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[1]
Roger J. B. Knight, `The First Fleet, Its State and Preparation, 1786-1787', pp. 121-136. i.e., John Hardy and Alan Frost, Studies from Terra Australis to Australia. Occasional Paper
No 6. Canberra, Australian Academy of The Humanities, 1988.
[2] See my commentary to Oldham, Britain's Convicts, p. 256, on the little study given Richards' ideas.
[3]
The first available note on Richards' existence is brief: 17 January, 1780, Petition of New York merchant, from Wm. Richards and Sons. Treasury 2, Index, Letters R. On Richards and his
son William Richards who lived in NSW, see G. Connah, M. Rowland, J. Oppenheimer, Captain Richards' House at Winterbourne - A Study in Historical Archaeology. Armidale, Dept. of
Prehistory & Archaeology, University of New England, 1978., Ch. 5. Capt. William Richards, son of the First Fleet contractor, commanded the convict transports Prince Regent I (3) in 1827;
Roslin Castle in 1833-34-35 to NSW. (Bateson, The Convict Ships, pp. 347ff.)
[4] See the entry, Convicts, in Australian Encyclopedia, Angus and Robertson, 1925, referring to "the amount of `convict blood' inherited by later generations" of Australians.
[5]
On ideas that Lord Sydney in the face of such problems took concerted although little-visible steps to make the Botany Bay settlement plan more just and reasonable, see Alan Atkinson,
The Europeans in Australia, Vol. 1.
[6] Ziegler, Baring, pp. 59-61.
[7]
Oberholtzer reports the Robert Morris' papers might have been lost if one General Read had not passed through a French country town and discovered the Morris papers, it is said, on a
rubbish dump, to be taken to a paper mill. Later they were acquired by the Library of Congress. The history of the American Revolution would be much poorer if Morris' papers had been
lost.
[8] This has been found by Flynn in Second Fleet, p.13. Earlier it had been thought that Richards as a broker chartering ships to the navy had inherited his business from his father, who
was thought to have retired to Dorking. Another scenario may be relevant? Sir Thomas Dunk, Alderman, Sheriff of London (1709-1710), clothier of Tongues in Hawkhurst, Kent. (GEC,
Peerage, Halifax, pp. 247-248, note a; Sandwich, p. 438) by one Miss Richards had an illegitimate son William Richards, an ironmonger, to whom he left his fortune. An "unspecified
relationship" grew between this William Richards, Anne Dunk and George Montagu, second Earl Halifax. (Valentine, British Establishment, Vol. 1, p. 277.) GEC, Peerage, Halifax, p. 248,
Note A; Sandwich, p. 438. Lord Privy Seal, Viceroy of Ireland, George Earl5 Halifax Baron3 Halifax Montagu (Montagu-Dunk) (1716-1771), married Anne (Richards) by 2 July, 1741. This
Anne Richards was daughter of William Dunk-Richards, son of the London alderman, and an unknown woman. She had a fortune of 110,000 pounds. Baron Halifax's daughter Elizabeth
(d.1768) became first wife of John Montagu, fifth Earl Sandwich. (GEC, Peerage, Sandwich, p. 438.) Baron Halifax's family by another wife later included William Bingham Baring (1799-1904),
second Baron Ashburton, Paymaster-General, an investor in the New Zealand Company, and president of the Royal Asiatic Society 1862-1855. (Stenton, British Parliamentarians, Vol. 1, p.
22, Vol. 2, pp. 20ff. On New Zealand here, Peter Adams, Fatal Necessity: British Intervention in New Zealand, 1830-1847. Oxford University Press, 1977. GEC, Peerage, Ashburton, pp.
276ff; Northampton, p. 689.
[9]
On 28 September, 1786, Pitt wrote to Wilberforce about Penitentiaries and a multitude of things depending. Shaw, Convicts and the Colonies, p. 44.
[10] Dalrymple's Admonition is reprinted in Evans and Nichols, (Eds.), Convicts and Colonial Society, 1788-1853. Sydney, Cassel, 1976. Shaw, Convicts and the Colonies, p. 50.
[11]
McIntyre, Secret Discovery, pp. 195-196.
[12] McIntyre, Secret Discovery, pp. 190-196ff.
[13]
Peron's views, quoted in R. A. Swan, To Botany Bay, earlier cited, p. 8.
