Test 22 1 Solutions.

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Mock Tests - 2015

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
1. Solution: b)
In Indian religions and Indian philosophy, moksha also
called vimoksha, vimukti and mukti, means emancipation, liberation or release. In
the soteriological and eschatological sense, it connotes freedom from sasra, the
cycle of death and rebirth. In the epistemological and psychological sense, moksha
connotes freedom, self-realization and self-knowledge.
In Hindu traditions, moksha is a central concept and included as one of the four
aspects and goals of human life; the other three goals are dharma (virtuous, proper,
moral life), artha (material prosperity, income security, means of life),
and kama (pleasure, sensuality, emotional fulfillment). Together, these four aims of
life are called Pururtha in Hinduism.
2. Solution: d)
Miniature painting developed During the 10th century in western part of India that is
modern state of Rajasthan.These paintings are seen in hastprat [mini books written
by hands ] of Vaishnav sect and Jain cult. This paintings were made to make the
subject of the book more interested and to decorate the books.
Particular manuscript miniature painting developed in the western part of India that
is modern state of Rajasthan. The subjects of these miniature paintings are in
relation to the subjects of the manuscripts mostly religious and literary. Many
paintings are from Sanskrit and folk literature. It is on the subject of love stories.
Some paintings from Vaishnav sect of Hindu religion and some are from Jain cult.
The Paintings of Vaishnav sect are regarding various occasions of the life of Lord
Krishna and Gopies. Vaishnav paintings of "Gita Govinda" is about Lord Krishna.
The paintings of Jain cult is concerning to Jain Lords and religious subjects.
The earliest examples of miniature painting in India exist in the form of illustrations
to the religious texts on Buddhism executed under the Palas of the eastern India and
the Jain texts executed in western India during the 11th-12th centuries A.D.
The origin of the Mughal School of Painting is considered to be a landmark in the
history of painting in India. With the establishment of the Mughal empire, the
Mughal School of painting originated in the reign of Akbar in 1560 A.D.
3. Solution: d)
There does not appear to be any connection between the cities built in the 3rd
millennium B.C., with an astonishing civic sense, of first rate well-fired brick
structures, and the architecture of subsequent thousand years or so, of Indian art
history, after the decline and decay of the Harappan civilization and the beginning of
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TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
the historic period of Indian history, mainly the time of the great Mauryas of
Magadha. These thousands years or so were a period of tremendous, intellectual and
sociological activity and could not be barren of any artistic creations. However, due
to the fact that during this time sculpture and architecture was utilising organic and
perishable materials such as mud, mudbrick, bamboo, timber, leaves, straw and
thatch, these have not survived the ravages of time.
We know it for a fact that stone masonry and stone carving were imported in
Ashoka's times from Persia. There is abundant evidence of stone masons marks
similar to those at Persepolis. However, wood was still the dominant material and in
architectural remains of Ashokan times, the gradual transition from wood to stone is
apparent.
4. Solution: d)
A typical example of early cave architecture is the most datable cave of all, the socalled Lomas Rishi cave in the Barabar Hills of Bihar. An inscription proves that this
was excavated for the Ajivika sect in the time of Ashoka himself. The cave carved out
of the living rock, measures 55'x22'x20'. The entrance is a representation in stone of
a hut entrance, with the end of the roof constructed of bent timber supported by
cross beams, the ends of which are shown protruding. A carved frieze of elephants is
a stone imitation of similar work in wood along with a stone imitation of trellis work
made of small stick of bamboo. This is an excellent example showing the
development from earlier shapes in timber translated into stone. The period is the
3rd century B.C.
5. Solution: b)
The Buddhist Stupa is another form of architecture, comprising a hemispherical
dome, a solid structure into which one cannot enter. The stupa is a glorified,
beautified, enlarged funerary mound: what was once the resting place of the bones
and ashes of a holy man. Tradition has it that after the great demise of Lord Buddha,

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
Emperor Ashoka decided to construct a large number of stupas throughout his

dominion in memory of the Master and enshrine in them relics such as pieces of
bones, teeth, hair etc., over which the Stupas were constructed.
The railing and gateways at Bharhut, Sanchi and Bodh Gaya are the most famous in
the north and at Amravati and Nagarjunakonda in the South. Upright pillars and
cross bars, based on wooden construction, were made and provided the occasion for
dome of the finest low relief carvings to be found anywhere in Indian art. On these
surfaces are carved the favourite symbols of Buddhism, the lotus, elephant, bull, lion
and horse and some of the Jataka stories of the previous births of Buddha, depicted
in low relief.
6. Solution: b)
In a balanced condition, ecosystem functioning is self- regulating and self-sustaining.
This dynamic nature of ecosystem is dependent upon a number of factors including
flow of energy, cycling of materials and perturbations, both intrinsic and extrinsic.
Ecosystem is now recognized as a dynamic concept with structural heterogeneity
based on at least four functional compartments or phases.
Biosphere constitutes vast network of all ecosystems, hence, itself acts as a large
ecosystem.
According to Britannica encyclopedia, the biosphere is a global ecosystem composed
of living organisms (biota) and the abiotic (nonliving) factors from which they
derive energy and nutrients.
7. Solution: d)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aihole_inscriptions
Aihole is a village having a historic temple complex in the Bagalkot
district of Karnataka, It is known for Chalukyan architecture, with about 125 stone
temples dating from 5th century CE. With its collection of architectural structures,
Aihoe has the potential to be included as a UNESCO World heritage site.
8. Solution: d)
Apart from structural temples the other variety of temples are rock cut, found at
Mahabalipuram, about 38 miles down south of Madras on the sea shore, datable to
the 5th century A.D. In local parlance they are known as Ratha or chariots and are
named after the five Pandava brothers and Draupadi but they neither have anything
to do with chariots nor probably with the Pandavas and these associations are purely

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
of a local character. The great Pallava rulers of Kanchipuram, were great builders and
the Pallava craftsmen, seized upon the long outcrop or rocks and boulders available
on the sea shore, carved them and gave to them the shape of temples (monolithic) as
well as colossal statues of lions, elephants and bulls, etc. carved out of smaller
boulders.
9. Solution: d)
According to literary tradition, Nalanda, 10 kilometres north of Rajgir and a suburb
of the ancient city, was visited by Buddha and Mahavira. Ashoka is said to have
worshipped at the chaitya-niches of Sariputra, Buddha's disciple, and erected a
temple. By the time of Harsha A.D. 606-648, Nalanda had become the principal
centre of Mahayana learning and a famed University town with numerous shrines
and monasteries which attracted scholars from far and near. The Chinese Pilgrims
Huien Tsang and Fa-hien studied at Nalanda and have left account of the settlement
and its life.
Temple 3 was more than 31 m. high and consisted of seven successive accumulations
of which the two latest belonged to the 11th and 12th centuries and the fifth one,
dating from circa 6th century, was notable for its sculptural wealth. The monasteries
were imposing rectangular buildings, each with an open courtyard, enclosed by a
covered verandah which leads into cells, arranged on the four sides. The cell facing
the entrance served as a shrine. Nalanda was an important centre of Pala sculptures
and bronzes and has also yielded seals and sealings of great historical significance.
10.
Solution: a)
Till about the 6th century A.D., the style of temple architecture was similar both in
the north as well as in the south. It is only after this date that each began to evolve in
its own different direction. For the present let it be understood clearly that the two
areas where temple architecture developed most markedly were the Deccan and
Orissa and in both these areas the northern and southern style temples can be found
side by side. The Vimana, the temple tower over the main shrine in Orissa is one of
the most glorious inventions of architecture in India and is functionally a much finer
conception than the south Indian Gopuram, where the barrel-shaped tower does not
crown the sanctum sanctorum or thegarbha-griha but is a glorified entrance gate.
We had suggested in our introduction that the architect wanted to impart to the
temple more importance, prominence than the other buildings in the
neighbourhood, because here lived his God in the garbha griha or the womb-house.
For more read the Introduction of
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_architecture

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
11. Solution: c)
Go through the introduction part and the different styles of architecture cursorily
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture
12. Solution: d)
Dravidian style temples consist almost invariably of the four following parts,
differing only according to the age in which they were executed:
The principal part, the temple itself, is called the Vimana (or Vimanam). It is
always square in plan and surmounted by a pyramidal roof of one or more
stories; it contains the cell where the image of the god or his emblem is placed.
The porches or Mandapas (or Mantapams), which always cover and precede
the door leading to the cell.
Gate-pyramids, Gopurams, which are the principal features in the

quadrangular enclosures that surround the more notable temples.
Pillared halls or Chaultrisproperly Chawadis -- used for various purposes,

and which are the invariable accompaniments of these temples.
Besides these, a temple always contains temple tanks or wells for water (used for
sacred purposes or the convenience of the priests), dwellings for all grades of the
priesthood are attached to it, and other buildings for state or convenience.
Thanjavur Temple, Trichy, Tamilnadu

