Unit-6
424
Power Electronics
Unit-6
425
Power Electronics
Unit-6
426
Lecture-8
Power Electronics
Unit-6
427
Power Electronics
Unit-6
428
Power Electronics
Unit-6
429
Power Electronics
Unit-6
430
Power Electronics
Unit-6
431
Power Electronics
Unit-6
432
1- to 1- Bridge-type step-Down
Cycloconverter with R-L load
Power Electronics
Unit-6
433
Power Electronics
Unit-6
434
Power Electronics
Unit-6
435