[14] Linebaugh, The London Hanged, p. 37 refers to Proteus as the ancient one of the sea who eludes captors by assuming different shapes, a maritime reference well-suited for the sailor-
pirate, and also the difficulties relating to "the Botany Bay debate".
[15]
Chatam Papers, PRO 30/8/171.
[16] Flynn, Second Fleet, p. 14.
[17]
Oldham, Britain's Convicts, pp. 125ff. I have remained unable to find anything further on Fernie, except, Fernie Williams and Co., brokers, 4 Clement's Lane, the only Fernie listed in
Kent's 1792 Directory of London business].
[18] HRNSW, Vol. 1, part 2, p. 48. Oldham, Britain's Convicts, p. 126, pp. 134ff. Further details are contained in Oldham's original thesis, (pp. 324, 374, 414, 416); Wilfrid Oldham, The
Administration of the System of Transportation of British Convicts, 1763-1793. Ph.D. thesis. London University. 1933.
[19]
The Royal Calendar, 1786.
[20]
Chatam Papers, PRO 30/8/171.
[21]
Shaw, Convicts and the Colonies, p. 108.
[22] A suggestion about Evangelical links existing between Middleton and Richards was made in Roger J. B. Knight, `The First Fleet, Its State and Preparation, 1786-1787', pp. 121-136 in
John Hardy and Alan Frost, Studies from Terra Australis to Australia. Occasional Paper No 6. Canberra, Australian Academy of The Humanities, 1988.
[23]
Frost, Phillip, His Voyaging, p. 112, p. 142.
[24] Victor Crittenden, A Bibliography of the First Fleet. Canberra, Australian National University Press, 1982.
[25]
Dallas, Trading Posts, p. 70.
[26] In Historical Records of Australia (HRA, Series IV, Vol. 1, introduction), the editor, Watson, part way through his editing, interrupted himself to write a lengthy essay to the effect that
the entire colonial exercise in NSW was unconstitutional "in large part".
[27] Surveying the maritime, Flynn had addressed these issues generally in his book on the Second Fleet and provided some balance. Michael Flynn, The Second Fleet: Britain's Grim
Convict Armada of 1790. Sydney, Library of Australian History, 1993.
[28] Dallas, Trading Posts, p. 65; Steven, Trade, Tactics and Territory, p. 10. Dallas discusses new measures for the encouragement of shipping, Geo III 26 c. 38.
[29] Steven, Trade, Tactics and Territory, pp. 69-72ff. Also on whaling: N. Nairn, 'The Selection of Botany Bay', in G. J. Abbott and N. B. Nairn, (Eds), Economic Growth Of Australia, 1788-
1821. Melbourne, MUP, 1969., p. 55; Nairn with a Whiggish interpretation of events, see "a triumph of flexible pragmatism". Dallas, Trading Posts, p. 64; Stackpole, Whales, pp. 52ff, pp.
81ff.
[30] 1786: Timothy and William Curtis, biscuit makers, 236 Wapping (London Directories). Together with Richard Henry Clark in 1788 at the same address. Also, Curtis, William, jun., Esq.,
Alderman, 236 Wapping, in 1786: in 1789 at Southgate or 40 Old Broad Street, in 1795 at Old South Sea House, Broad Street.
[31] Glen Barclay, A History of the Pacific: From the Stone Age to the Present Day. London, Sidgwick and Jackson, 1978., p. 55.
[32] Notes from European Voyaging towards Australia, pp. 77ff, edited by Hardy and Frost., `William Bolts and the Austrian attempt to establish an Eastern Empire', by Barry Gough.
Also, Holden Furber, "In the Footsteps of a German 'Nabob': William Bolts in the Swedish Archives", The Indian Archives, 12, 1958, pp. 7-18. Also, P. J. Marshall, East India Fortunes.
Oxford, 1976. Also, B. M. Gough, entry on Charles William Barkley in Canadian Dictionary of Biography. Bolt tried various schemes to get ships to Nootka Sound. In November 1786 a
renegade East India Company ship Loudon was re-named the Imperial Eagle Capt. Charles William Barkly, sailing from Ostend, for north-west America, owned by supercargoes in China in
Company service and some Company directors in London, but she was outfitted by the Austrian East India Company, and was really, Gough writes, a poaching expedition organised by
English Company servants to sail on waters or into ports controlled by the English Company, but Barkly ended in selling furs to an over-stocked Canton market.