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
13. Solution: d)
All are Abiotic components:
In biology, abiotic factors can include water, light, radiation, temperature, humidity,
atmosphere, and soil. The macroscopic climate often influences each of the above.
Pressure and sound waves may also be considered in the context of marine or subterrestrial environments.[4]
All of these factors affect different organisms to different extents. If there is little or
no sunlight then plants may wither and die from not being able to get enough
sunlight to complete the cycle of photosynthesis. Many Archea require very high
temperatures, or pressures, or unusual concentrations of chemical substances, such
as sulfur, because of their specialization into extreme conditions. Certain fungi have
evolved to survive mostly at the temperature, the humidity, and stability of their
environment.
14. Solution: b)
From the eighth to twelfth centuries, the eastern portion of India was host to a
florescence of artistic activity. Under the Pala dynasty, which ruled large portions of
Eastern-South Asia for nearly four hundred years span, many centres of Buddhism
and Hinduism flourished.
The Pala dynasty came to power around 750 A.D. The Pala school of art first
flourished in the Magadha region of Southern Bihar, the homeland of Buddhist
religion. Not surprisingly, the majority of early Pala-period remains are Buddhist.
Due to intense religious activity during Pala Sena period, many religious structures
were built or renovated. Most of these buildings have vanished leaving no extant
architecture from this period and making it very difficult to reconstruct a systematic
overview of the architectural development. Inspite of non-availability of any building,
a huge corpus of sculpture and a few paintings survive from this period.
During the Pala-period, a number of monasteries and religious sites that had been
founded in earlier periods grew into prominence. The large cruciform stupa at
Paharpur (ancient Somapura) in Bengal (now Bangladesh), for example, measures
more than one hundred meters from North to South. It was built around the late
eighth or early ninth century. The walls of the courtyard contain 177 individual cells
that served as shrines.
Although the first two hundred or so years of Pala-period art were dominated by
Buddhist art, the Hindu remains also exist in some quantities in that phase and
clearly dominate in the last two hundred years of the Pala-period.

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
15. Solution: d)
In the Hindu style of construction spaces were spanned corbels, held together by
making courses project, each further than the one below, so that the open span was
gradually reduced to a size which could be covered with a single slab or brick.
Although there exists some evidence to suggest that the true arch may have been
known in India earlier, it is the Muslims who are believed to have brought the
principle of building a true arch so as to hold up the roof or ceiling or a top part of a
structure, the bricks or stones laid to reproduce a curve, held together by the keystone on the top of the rise. In many cases even if the true arch was familiar to
indigenous architects in ancient times, it was re-introduced by the Muslims. The
result was that flat lintels or corbelled ceilings were replaced by arches or vaults, and
the pyramidal roof or spire by the dome.
Among the architectural features introduced by them mention may be made of
arches, domes, minars and minarets, the pendentive, squinch arch, half domed
double portals, kiosks (chhatris) and the use of concrete as a factor of construction.
They also introduced gilding and painting in varied colours and designs. Muslim
decorative elements are usually of the nature of embroidery. Even though lime was
known and to certain extent used in construction work in India fairly early, mud was
generally used for brick work and large blocks of stones were laid one on top of the
other and held by means of iron clamps. The Muslims, like the Romans, were also
responsible for making extensive use of concrete and lime mortar as an important
factor of construction and incidentally used lime as plaster and a base for decoration
which was incised into it and held enamel work on tiles.
16. Solution: a)
http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_humayuntomb_char.asp
The introduction of decorative brackets, balconies, pendentive decorations, etc in the
architecture is an example in this regard. The other distinguishing features of IndoIslamic architecture are the utilisation of kiosks (chhatris), tall towers (minars) and
half-domed double portals. As human worship and its representation are not allowed
in Islam, the buildings and other edifices are generally decorated richly in
geometrical and arabesque designs. These designs were carved on stone in low relief,
cut on plaster, painted or inlaid. The use of lime as mortar was also a major element
distinct from the traditional building style.
17. Solution: b)
The first distinct example of proper Mughal architecture inspired by Persian
architecture, is the tomb of Humayun, in Delhi, built by his widow, Begha Begum.

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
This tomb is important for a proper study of the development of later Mughal
architecture and has provided the prototype, followed by architects who designed the
Mausoleum of Jahangir at Shahdara, Lahore, as well as the celebrated Taj Mahal, at
Agra. Although Sikander Lodi's tomb as the first garden tomb built in India, it is
Humayun's tomb which strikes a new note. It is a memorial erected by a devoted wife
for her imperial husband and is magnificent, grand and impressive. Raised on a vast
platform, the tomb proper stands in the centre of a square garden, divided into 4
main parts by causeways (Charbagh) in the centre of which ran shallow waterchannels.
The square, red, sandstone, double storeyed structure of the mausoleum rises over a
high square terrace, raised over a series of cells which are like a musical composition.
The octagonal form of the central chamber containing the cenotaph, is inspired by
Syrian and earlier Islamic models. It is for the first time that pink sandstone and
white are used with admirable effect, the white is used cleverly to emphasise,
surround and underline doors and windows, strengthening the design.
There is a certain rhythmic quality in the whole structure in its symmetrical design
and the repetition of the large dome in the similar pavillions with small but similar
domes.
18.Solution: c)
Animal migration is the relatively long-distance movement of individuals, usually on
a seasonal basis. It is found in all major animal groups, including birds,
mammals, fish, reptiles, amphibians, insects, and crustaceans.[1] The trigger for the
migration may be local climate, local availability of food, the season of the year or for
mating reasons.[2] To be counted as a true migration, and not just a local dispersal
or irruption, the movement of the animals should be an annual or seasonal
occurrence, such as birds migrating south for the winter; wildebeest migrating
annually for seasonal grazing; or a major habitat change as part of their life, such as
young Atlantic salmon leaving the river of their birth when they have reached a few
inches in size.
19. Solution: a)
The beginning of stone sculpture in India goes back to a very remote age. The
excavations carried out in 1924, at the ruins of Mohenjodaro on the Indus river and
Harappa in the Punjab, brought to light a highly developed urban civilization,
archaeologically known as the Indus Valley or Harappan Culture. It flourished from
C.2500 B.C. to 1500 B.C. These ancient cities had a systematic lay-out, wide roads,
spacious houses made of bricks, and an underground drainage system, somewhat
like our own. People worshipped the Mother Goddess or Goddess of fertility. Trade

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
and cultural contacts existed between these cities and those of Mesopotamia of which
the evidence is the occurrence of the seals, as well as similar carnelian beads,
knobbed pottery, etc., at both places. Clay was the earliest medium in which man
began to mould and we have discovered a large number of terracotta figurines from
these Indus Valley sites.
20.
Solution: b)
The great Buddhist Emperor Ashoka caused the erection of monolithic pillars of
sandstone, 30 to 40 feet high, crowned by animal figures like the bull, lion and
elephant, and had them inscribed with the Buddhist concepts of morality, humanity
and piety, which he wished his people to follow. Famous Ashokan pillars are from
Lauriya Nandangarh in Bihar, Sanchi and Sarnath.
The most remarkable of them all is the highly polished monolithic lion-capital found
at Sarnath, which is now the Emblem of the Government of India. It represents four
roaring lions back to back facing the four cardinal directions. The round abacus is
decorated with four dharmachakras or wheels of law, alternating with an elephant, a
bull, a horse and a lion, all carved with masterly skill. The abacus is supported by a
bell-shaped base consisting of a lotus with dharmachakra, which perhaps
symbolized the victory of righteousness over physical force. The superb modelling of
the figures executed in a realistic manner with a certain stylization, is invested with a
great power and dignity, and reveals the aristocratic and international nature of
Mauryan art.
21. Solution: a)
Saprotrophic nutrition is a process of chemoheterotrophic extracellular
digestion involved in the processing of dead or decayed organic matter. It occurs in
saprotrophs or heterotrophs, and is most often associated with fungi (for
example Mucor and Rhizobium) and soil bacteria. Saprotrophic microscopic fungi
are sometimes called saprobes; saprotrophic plants or bacterial flora are
called saprophytes (sapro- + -phyte, "rotten material" + "plant"). The process is most
often facilitated through the active transport of such materials
through endocytosis within the internal mycelium and its constituent hyphae.
22.
Solution: d)

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
Though it may seem strange, Buddha is never represented in human form in

Buddhist art before the Christian era, as his spirituality was considered too abstract
for the purpose. The adherents of the Buddhist faith followed the Hinayana path as a
means of attaining salvation. Buddha's presence in early Indian art is, therefore,
suggested by symbols like the Bodhi tree under which he attained enlightenment, the
wheel of law, his foot prints, the royal umbrella, the stupa and an empty throne, etc.
The relief-medallion from the fragment of a railing pillar of the stupa at Bharhut
datable to the 2nd Century B.C., shows the worship of the Bodhi tree by four figures.
Buddha had attained enlightenment under the Bodhi tree at Bodh Gaya. Here the
tree symbolizes the presence of Buddha.
23.
Solution: d)
The first century of the Christian era's revolutionary change, had far-reaching effects,
not only on the art of India, but also on the artistic development of Buddhist
countries of Asia. Buddha who was hitherto designated only by a symbol, was
conceived in human form. His person was given some of the 32 suspicious bodily
signs associated with the Mahapurushalakshana, such as the protuberance of the
skull, the hair-knot, bindi between the eyebrows and elongated ears. This change
came about as a result of the new changes that had crept into the religious outlook of
Buddhism due to the influence of the Devotional School of Hindu Philosophy,
requiring the worship of personal gods.
It must have exercised profound influence on the religious approach of the masses
towards Buddhism. The image becomes henceforth the main element of sculpture
and worship. Possibly, the emergence of the image of Buddha in Gandhara and in
Mathura was a parallel development. In each case, it was produced by the local artist
craftsmen working in the local tradition. At Mathura it clearly emerges from
the Yaksha tradition. The Gandhara image might seem to resemble Apollo in some
extraneous forms and does look characteristically Greco-Roman in drapery, but even
there most of the images represent Buddha as seated in the typically Indian Yogic
posture, a feature completely unknown to the Hellenistic tradition of art.
24.
Solution: c)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva#Bodhisattva_ideal
The Buddhist religion greatly flourished under the patronage of Kushan emperors,
and several images of the Buddha and Bodhisattavas were produced after the
earlier Yaksha types. Here, we may point out the difference between a Buddha and
Bodhisattava. Buddha is one who has attained the enlightenment of supreme
knowledge, while the Bodhisattava is still a candidate for it. A typical example of the

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
image of Buddha, as it was evolved by the Kushan sculptor in the 2nd century A.D.
shows him seated cross-legged on a
25.
Solution: a)
Medieval sculpture style came right after Gupta sculpture style.

The characteristic of this new form of style of art is the difference with classical art in
attitude, if not in skill and aptitude. Loveliness and idealisation are still the artist's
passion as they were for artists in the early classical period, but love of the ornate,
decorative details is now dominant over classic simplicity. There is more
complication, ornamentation and enrichment. There is an erroneous view that the
Indian artist was a strict conformist with the rules laid down in
the shilpasastras specifying how the gods of the Indian pantheon are to be shown in
images. One look at the variety and individuality of Indian sculpture will clearly
demonstrate that as styles went on developing the sculptors frequently departed
from the texts and rules laid down, and delighted in those departures and the
liberties they took with the bodies of humans and even of gods and goddesses.
26.
Solution: d)
In the middle of the 8th century the Rashtrakutas wrested power from the
Chalukyas. They created the greatest wonder of medieval Indian art in their Kailasa
temple at Ellora. Quarried out of a hill and solid rocks, it is sculptured on a grand
scale. The bold and magnificent carving in this temple shows the Rashtrakuta style of
tall and powerfully built figures, reflecting with spiritual and physical poise. The
beautiful architectural rock sculpture from Cave No.29 at Ellora shows the marriage
of Siva and Parvati. Siva holding the hand of the bashful Parvati occupies the centre
of the composition. To the right Brahma, the creator, is actively engaged in stirring
up the flames of the sacred fire. The parents of Parvati stand behind her to offer their
daughter to the great god. A number of gods assembled to witness the function are
shown hovering above the principal figures. The dignified grace of the divine couple
and the gentle solemnity of the occasion have been portrayed by the sculptor with a
masterly skill.
Since its an important part of Indian architecture, you may also consider reading the
introduction of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailasa_temple,_Ellora

27.
TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
Solution: a)
Another magnificent sculpture at Ellora is a panel depicting Ravana shaking mount

Kailasa. In this remarkable scene the quivering of the mountain can be felt, and
Parvati is shown greatly agitated, turning to Siva, grasping his hand in fear while her
maid takes to flight but the Great God is unmoved and holds on fast, pressing down
the mountain with his foot. The lower half of the composition exhibits Ravana
exerting all the force of his twenty arms against the mountain.
A classic panel showing the king of the Naga and his queen, belonging to Ajanta, 5th
century A.D. shows them seated on a throne attended by a hand maiden. The
sculptural work at Ajanta merits as great attention as the world famous wall
paintings.
The Vakataka traditions are derived from the earlier Satavahana which can be clearly
seen in the many carvings of Ajanta and in the painted and carved figures at Ajanta.
It is only the decorative elements, chiefly composed of pearls and ribbons, so
characteristic of the Gupta-Vakataka age, that distinguishes them from the simpler,
but notable sculpture of Amravati.
28.
Solution: d)
The earliest examples of miniature painting in India exist in the form of illustrations
to the religious texts on Buddhism executed under the Palas of the eastern India and
the Jain texts executed in western India during the 11th-12th centuries A.D.
The Pala painting is characterised by sinuous line and subdued tones of colour. It is a
naturalistic style which resembles the ideal forms of contemporary bronze and stone
sculpture, and reflects some feeling of the classical art of Ajanta. A fine example of
the typical Buddhist palm-leaf manuscript illustrated in the Pala style exists in the
Bodleian Library, Oxford, England. It is a manuscript of the Astasahasrika
Prajnaparamita, or the perfection of Wisdom written in eight thousand lines. It was
executed at the monastery of Nalanda in the fifteenth year of the reign of the Pala
King, Ramapala, in the last quarter of the eleventh century. The manuscript has
illustrations of six pages and also on the insides of both wooden covers.
The Pala art came to a sudden end after the destruction of the Buddhist monasteries
at the hands of Muslim invaders in the first half of the 13th century. Some of the
monks and artists escaped and fled to Nepal, which helped in reinforcing the existing
art traditions there.
29.
Solution: b)

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
Within an ecological food chain, consumers are categorized into three

groups: primary consumers, secondary consumers, and the tertiary
consumers.[2] Primary consumers are usually herbivores, feeding on plants and
fungus. Secondary consumers, on the other hand, are mainly carnivores, and prey on
other animals. Omnivores, who feed on both plants and animals, can also be
considered a secondary consumer. Tertiary consumers, sometimes also known
as apex predators, are usually at the top of food chains, capable of feeding on
secondary consumers and primary consumers. Tertiary consumers can be either fully
carnivorous or omnivorous. Humans are one such example of a tertiary consumer.
30.
Solution: d)
The Pala period (750 A.D. to the middle of the 12th century) witnessed the last great
phase of Buddhism and of the Buddhist art in India.
The Buddhist monasteries (mahaviharas) of Nalanda, Odantapuri,Vikramsila and
Somarupa were great centres of Buddhist learning and art. A large number of
manuscripts on palm-leaf relating to the Buddhist themes were written and
illustrated with the images of Buddhist deities at these centres which also had
workshops for the casting of bronze images. Students and pilgrims from all over
South-East Asia gathered there for education and religious instruction. They took
back to their countries examples of Pala Buddhist art, in the form of bronzes and
manuscripts which helped to carry the Pala style to Nepal, Tibet, Burma, Sri Lanka
and Java etc. The surviving examples of the Pala illustrated manuscripts mostly
belong to the Vajrayana School of Buddhism.
31. Solution: d)
The Western Indian style of painting prevailed in the region comprising Gujarat,
Rajasthan and Malwa. The motivating force for the artistic activity in Western India
was Jainism just as it was Buddhism in case of the Ajanta and the Pala arts. Jainism
was patronised by the Kings of the Chalukya Dynasty who ruled Gujarat and parts of
Rajasthan and Malwa from 961 A.D. to the end of the 13th century. An enormous
number of Jain religious manuscripts were commissioned from 12th to 16th
centuries by the princes, their ministers and the rich Jain merchants for earning
religious merit. Many such manuscripts are available in the Jain
libraries (bhandaras) which are found at many places in Western India.
32.
Solution: d)
Though no pre-Mughal painting from the Deccan are so far known to exist, yet it can
safely be presumed that sophisticated schools of painting flourished there, making a

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
significant contribution to the development of the Mughal style in North India. Early
centres of painting in the Deccan, during the 16th and 17th centuries were
Ahmednagar, Bijapur and Golconda. In the Deccan, painting continued to develop
independently of the Mughal style in the beginning. However, later in the 17th and
18th centuries it was increasingly influenced by the Mughal style.
Painting in Hyderabad started with the foundation of the Asafjhi dynasty by Mir
Qamruddin Khan (Chin Qulick Khan) Nizam-ul-Mulk in 1724 A.D. Influence of the
Mughal style of painting on the already existing early styles of Deccani paintings,
introduced by several Mughal painters who migrated to the Deccan during the period
of Aurangzeb and sought patronage there, was responsible for the development of
various styles of painting in the Deccan at Hyderabad and other centres.
33.
Solution: d)
Unlike Mughal painting which is primarily secular, the art of painting in Central
India, Rajasthani and the Pahari region etc. is deeply rooted in the Indian traditions,
taking inspiration from Indian epics, religious texts like the Puranas, love poems in
Sanskrit and other Indian languages, Indian folk-lore and works on musical themes.
The cults of Vaishnavism, Saivism and Sakti exercised tremendous influence on the
pictorial art of these places. Among these the cult of Krishna was the most popular
one which inspired the patrons and artists.
The themes from
theRamayana., the Mahabharata, the Bhagavata, the Siva Purana,
the Naishadacarita, the Usha Aniruddha, the GitaGovinda of Jayadeva,
the Rasamanjari of Bhanudatta, the Amaru Sataka, the Rasikapriya of Kesavadasa,
the Bihari Satasayee and the Ragamala etc., provided a very rich field to the painter
who with his artistic skill and devotion made a significant contribution to the
development of Indian painting.
34.
Solution: d)
The Wildlife Institute of India (WII) is an autonomous institution under the Ministry
of Environment and Forests, Government of India.
WII carries out wildlife research in areas of study like Biodiversity, Endangered
Species, Wildlife Policy, Wildlife Management, Wildlife Forensics, Spatial Modeling,
Ecodevelopment, and Climate Change.
launches initiative for allowing PSU and Companies to adopt endangered species
such as Great Indian bustard, Gharial, Lesser Florican, Snow Leopard etc. Spendings
will be counted under CSR in Companies Act 2013. This is because Budget 2015 has
reduced its funding by 25%.