H. Furber, Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient, 1600-1800. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, c.1976. Holden Furber, 'The Beginnings of American Trade with India, 1784-
1812', The New England Quarterly, June, 1938., pp. 235-265. H. Furber, John Company at Work. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1948.
[33] Barclay, History of the Pacific: From the Stone Age, pp. 55-56. In 1787-1788: The American mariner Douglas arrived at North-west America, Nootka sealing with ships Iphigenia and
North West America [It is not known if he was connected with Robert Morris], and in 1788 he called at Hawaii; and by leaving weaponry there he began an "arms race". In 1790 the
Metcalfes visited Hawaii and conducted atrocities.
[34] Ver Steeg, Robert Morris, p. 189.
[35] Clarence Ver Steeg, `Financing and Outfitting the First United States Ship to China', Pacific Historical Review, XXII., pp. 1-12.
[36] Ver Steeg, Robert Morris, p. 191. Ellis P. Oberholtzer, Robert Morris, Patriot and Financier. 1903., p. 224.
[37] Byrnes, `Emptying The Hulks', earlier cited, p. 2.
[38] Stackpole, Whales, pp. 83-85.
[39] Walvin, Black Ivory, p. 302. Walvin, p. 349 cites B. Martin and M. Spurrell (Eds), Journal of a Slave Trader. (1788) London. 1962. See also James Rawley, The Trans-Atlantic Slave
Trade. New York. 1981; Orlando Patterson, Slavery and Social Death. Cambridge, Mass, 1982; James Walvin, England, Slaves and Freedom. London, 1986.
[40] Eric Williams, From Columbus to Castro, pp. 256-261.
[41] According to Bateson, The Convict Ships, p. 95.
[42] Bateson, The Convict Ships, p. 118.
[43] Asa Briggs, The Age of Improvement, 1783-1867. London, Longmans, 1959., p. 104.
[44] Richard Pennant (Lord Penrhyn, DNB) is said to have once spent £30,000 attempting but failing to become MP for Liverpool.
[45] Microfilm, Reel 3, West India Committee Archives, West India Planters, 1785-1822: Planters and Merchants Minutes, May 1785-December 1792, held at the Institute of Commonwealth
Studies, London. Douglas Hall, A Brief History of the West India Committee. Caribbean University Press, 1971., a treatment tracing the committee's change in role as it moved from
promoting the interests of slavers and absentee landlords of the West Indies to examining the welfare needs of descendants of slaves.
[46] C. Knight, `HM Armed Vessel 'Bounty'', The Mariner's Mirror, Vol. 22, No. 2, April 1936., pp. 183-199.
[47] Such as Beeston Long, B. Vaughan, T. Boddingtons, George Hibbert, Mr. Innis, J. Wilkinson, Thornton, Chisholm, Douglas, General Melville, Milligan, Mr. Barnard, R. Maitland,
Morant, Hutchinson, Baillie. Various correspondence Banks had with interested parties is reproduced in Warren Dawson, (Ed.), The Banks Letters; See also, Owen Rutter, Turbulent
Journey, earlier cited, pp. 76ff.
[48] Byrnes, `Emptying the Hulks', pp. 6-7. Also, J. Oppenheimer in G. Connah, M. Rowland, J. Oppenheimer, Captain Richards' House at Winterbourne - A Study In Historical
Archaeology. Armidale, Dept. Of Prehistory & Archaeology, University of New England, 1978. Chapter 5.
[49] Chatam Papers, PRO 30/8/171, including letters to Pitt from William Richards Jnr, 1786.
[50] Chatam Papers, PRO 30/8/171, Letters to Pitt from William Richards Jnr, dated 9 Sept., 1786, 28 Sept., 1786. "Thwarted": Richards to Pitt, 6 Oct., 1786.
[51] Bill Beatty, Early Australia: With Shame Remembered. Sydney, Cassell, 1962., with reference to newspaper reportage before the First Fleet left.
[52] Mackay, Exile, p. 1
[53] Oldham, Britain's Convicts, pp. 125ff.