35.
TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
Solution: c)
http://kids.nceas.ucsb.edu/biomes/grassland.html
36.
Solution: d)
Under several personal laws of all religions, leprosy for more than two years serves as
a legitimate ground for divorce or separation between spouses. Under the State
Beggary Acts, persons with leprosy are put under the same category as those with
mental ailments, and medical examination, arrest and detention of persons affected
by leprosy is allowed.
The Life Insurance Corporation Act charges higher premium rates from persons with
leprosy. Several State Municipal and Panchayat Raj Acts bar persons with leprosy
from holding or contesting civic posts.
In its 256th report submitted to the Law Ministry on Tuesday, the commission listed
many laws that discriminate against leprosy patients.
The commission has prepared a draft Bill to eliminate discrimination against persons
affected with leprosy.
The commission recommended the repeal or amendment of all laws carrying
discriminatory provisions. The panel recommended an end to the segregation of
persons with leprosy, many of whom live in 850 leprosy colonies across India.
The Rehabilitation Council of India Act and the Persons with Disabilities Act do not
include all categories of persons with leprosy.
Recommendations are here:
http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=118021
Also go through http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprosy_in_India
This is an important topic. Properly go through it.
37.
Solution: c)
Eligibility: Available to people in the age group of 18 to 50 and having a bank

account. People who join the scheme before completing 50 years can, however,
continue to have the risk of life cover up to the age of 55 years subject to payment of
premium.
Premium: Rs.330 per annum. It will be auto-debited in one instalment.

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
Payment Mode: The payment of premium will be directly auto-debited by the bank
from the subscribers account.
Risk Coverage: Rs.2 Lakh in case of death for any reason.
Terms of Risk Coverage: A person has to opt for the scheme every year. He can also
prefer to give a long-term option of continuing, in which case his account will be
auto-debited every year by the bank.
Who will implement this Scheme?: The scheme will be offered by Life Insurance
Corporation and all other life insurers who are willing to join the scheme and tie-up
with banks for this purpose.
Government Contribution:
(i) Various other Ministries can co-contribute premium for various categories of
their beneficiaries out of their budget or out of Public Welfare Fund created in this
budget out of unclaimed money. This will be decided separately during the year.
(ii)
Common Publicity Expenditure will be borne by Government.
38.
Solution: a)
The Internal Working Group of the Reserve Bank of India under the Chairmanship of
Shri B Mahapatra had submitted the final Report on the implementation of
Countercyclical Capital Buffer (CCCB) in July, 2014. The Report made
recommendations in areas such as indicators that may be used for CCCB decisions,
thresholds for activating the buffer, lead time for announcement of buffer, etc.
The aim of the Countercyclical Capital Buffer (CCCB) regime is twofold. Firstly, it
requires banks to build up a buffer of capital in good times which may be used to
maintain flow of credit to the real sector in difficult times. Secondly, it achieves the
broader macro-prudential goal of restricting the banking sector from indiscriminate
lending in the periods of excess credit growth that have often been associated with
the building up of system-wide risk.
39.
Solution: d)
Most desert species have found remarkable ways to survive by evading drought.
Desert succulents, such as cacti or rock plants (Lithops) for example, survive dry
spells by accumulating moisture in their fleshy tissues. They have an extensive
system of shallow roots to capture soil water only a few hours after it has rained.
Additionally, many cacti and other stem-succulent plants of hot deserts present
columnar growth, with leafless, vertically-erect, green trunks that maximize light

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
interception during the early and late hours of the day, but avoid the midday sun,
when excessive heat may damage plant tissues.
One of the most effective drought-survival adaptations for many species is the
evolution of an ephemeral life-cycle. An ephemeral life cycle is characterized by a
short life and the capacity to leave behind very hardy forms of propagation. This
ability is found not only in plants but also in many invertebrates. Desert ephemerals
are amazingly rapid growers capable of reproducing at a remarkably high rate during
good seasons.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larrea_tridentata#Desert_adaptation
40.
Solution: a)
Carbon dioxide readily dissolves in water and the oceans provide a huge reservoir of
carbon. Across the world's oceans there is a continual cycle of equilibration of
dissolved carbon dioxide in water with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Around 88 thousand million tonnes of carbon is released from the surface of the
world's oceans each year, with an annual uptake by the oceans of 90 thousand
million tonnes. Consequently, the net uptake of carbon dioxide by oceans is
estimated to be approximately 2 thousand million tonnes annually.
The carbon dioxide which dissolves in our oceans occurs in three main forms. Aside
from the normal carbon dioxide form, it is also found as bicarbonate and carbonate
ions. Most, about 90 percent, exists as bicarbonate with carbonate ions acting as the
link between carbon dioxide and bicarbonate. As concentrations of carbon dioxide
increase the supply of carbonate ions becomes limited and so the oceans become less
and less able to take up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
41. Solution: a)
One way to increase the carbon sequestration efficiency of the oceans is to add
micrometre-sized iron particles in the form of either hematite (iron oxide) or
melanterite (iron sulfate) to certain regions of the ocean. This has the effect of
stimulating growth of plankton. Iron is an important nutrient for phytoplankton,
usually made available via upwelling along the continental shelves, inflows from
rivers and streams, as well as deposition of dust suspended in the atmosphere.
Natural sources of ocean iron have been declining in recent decades, contributing to
an overall decline in ocean productivity (NASA, 2003) Yet in the presence of iron
nutrients plankton populations quickly grow, or 'bloom', expanding the base
of biomass productivity throughout the region and removing significant quantities of
CO2 from the atmosphere via photosynthesis.

42.
TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
Solution: d)
The ocean plays an important part in the carbon cycle. Overall, the ocean is called a
carbon sink because it takes up more carbon from the atmosphere than it gives up.
Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere dissolves in the surface waters of the ocean.
Some of the carbon dioxide stays as dissolved gas, but much of it gets turned into
other things. Photosynthesis by tiny marine plants (phytoplankton) in the sunlit
surface waters turns the carbon into organic matter. Many organisms use carbon to
make calcium carbonate, a building material of shells and skeletons. Other chemical
processes create calcium carbonate in the water. The using up of carbon by biological
and chemical processes allows more carbon dioxide to enter the water from the
atmosphere.
43.
Solution: d)
The common name given to the atmospheric gases used

in breathing and photosynthesis is air. By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen,
20.95%oxygen,[1] 0.93% argon, 0.039% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other
gases. Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor, on average around 1% at
sea level, and 0.4% over the entire atmosphere.
Stratosphere contains the ozone layer, which is the part of Earth's atmosphere that
contains relatively high concentrations of that gas.
44.
Solution: a)
Critically Endangered Great Indian Bustards (GIB) is the State bird of Rajasthan.
Total 150 GIB live in India out of them almost 100 are in Rajasthan alone, and
remaining in Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh.
But the new census says only 50 GIB left in Rajasthan. And zero GIB left in Uttar
Pradesh and Bihar. Thar desert of Rajasthan is the breeding ground for GIB.
Officially its called Desert National Park but legally its only a sanctuary (therefore
human activities permitted). Even Supreme court permitted school constructions
here. Other dangers are installation of windmills and shortage of forest guards.
45.
Solution: d)
The principle fuel used as a petrol substitute for road transport vehicles is
bioethanol. Bioethanol fuel is mainly produced by the sugar fermentation process,

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
although it can also be manufactured by the chemical process of reacting ethylene

with steam.
The main sources of sugar required to produce ethanol come from fuel or energy
crops. These crops are grown specifically for energy use and include corn, maize and
wheat crops, waste straw, willow and popular trees, sawdust, reed canary grass, cord
grasses, jerusalem artichoke, myscanthus and sorghum plants. There is also ongoing
research and development into the use of municipal solid wastes to produce ethanol
fuel.
Other sources are grass, rice straw, sea weed (macro algae) etc.
46.
Solution: d)
Using bio-refining, It is possible to turn macro algae (sea weeds) into bio-ethanol
(fuel), and byproducts like agar, pigment, lipids and fertilizers are added benefits.
Important seaweed species are Gelidiella acerosa and Gracilaria dura from Western
coast of India, and Gelidium pusillum collected from southeast coast.
But the challenge is that we need to grow millions of tones of sea weed. But the good
thing is seaweed farming can provide large scale employment to many fishermen,
and reduce coastal eutrophication and global warming.
Eutrophication is a common phenomenon in coastal waters. In contrast to
freshwater systems, nitrogen is more commonly the key limiting nutrient of marine
waters; thus, nitrogen levels have greater importance to understanding
eutrophication problems in salt water. Estuaries tend to be naturally eutrophic
because land-derived nutrients are concentrated where run-off enters a confined
channel. Upwelling in coastal systems also promotes increased productivity by
conveying deep, nutrient-rich waters to the surface, where the nutrients can be
assimilated by algae.
Sea grass can consume the extra mineral and consume carbon dioxide in
photosynthesis to reduce coastal eutrophication.
47.
Solution: a)
NGT can deliver justice only in matters pertaining to following acts- Water Act, The
Water Cess Act, The Forest Conservation Act, The Air Pollution Act, Environment
Protection Act, Public Liability Insurance Act and The Biological Diversity Act. Forest
ministry contends that NGT cant deliver any Verdict on matters related to climate
change. Because climate change subject is covered under international conventions
and protocols.

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
About NGT: The National Green Tribunal has been established in 2010 under the
National Green Tribunal Act 2010 for effective and expeditious disposal of cases
relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural
resources including enforcement of any legal right relating to environment and
giving relief and compensation for damages to persons and property and for matters
connected therewith or incidental thereto. It is a specialized body equipped with the
necessary expertise to handle environmental disputes involving multi-disciplinary
issues.
48.
Solution: a)
Relative Humidity is the ratio between amount of water vapour present in air vs. the
amount of water vapour the air can hold. During high temperature high relative
humidity scenario, human body tries to control temperature by evaporating moisture
as per commands from hypothalamus. But since outside air already has high relative
humidity, it cannot hold any more moisture, hence sweat doesnt evaporate quickly,
therefore it appears as if we are sweating more profusely during high humid climate.
49.
Solution: a)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing#Bio-printing
3D printing (or additive manufacturing, AM) is any of various processes used to
make a three-dimensional object. In 3D printing, additive processes are used, in
which successive layers of material are laid down under computer control. These
objects can be of almost any shape or geometry, and are produced from a 3D
model or other electronic data source. A 3D printer is a type of industrial robot.
50.
Solution: a)
The Rights of Transgender Persons Bill 2014 seeks to provide framework for the
formulation and implementation of a comprehensive national policy for ensuring
overall development of the transgender persons and their welfare. Moreover,
Two percent reservation in primary, secondary and higher education and in

government jobs.
Establishment of Employment Exchange, National and State Commissions for
Trasngender Persons and Special Transgender Rights Courts.
No child who is transgender will be separated from his or her parents on the
grounds of being a transgender except on an order of competent court.
Penalty for hate speech against transgender persons includes imprisonment
extending upto one year and with fine.

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
This bill will help government take necessary steps in order to ensure that
transgender persons enjoy the right to life with dignity and to personal liberty
guaranteed by the Constitution.
It should be noted that 29 nations and leading democracies in the world including
US, UK, Canada, France, Australia, Italy and Singapore have legislations protecting
rights of transgender persons.
51. Solution: c)
A lake ecosystem includes biotic (living) plants, animals and micro-organisms, as
well as abiotic (nonliving) physical and chemical interactions.
Lake ecosystems are a prime example of lentic ecosystems. Lentic refers to stationary
or relatively still water, from the Latin lentus, which means sluggish. Lentic waters
range from ponds to lakes to wetlands, and much of this article applies to lentic
ecosystems in general. Lentic ecosystems can be compared with lotic ecosystems,
which involve flowing terrestrial waters such as rivers and streams. Together, these
two fields form the more general study area of freshwater or aquatic ecology.
Lentic systems are diverse, ranging from a small, temporary rainwater pool a few
inches deep to Lake Baikal, which has a maximum depth of 1740 m. The general
distinction between pools/ponds and lakes is vague, but Brown states that ponds and
pools have their entire bottom surfaces exposed to light, while lakes do not. In
addition, some lakes become seasonally stratified (discussed in more detail below.)
Ponds and pools have two regions: the pelagic open water zone, and the benthic
zone, which comprises the bottom and shore regions. Since lakes have deep bottom
regions not exposed to light, these systems have an additional zone,
the profundal.[3] These three areas can have very different abiotic conditions and,
hence, host species that are specifically adapted to live there.
Bacteria are present in all regions of lentic waters. Free-living forms are associated
with decomposing organic material, biofilm on the surfaces of rocks and plants,
suspended in the water column, and in the sediments of the benthic and profundal
zones. Other forms are also associated with the guts of lentic animals as parasites or
in commensal relationships. Bacteria play an important role in system metabolism
through nutrient recycling, which is discussed in the Trophic Relationships section.
52.
Solution: d)
E-Samiksha is designed by National Informatics Centre (NIC). It has been developed

to make it a highly interactive web-based, user-friendly and customised system.

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
E-Samiksha will be used to monitor budget-related projects and also for monitoring
the infrastructure target and board meeting follow-up.
Currently, it is being used by Cabinet Secretariat, Prime Ministers Office and other
Ministries for monitoring progress implementation of various programmes and
follow-up of meetings.
It is not mandatory for states to follow this system.
53.
Solution: d)
The ship is designed by the Directorate of Naval Design, Indian Navys in-house
design organization and made of entirely of Indian steel. It is 163-metre-long vessel
and weighs approximately 3,000 tons. It is Propelled by four gas turbines, and
capable to achieve maximum speed of over 30 knots at a displacement of
approximately 7,300 tons. It is fitted with state-of-the-art weapons, advance Action
Information System (AIS), Integrated Platform Management system (IPMS),
sophisticated Power Distribution System (PDS) and a Combat Management System.
It is also equipped with the Israeli Multi-Function Surveillance Threat Alert Radar
(MF-STAR). MF-STAR will provide it with targeting information to 32 Barak 8 longrange surface-to-air missiles on board the warship. It will also be carrying 8 BrahMos
missiles. It has four 30 mm rapid-fire guns which will provide the ship with close-indefence capability and also has an MR gun that will enable ship to provide effective
naval gunfire support.
54.
Solution: c)
Commensalism, in biology, a relationship between individuals of two species in

which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either
harming or benefiting the latter.
The commensalthe species that benefits from the associationmay
obtainnutrients, shelter, support, or locomotion from the host species, which is
unaffected. The commensal relation is often between a larger host and a smaller
commensal. The host organism is essentially unchanged by the interaction, whereas
the commensal species may show great morphological adaptation. This relationship
can be contrasted with mutualism, in which both species benefit.
One of the best-known examples of a commensal is the remora (family Echineidae)
that rides attached to sharks and other fishes. Remoras have evolved on the top of
their heads a flat oval sucking disk structure that adheres to the bodies of their hosts.
Both remoras and pilot fishes feed on the leftovers of their hosts meals. A
commensal relationship based on shelter is seen in anemone fishes, such

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
as Amphiprion percula, which live unharmed among the stinging tentacles of sea
anemones, where they are protected from predators. Other examples of commensals
include bird species, such as the great egret (Ardea alba), that feed on insects turned
up by grazing mammals or on soil organisms stirred up by plowing. Various
biting lice, fleas, and louse flies are commensals in that they feed harmlessly on
the feathers of birds and on sloughed-off flakes ofskin from mammals.
55.
Solution: d)
http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/astra-missile-launchedsuccessfully/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_(missile)
56.
Solution: d)
The profundal zone is a deep zone of an inland body of freestanding water, such as
a lake or pond, located below the range of effective light penetration. This is typically
below the thermocline, the vertical zone in the water through
which temperature drops rapidly. The lack of light in the profundal zone determines
the type of biological community that can live in this region, which is distinctly
different from the community in the overlying waters. The profundal zone is part of
the aphotic zone.
The limnetic zone is the well-lit, open surface waters in a lake, away from the shore.
The vegetation of the littoral zone surrounds this expanse of open water and it is
above the profundal zone. This is the main photosynthetic body of the lake. This zone
produces the oxygen and food that support the lake's consumers.
It can be defined as the lighted surface waters in the area where the lake bottom is
too deep and unlit to support rooted aquatic plants. This area is occupied by a variety
of phytoplankton, consisting of algae and cyanobacteria, as well as zooplankton,
smallcrustaceans, and fish. Most photosynthesis takes place in this part of the lake.
57.Solution: a)
The Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana (IGMSY) was a flagship program of the
government of India introduced in 2010 under the Ministry of Women and Child
Development. It is a conditional cash transfer scheme.pregnant and lactating women
19 years of age and older for first two live births are eligible for the scheme.Its goal is

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
to partly compensate them for wage-loss during childbirth and childcare and to
provide conditions for safe delivery and good nutrition and feeding practices.
It envisions the achievement of its objectives by:
Promoting appropriate practice, care and institutional service utilization

during pregnancy, delivery and lactation
Encouraging the women to follow (optimal) nutrition and feeding practices,

including early and exclusive breast-feeding for the first six months; and
Providing cash incentives for improved health and nutrition to pregnant and
lactating mothers.
IGMSY provides financial assistance as grant-in-aid to state governments
58.
Solution: c)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Indradhanush
59.
Solution: c)
This recent earthquake in Nepal may have occurred because of two converging
tectonic plates, the India plate and the overriding Eurasian plate. These tectonic
plates are the large, thin, relatively rigid and are moving relative to one another on
the outer surface of the Earth. Both of these plates are slowly moving and sometimes
get stuck at their edges due to friction. Earthquake might have occured because of
these overriding plates after the stress on the edge overcomes the friction. It releases
tremendous energy in form of waves that travel through the Earths crust and causes
earthquake on the surface.
60.
Solution: a)
Antibiosis is a biological interaction between two or more organisms that is

detrimental to at least one of them; it can also be an antagonistic association between
an organism and the metabolic substances produced by another. Examples of
antibiosis include the relationship between antibiotics and bacteria and the
relationship between animals and disease-causing pathogens.
Antibiosis is commonly found and studied in host plants and the insects which feed
upon them.