[54] Bateson, The Convict Ships, p. 80. A ship named Prince of Wales owned by James Mather, a South whaler, built at Sidmouth, 1779, captained by a John Mason, was not the POW of
Fleet 1. But the Mather-owned POW may have been the ship POW sent by John and Cadman Etches mentioned by J. H. Meares, but the second POW was also owned by Mather.
[55] Shaw, Convicts and The Colonies, p. 76, Note 2. Pitt to Wilberforce, 23 Sept. 1796.
[56] Byrnes, `Emptying The Hulks', Note 29. In 1793, James Mather, was of Cornhill, managing a wharf at Blackwall. Other whale fishery wharves were Paul's wharf, Mr. Lucas' wharf at
Rotherhithe.
[57]
Information for the name Borrodaile (Borradaile) is sketchy and indeterminate. William Borrodaile (died 1826) dealt in the Australian trade and became a member of the Van Diemen's
Land Company; he was perhaps the brother of a woman who married into the Lloyd family of bankers? (George Sugden Le Couteur, Colonial Investment Adventure, 1824-1855: a
comparative study of the establishment and early investment experiences in New South Wales, Tasmania and Canada, of four British companies. Ph.D. thesis, Sydney University. 1978.,
presents a list of members of the Van Diemen's Land Company, list of 1826. Broeze, Brooks, variously). William Borrodaile of Surrey was possibly the trader who had a first fleet ship?
(Burke's Landed Gentry for Lloyd of Dolorbran.) He was of Bedford Hill, Streatham, Surrey. William Money was an East India Company shipowner, active 1790. (He was probably the one in
Burke's Peerage and Baronetage for Boxall with a daughter who married William Percival Boxall and see also, for Chatfield, with a daughter of one William Money noted. (Chatterton,
Mercantile Marine, pp. 94ff) Richard Borradaile Lloyd (1839-1913) was a London banker, son of Richard Harman Lloyd and Isabella Mary Borradaile; he married Catherine Jean Campbell
Money. (Burke's Landed Gentry for Lloyd of Dolorbran. Julia Money (died 1902), was daughter of Rev. William Money, noted in Burke's Peerage and Baronetage for Ryder/Harrowby.
In general, the Borradaile descent involves the later names, Money, Gurney and Lloyd the banking family. See also, Burke's Peerage and Baronetage for Wigram.
[58] Oldham, his original thesis: Wilfrid Oldham, The Administration of the System of Transportation of British Convicts, 1763-1793. Ph.D. thesis. London University. 1933., pp. 415, 430,
468, 430.
[59] Ged Martin, `Economic Motives Behind The Founding of Botany Bay', in Martin, Founding, p. 250.
[60] In 1785 the Lord Mayor of London was Richard Clark. Aldermen included Rt Hon Thos. Harley, James Townsend, John Sawbridge, Sir James Esdaile, Sir Will Plomer, Rbt Peckham,
Thomas Wright, Henry Kitchen, William Gill, John Boydell, James Sanderson, Brook Watson an East India Company man, Brass Crosby, Sir Thos. Halifax, Sir Watkins Lewe, Nathaniel
Newnham, Thos. Sainsbury, J. Barwell, William Pickett, John Hopkins, alderman Paul Le Mesurier. London common councilmen included William Curling, a name later known in whaling, and
Macaulay - who did become involved. Directors of the Bank of England in 1785: governor, Richard Neave, with Samuel Bosanquet, William Coke Esq., Edward Darrell, alderman Brook
Watson; and Francis Baring, a director of the East India Company. On Baring, see Edwyn and Joseph Birchenough, The Manor House Lee and Its Associations, Ed 2, London, Borough of
Lewisham, 1971. Kellock, `London Merchants', informs that Christopher Kilby (1705-1771) of Boston, Massachusetts, married a sister of Richard Neave, in London by 1739 as special agent
for Massachusetts, in firms Sedgwick, Kilby and Barnard, in the Seven Years War Kilby shared vittling contracts with Sir William Baker. By 1761, Kilby was wealthy enough to become "a
country gentleman". His firm then became Barnard and Co., then Barnard and [Gilbert] Harrison, who dealt with Thomas Hancock and John Hancock in Boston, in 1766 in a "heady moment"
young Hancock bought up loads of whale oil for these Londoners, and later Hancock dealt with George Hayley.