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
"Antibiosis resistance affects the biology of the insect so pest abundance and
subsequent damage is reduced compared to that which would have occurred if the
insect was on a susceptible crop variety. Antibiosis resistance often results in
increased mortality or reduced longevity and reproduction of the insect."
61. Solution: d)
Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 24 April 2015 inaugurated Indias Healthcare
Tourism Portal www.indiahealthcaretourism.com at the SAAARC Trade Mart in the
Global Exhibition on Services (GES). It was inaugurated on the occasion of three-day
Global Exhibition on Services (GES)
The portal is developed by the Union Governments Department of Commerce and
the Services Export Promotion Council (SEPC). It is a comprehensive one-point
information site that covers hospital and travel-related information in India.
Presently, it covers 124 accredited medical facilities. It includes 93 medical centers,
30 Ayurveda and Wellness centers and 1 special category center. Among these
medical facilities 74 facilities are located in Tier I cites and the rest are in Tier II
cities. These covered accredited medical facilities on portal are easily locatable. It is
also easy to find by search options by location, medical specialty, key procedures,
language options etc. Details such as costs related to treatment in hospitals, visa and
travel formalities, tariff options on stay etc are also mentioned on the portal.
62.
Solution: c)
An estuary is a partly enclosed coastal body of brackish water with one or more rivers
or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea.
Estuaries form a transition zone between river environments and maritime
environments. They are subject both to marine influences - such as tides, waves, and
the influx of saline water - and to riverine influences - such as flows of fresh water
and sediment. The inflows of both sea water and fresh water provide high levels of
nutrients both in the water column and in sediment, making estuaries among the
most productive natural habitats in the world
Most existing estuaries formed during the Holocene epoch with the flooding of rivereroded or glacially scoured valleys when the sea level began to rise about 10,00012,000 years ago.[4] Estuaries are typically classified according to
their geomorphological features or to water-circulation patterns. They can have
many different names, such as bays, harbors, lagoons, inlets, or sounds, although
some of these water bodies do not strictly meet the above definition of an estuary and
may be fully saline.

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/estuaries/media/supp_estuar04_delta
.html
63.
Solution: a)
These conservation efforts will be taken to protect this species of Langur found in
Patharia Hills Reserve Forest on either side of the fenced border along both nations
in Karimganj district of Assams Barak Valley. Decision in this regard was taken into
effect at the meeting of higher officials of both countries.
The primary focus of this conservation effort is to preserve the habitat for the
survival of the primates in the Patharia Hills Reserve Forest that is posing a major
threat to the wildlife present in the forest. It also seeks to spread awareness
campaigns which will be conducted in the fringe villages to urge people not to
destroy the forests for firewood. Spectacled Monkey is popularly known as the
Chasme vala bandar. They have white spectacle like patches around the eyes. The
Patheria Hills reserve Forest is spread over an area of around seven thousand
hectares on the Indian side and consists of two blocks Patheria A and B.
It is only the forest in Assam, where the Spectacled Monkey is found while Mizoram
and Tripura are the other two states in the country where it inhabits. Apart from
spectacled Langur, the reserve forest is also home to the endangered Hoolock Gibbon
and Golden Langur.
64.
Solution: c)
Both are correct. Please refer the book.
65.
Solution: b)
The report was published by the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development
Solutions Network (SDSN).
Key facts from report: Top five countries: Switzerland (1st), Iceland (2nd), Denmark
(3rd), Norway (4th) and Canada (5th).
Bottom five countries: Rwanda (154th), Benin (155th), Syria (156th), Burundi (157th)
and Togo (158th).
Other countries: United States (15th), United Kingdom (21th), Japan (46th) and
China (84th). India is ranked below countries like Pakistan (81st), Bangladesh
(109th), Ukraine (111th) and Iraq (112th).

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
The report aims at influencing government policy. The report is prepared based upon
study undertaken by Gallup World Poll. The data is used to ranked nations based
upon variables such as real GDP per capita, healthy life expectancy, corruption levels
and social freedoms.
66.
Solution: a)
Micronutrients are nutrients required by humans and other organisms throughout

life in small quantities to orchestrate a range of physiological functions.[1] For people,
they include dietary trace minerals in amounts generally less than 100
milligrams/day - as opposed to macrominerals which are required in larger
quantities. The microminerals or trace
elements includes..atleast iron,cobalt, chromium, copper, iodine, manganese, seleniu
m, zinc and molybdenum. Micronutrients also include vitamins, which are organic
compounds required as nutrients in tiny amounts by an organism,[2] as well
as phytochemicals.
There are about seven nutrients essential to plant growth and health that are only
needed in very small quantities. Though these are present in only small quantities,
they are all necessary:
Boron is believed to be involved in carbohydrate transport in plants; it also

assists in metabolic regulation. Boron deficiency will often result in bud
dieback.
Chlorine is necessary for osmosis and ionic balance; it also plays a role
in photosynthesis.
Copper is a component of some enzymes. Symptoms of copper deficiency

include browning of leaf tips and chlorosis.
Iron is essential for chlorophyll synthesis, which is why an iron deficiency

results in chlorosis.
Manganese activates some important enzymes involved

in chlorophyll formation. Manganese deficient plants will
develop chlorosis between the veins of its leaves. The availability of
manganese is partially dependent on soil pH.
Molybdenum is essential to plant health. Molybdenum is used by plants to

reduce nitrates into usable forms. Some plants use it for nitrogen fixation,
thus it may need to be added to some soils before seeding legumes.
Zinc participates in chlorophyll formation, and also activates many enzymes.

Symptoms of zinc deficiency include chlorosis and stunted growth.

67.
TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
Solution: c)
Calbuco volcano in southern Chile erupted on 23 April 2015 for the first time after
more than 42 years. It had erupted twice in the space of a few hours which led to
billowing of huge ash cloud over a sparsely populated, mountainous area in southern
Chile.
Calbuco Volcano is one of the most active volcanoes of the Southern Chilean Andes.
It should be noted that Chile has the second largest chain of volcanoes in the world
after Indonesia which has about 500 that are potentially active. Both countries fall on
the Ring of Fire.
68.
Solution: d)
In ecology, energy flow, also called the calorific flow, refers to the flow
of energy through a food chain. In an ecosystem,ecologists seek to quantify the
relative importance of different component species and feeding relationships.
A general energy flow scenario follows:
Solar energy is fixed by the photoautotrophs, called primary producers, like

green plants. Primary consumers absorb most of the stored energy in the plant
through digestion, and transform it into the form of energy they need, such
as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), through respiration. A part of the energy
received by primary consumers, herbivores, is converted tobody heat (an
effect of respiration), which is radiated away and lost from the system. The
loss of energy through body heat is far greater in warm-blooded animals,
which must eat much more frequently than those that are cold-blooded.
Energy loss also occurs in the expulsion of undigested food (egesta)
by excretion or regurgitation.
Secondary consumers, carnivores, then consume the primary consumers,

although omnivores also consume primary producers. Energy that had been
used by the primary consumers for growth and storage is thus absorbed into
the secondary consumers through the process of digestion. As with primary
consumers, secondary consumers convert this energy into a more suitable
form (ATP) during respiration. Again, some energy is lost from the system,
since energy which the primary consumers had used for respiration and
regulation of body temperature cannot be utilised by the secondary
consumers.
Tertiary consumers, which may or may not be apex predators, then consume
the secondary consumers, with some energy passed on and some lost, as with
the lower levels of the food chain.