[61] Carter in his biography of Joseph Banks says Norfolk Island was a strategic outpost of some weight, p. 357. For an alternative view, see Ged Martin, `Explanation and Significance in
Australian History: The Founding of New South Wales', in Australian Studies, No. 1, June 1988., published by the British Australian Studies Association.
[62] A notorious document in this context is Anon., The Influence Of The East India Company On The Colonisation Of New South Wales. Typescript (ML, Sydney). This quotes some early
opinions of Prof. V. T. Harlow but it is not in itself a reliable document and one seriously questions the motives of its unknown writer(s).
[63] Oldham, Britain's Convicts, p. 155. This point is in Maxine Young, `The British Administration of NSW, 1786-1812', pp. 23-41, see p. 26, in J. J. Eddy and J. R. Nethercote, From Colony
to Coloniser: Studies in Australian Administrative History. Sydney, Hale and Iremonger. 1987. I am grateful to Kate Thomas for pointing out this article.
[64] On historic voyages in the early Pacific, see Colin Jack-Hinton, The Search for the Islands of Solomon - 1567-1838. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1969., especially on a voyage from Sydney
north to the East Indies, pp. 311-325, mentioning Capt. Edward Manning and ship Pitt for owner Macaulay; Capt. Bond of Royal Admiral 11, Capt. Boyd on Bellona going by Macaulay's
Archipelago; Capt. Wilkinson of Indispensable; Capt. Hogan of Marquis Cornwallis and Capt. James Wilson of Duff. Byrnes, `The Blackheath Connection', Note 14. On Pitt, see also, J.
C. Garran and Leslie White, Merinos, Myths and Macarthurs: Australian Graziers and their sheep, 1788-1900. Canberra, Australian National University Press, 1985.
[65] In Byrnes, `The Blackheath Connection', pp. 52-53, on merchants only being involved if they diversified their portfolios by so doing. However, this conclusion might need to be
modified by examination of American shipping calling at Sydney; here see Churchward, cited in 'The Blackheath Connection', p. 53, Note 12.
[66] For example, a record survives, 26 Sept., 1786. Mander-Jones, p. 515; S. Bacstrom to Joseph Banks asking to be sent out as a collector when convicts were transported to New Holland.
[67] As described in C. H. H. Clark, A History of Australia, Vol. 1, when Lady Penrhyn's women were first brought on shore, a night-long orgy occurred to which Gov. Phillip wisely closed
his eyes until his charges - men and women - had exhausted themselves. Of late, Marian Aveling has doubted this orgy ever really happened. Marian Aveling, `Gender in Early New South
Wales Society', Push From The Bush, No. 24, April 1987., pp. 31-32. I am indebted to Kate Thomas for pointing out Aveling's article.
[68] Stackpole, Whales, pp. 94-96.
[69] A bank, St. Barbe, Daniell and Co, was established in 1788 at Lymington. No later records exist. L. S. Presnell and John Orbell, A Guide to the Historical Records of British Banking.
Gower, A Grafton Book, Business Archives Council (England), 1985. No. 520. I do not know if this was the same merchant, John St Barbe, but the name St Barbe was quite rare in London at
the time.
[70] DNB; and see Valerie Hope, Lord Mayor.
[71] A note about a small financial adjustment: Adm 106/243 [149685] - 19th Nov [1787].
[72] St Barbe lost his ship Tellicherry in 1806 off the Philippines: she was his last ship registered in Australasian records. Bateson, The Convict Ships, p. 190.
[73] HRNSW Vol. i, ii, pp. 55, 166, 182 on Borrowdale.
[74] Roger J. B. Knight, `The First Fleet, Its State And Preparation, 1786-1787. in Hardy and Frost, 1988, pp. 121-136., in John Hardy and Alan Frost, Studies from Terra Australis to
Australia. Occasional Paper No 6. Canberra, Australian Academy of The Humanities, 1988.
[75] Watson, Geo III, p. 17.
[76] Chatam Papers, PRO 30/8/171.
[77] Feb. 1787: Mackay, Wake of Cook, Ch. 5 treats breadfruit for slaves on Jamaica. Mackay conveys, Ch. 5, 30 March, 1787, Banks was pointing out the disadvantage of fitting a convict
ship to go to Tahiti, citing CO/201/2/224, 9 March, 1787, after Banks in Feb. 1787 had suggested a convict transport go to Tahiti.
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