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
A final link in the food chain are decomposers which break down the organic
matter of the tertiary consumers (or whichever consumer is at the top of the
chain) and release nutrients into the soil. They also break down plants,
herbivores and carnivores that were not eaten by organisms higher on the
food chain, as well as the undigested food that is excreted by herbivores and
carnivores. Saprotrophic bacteria and fungi are decomposers, and play a
pivotal role in the nitrogen andcarbon cycles.
The energy is passed on from trophic level to trophic level and each time about 90%
of the energy is lost, with some being lost as heat into the environment (an effect
of respiration) and some being lost as incompletely digested food (egesta). Therefore,
primary consumers get about 10% of the energy produced by autotrophs, while
secondary consumers get 1% and tertiary consumers get 0.1%. This means the top
consumer of a food chain receives the least energy, as a lot of the food chain's energy
has been lost between trophic levels. This loss of energy at each level limits typical
food chains to only four to six links.
69.
Solution: d)
India has emerged as the fourth largest supplier of generic medicines to the United
States. It was announced by Minister of State (MoS) for Chemicals and Fertilizers
Hansraj Ahir gave this information in the Rajya Sabha in reply to a question. Indias
generic medicines exports have touched over US 4 billion dollars in 2013-14 in spite
of stringent regulatory measures imposed by US. Union Government also announced
that Indian pharmaceutical companies are already exporting generic medicines to
Africa, West Asia and European countries.
70.
Solution: a)
http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/hfc-regulation-countries-yet-reachconsensus
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an
international environmental treaty (currently the only international climate policy
venue with broad legitimacy, due in part to its virtually universal membership)
negotiated at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
(UNCED informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14
June 1992. The objective of the treaty is to "stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations
in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent
dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system"

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
71. Solution: c)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous
72.
Solution: d)
In the past, several studies have explored why some people are found to be mosquito
magnets while others remain relatively unattractive. Carbon dioxide and octenol in
exhaled air, amount of lactic acid emitted, body heat, secretor status, moisture,
physical movements and the colour of clothing are some factors that lead to
differences in attractiveness to mosquitoes.
Mosquitoes are attracted to carbon dioxide that humans exhale and it has been
observed that adults are more susceptible to mosquito bites than children due to the
larger amounts of carbon dioxide exhaled. Octenol, a chemical found in the human
breath, also attracts mosquitoes and forms a potent combination with carbon dioxide
in alluring mosquitoes. Additionally, the presence of larger amounts of lactic acid
that is emitted through the skin of humans and the production of which is linked
with physical activity as well as consumption of certain foods, are other factors
associated with an increased attractiveness for mosquitoes. This is why people who
sweat profusely tend to be ambushed by mosquitoes. A study of these three factors
was conducted in 2007 and was led by D F Hoel. It was published in the journal of
the American Mosquito Control Association.
http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/why-mosquitoes-are-more-attracted-someus-others
73.
Solution: a)
The monsoon, which is essentially the seasonal reversal in wind direction, causes
most of the rainfall received in India and some other parts of the world. The primary
cause of monsoons is the difference between annual temperature trends over land
and sea. The apparent position of the Sun with reference to the Earth oscillates from
the Tropic of Cancer to the Tropic of Capricorn. Thus the low pressure region created
by solar heating also changes latitude.
The northeast and southeast trade winds converge in this low pressure zone, which is
also known as the Intertropical Convergence Zone or ITCZ. This low pressure regions
sees continuous rise of moist wind from the sea surface to the upper layers of the
atmosphere, where the cooling means the air can no longer hold so much moisture
resulting in precipitation. The rainy seasons of East Asia, sub-Saharan Africa,
Australia and the southern parts of North America coincide with the shift of ITCZ
towards these regions.

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
For more read http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Learning-with-the-TimesWhat-causes-the-monsoon/articleshow/6156778.cms
74.
Solution: d)
The bottom of the pyramid represents the primary producers (autotrophs). The
primary producers take energy from the environment in the form of sunlight or
inorganic chemicals and use it to create energy-rich molecules such as
carbohydrates. This mechanism is called primary production. The pyramid then
proceeds through the various trophic levels to the apex predators at the top.
When energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next, typically only ten
percent is used to build new biomass. The remaining ninety percent goes to
metabolic processes or is dissipated as heat. This energy loss means that productivity
pyramids are never inverted, and generally limits food chains to about six levels.
However, in oceans, biomass pyramids can be wholly or partially inverted, with more
biomass at higher levels.
75.Solution: b)
Western Disturbance is the term used in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal to
describe an extratropical storm originating in the Mediterranean, that brings sudden
winter rain and snow to the north-western parts of the Indian subcontinent. This is a
non-monsoonal precipitation pattern driven by the Westerlies. The moisture in these
storms usually originates over the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.
Extratropical storms are a global, rather than a localized, phenomena with moisture
usually carried in the upper atmosphere (unlike tropical storms where it is carried in
the lower atmosphere). In the case of the subcontinent, moisture is sometimes shed
as rain when the storm system encounters the Himalayas.
Western Disturbances are important to the development of the Rabi crop in the
northern subcontinent, which includes the locally important staple wheat.
76.
Solution: a)
This type of climate is experienced along the eastern coasts of tropical lands,
receiving steady rainfall from the Trade Winds all the time. The rainfall is both
orographic where the moist trades meet upland masses as in eastern Brazil and
convectional due to intense heating during the day and in summer. Its tendency is
towards a summer maximum as in monsoon lands, but without any distinct dry
period. The rhythm of climate as experienced in Cairns, on the eastern coast of
Queensland, under the constant influence of the South-East Trade Winds. and in

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
summer also affected by the tropical monsoons. Its wettest months are in January
(15.8 inches), February (16.4), March (17.7) and April (12.1), which is summer in the
southern hemisphere.
Approximately 70 per cent of the annual rainfall is concentrated in the four summer
months. There is not month without any rainfall. The range of temperature is typical
of the tropical latitudes with a maximum of 82 degree F. in January and a minimum
of 70degreeF. in July- a range of 12degree F for the year. Due to the steady influence
of the trades. the Tropical Marine Climate is more favourable for habitation, but it is
prone to severe tropical cyclones, hurricanes or typhoons.
77. Solution: c)
The warm current dwelling at the eastern coasts in the tropics makes the area
warmer and prepares it for more evaporation; low pressure zone and high rainfall.
The same phenomenon is found at the western coasts in higher latitudes where warm
currents dwell at the western coasts.
Cyclonic disturbances have nothing to do with the differences in temperature over
such a vast area 20 degrees to 35 degrees.
78.
Solution: a)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_pythons_in_Florida
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/06/us/the-burmese-python-snake-thats-eatingflorida.html?_r=0
79.
Solution: b)
The Sudan type of climate is characterized by an alternate hot, rainy season and cool,
dry season. In the northern hemisphere, the hot, rainy season normally begins in
May and lasts until September, as in Kano, Nigeria.
The rest of the year is cool and dry. The annual rainfall for Kano, which is located at a
height of 1,539 feet above sea level, 34 inches and is most entirely concentrated in the
summer. But the amount varies from 48 inches at Bathurst, in Gambia on the coast
to only 5 inches at Khartoum, in Sudan in the interior.
Both the length of the rainy season and the annual total rainfall decrease appreciably
from the equatorial region polewards towards the desert fringes. On the whole, the
annual precipitation is less than that of the Tropical Monsoon Climate and the length

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
of the wet and dry seasons differs with the locality. In the southern hemisphere, the
rainy season is from October to March (the southern summer). Its annual
precipitation of 32 inches also varies much from year to year.
80.
Solution: a)
Deserts are regions of scanty rainfall which may be hot like the hot deserts of the
Saharan type; or temperate as are the mid-latitude deserts like the Gobi. The aridity
of the hot deserts is mainly due to the effects of off-shore Trade Winds, hence they
are also called Trade Wind Deserts. The temperate deserts are rainless because of
their interior location in the temperate latitudes, well away from the rain-bearing
winds.
The major jot deserts of the world are located on the western coasts of continents
between latitudes 15degree and 30degreeN. and S. They include the Sahara Desert,
the largest single stretch of desert, which is 3,200 miles from east to west and at least
1,000 miles wide. Its total area of 3.5 million square miles is larger than all the 50
states of U.S.A. put together. The next biggest desert is the Great Australian Desert
which covers almost half other continent. The other hot deserts are the Arabian
Desert, Iranian Desert, Thar Desert, Kalahari and Namib Deserts. In North America,
the desert extends from Mexico into U.S.A. and is called by different names at
different places, e.g. the Mohave, Sonoran, Californian and Mexican Deserts. In
south America, the Atacama or Peruvian Desert is the driest of all desert with less
than 0.5 inches of rainfall annually.
81.Solution: d)
The Patagonian Desert is more due to its rain-shadow position on the leeward side of
the lofty Andes than to continentality.
The major jot deserts of the world are located on the western coasts of continents
between latitudes 15degree and 30degree N and S. They include the Sahara Desert,
the largest single stretch of desert, which is 3,200 miles from east to west and at least
1,000 miles wide. Its total area of 3.5 million square miles is larger than all the 50
states of U.S.A. put together.
82.
Solutions: b)
Climatic Conditions in the Mid-Latitude deserts is in many ways similar to those of

the hot deserts aridity is the keynote. These inland basins lie hundreds of miles from
the sea, and are sheltered by high mountains all around them. As a result they are cut
off from !he rain-bearing winds. Ocassionally depressions may penetrate the Asiatic

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
continental mass and bring light rainall in winter, or unexpected convectional may
bless the parched lands with brief showers in summer. For example Cashiar in
western China in the Gobi Desert has most of its 3.5 inches of annual precipitation in
summer. Due to their coldness and elevation snow falls in winter.
83.
Solution: a)
They are entirely confined to the western portion of continental masses, between 30
and 45 north and south of the equator. The basic cause of this type of climate is the
shifting of the wind belts. Though the area around the Mediterranean Sea has the
greatest extent of this type of ' 'winter rain climate', and gives rise to, the more
popular name Mediterranean Climate, the best developed form of this peculiar
climatic is found in Chile. Other regions include California, the south-western tip of
Africa (around Cape Town), southern Australia (in southern Victoria and around
Adelaide, bordering the St. Vincent and Spencer Gulfs), and south-west Australia
(Swanland).
84.
Solution: d)
In general, each trophic level relates to the one below it by absorbing some of the
energy it consumes, and in this way can be regarded as resting on, or supported by,
the next lower trophic level. Food chains can be diagrammed to illustrate the amount
of energy that moves from one feeding level to the next in a food chain. This is called
an energy pyramid. The energy transferred between levels can also be thought of as
approximating to a transfer in biomass, so energy pyramids can also be viewed as
biomass pyramids, picturing the amount of biomass that results at higher levels from
biomass consumed at lower levels.
The efficiency with which energy or biomass is transferred from one trophic level to
the next is called the ecological efficiency. Consumers at each level convert on
average only about 10% of the chemical energy in their food to their own organic
tissue (the ten-percent law). For this reason, food chains rarely extend for more than
5 or 6 levels. At the lowest trophic level (the bottom of the food chain), plants convert
about 1% of the sunlight they receive into chemical energy. It follows from this that
the total energy originally present in the incident sunlight that is finally embodied in
a tertiary consumer is about 0.001%[
85.
Solution: d)
http://www.1yachtua.com/Meditmarinas/Mediterranean_Sailing/mediterranean_winds.shtm

86.
TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
Solution: d)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub
This is a medium sized article contains all the important details of the
Mediterranean region vegetation.
87.
Solution: b)
On the eastern slopes of the Rockies in Canada and USA, a local wind similar to the
Fohn in Switzerland called the Chinook comes in a south-westerly direction to the
Prairies and has a considerable effect on the local pastures. It actually comes with the
depressions in winter or early spring from the pacific coast ascending the Rockies
and then descending to the Prairies. It is a hot wind and may raise the temperature
by 40F within a matter of 20 minutes. It melts the snow-covered pastures and
animals can be driven out of doors to graze in the open fields. The agricultural year is
thus accelerated. Local farmers welcome the Chinook for frequent Chinooks mean
mild winters.
88.
Solution: d)
http://www.brighthubeducation.com/science-homework-help/109894-examples-ofautotrophs-plants-algae-and-bacteria/
89.
Solution: d)
The robust external-sector outcome in the current year of moderate trade and
current account deficits, abundant financial flows, a build-up of foreign exchange
reserves and broadly stable exchange rate movement points to a return to the path of
strength and resilience that was in evidence before the global financial crisis of 2008.
This follows the improvement last year that was achieved in the face of an initial
phase of severe stress and on the strength of policy responses.
The correction in the international prices of crude petroleum in the second half of the
current fiscal has helped in the decontrol of diesel prices. The overall trade
performance signaled an opportune time for withdrawal of restrictions on gold
imports. The resilience also owed in part to the trade diversification process.
While trade and current account deficits are on even keel, the copious financial
inflows in excess of the financing requirement has helped shore up foreign exchange

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
reserves (US$ 328.7 billion at end-January 2015). These have helped allay the
vulnerability concerns that led to severe stress last year. These concerns, however,
remain a potent downside risk, should the global environment deteriorate for some
reason. The global economic outlook remains somewhat uncertain but stable and
likely to gain strength if lower global crude petroleum prices drive the demand
recovery process in key emerging market economies.
90.
Solution: c)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophic_level
91. Solution: d)
One of the major items in Indias import basket is the POL group, which accounted
for 36.6 per cent of Indias total imports in 2013-14. POL imports surged with a
growth of 46.2 per cent in 2011-12, mainly on account of significant increase in global
crude oil prices vis--vis 2010-11. The growth in imports of POL moderated to 5.9 per
cent and 0.4 per cent respectively in 2012-13 and 2013-14.
There was moderation in international crude oil prices (Brent) from US$109.8 per
barrel in the first quarter of 2014-15 to US$ 76.0 per barrel in the third quarter which
resulted in the value of POL imports declining by 7.9 per cent in 2014- 15 (AprilJanuary). Capital goods imports are another major group which declined
continuously from 2011-12 onwards. Within capital goods, imports of machinery
registered positive growth in 2014-15 (April-January).
92.
Solution: c)
Statement one is correct as CO2 more readily dissolves in water than O2.
It has been well established that rising CO2 will stimulate plant growth. Indeed,
climate change associated with rising atmospheric CO2 has already altered ecosystem
carbon balance through rising temperature, increased growing season, and increased
atmospheric water content. Studies in native ecosystems have shown that while
grasslands show a relative small stimulation of shoot growth, woody plants respond
vigorously to elevated CO2.
How much additional carbon will be added to terrestrial ecosystems as a result of the
CO2fertilization effect will depend on feedbacks of environmental factors on the
major resources of nutrients, water and light. Additionally the interaction between
plant physiological responses to elevated CO2 and environmental factors in native
species and in ecosystem processes is not well understood.
Rising atmospheric CO2 has the potential to stimulate carbon accumulation in
ecosystems through direct effects on photosynthesis and growth of plants. But

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
because growth of native species is often limited by the supply of water and
nutrients, particularly nitrogen, it is not clear whether, in the long-term of years to
decades, CO2 stimulation of plant growth would add significant amounts of
anthropogenic carbon as soil carbon to ecosystems. Moreover, the possibility that
additional carbon would be sequestered in long-term, carbon pools in the soil has not
been determined in native ecosystems.
93.
Solution: b)
A keystone species is a species that is connected to a disproportionately large number

of other species in the food-web. Keystone species have lower levels of biomass in the
trophic pyramid relative to the importance of their role. The many connections that a
keystone species holds means that it maintains the organization and structure of
entire communities. The loss of a keystone species results in a range of dramatic
cascading effects that alters trophic dynamics, other food web connections, and can
cause the extinction of other species.[90][91]
Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) are commonly cited as an example of a keystone species
because they limit the density of sea urchins that feed on kelp. If sea otters are
removed from the system, the urchins graze until the kelp beds disappear and this
has a dramatic effect on community structure.[92] Hunting of sea otters, for example,
is thought to have indirectly led to the extinction of the Steller's Sea
Cow (Hydrodamalis gigas).[93] While the keystone species concept has been used
extensively as a conservation tool, it has been criticized for being poorly defined from
an operational stance. It is difficult to experimentally determine what species may
hold a keystone role in each ecosystem. Furthermore, food web theory suggests that
keystone species may not be common, so it is unclear how generally the keystone
species model can be applied.
94.
Solution: c)
The changing contours of trade and the emergence of global production chains have
important implications for developing countries. Increasing use of imported inputs
has generally caused a decline in the domestic value added share of total exports.
The decomposition of value added by capital and different types of labour is an
important aspect of global fragmentation of the production process. It is often argued
that increasing trade and thereby integration with the world market will lead to new
opportunities for developing nations to employ their abundant medium and low
skilled workers. The aforementioned decomposition of domestic value added allows
examination of how the benefits of globalization are being distributed between
capital and different types of labour.
In the Indian context, the share of domestic value added exports in total exports has
witnessed a decline from 86.9 per cent in 1998-99 to 84.1 per cent in 2003-04 and
further to 78.5 per cent in 2007-08. The foreign value added share in exports,

TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
however increased, indicating deepening of the process of international production

fragmentation. The domestic labour component is relatively higher in Indias service
exports than in merchandise exports. Further, the domestic value of exports based on
four components (unskilled, semi-skilled, skilled labour, and non-labour) shows that
the combined share of the skilled labour and non-labour components is significantly
high, which shows a pervasive process of technological change that is biased towards
the use of skilled labour and capital.
95.
Solution: d)
The government took various measures including those aimed at boosting the
performance of the export sectors which supplemented the announcements made in
the Budgets and in the Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) 2009 and its Annual
Supplements. Various schemes were strengthened, viz. Focus Product Schemes
(FPS), Focus Market Scheme (FMS), Market Linked Focus Product Scheme
(MLFPS), and Vishesh Krishi and Gram Udyog Yojana (VKGUY). In addition,
industry and trade bodies are given support for participation in buyer seller meets
(BSM), trade fairs, and exhibitions in various countries under the Market Access
Initiative (MAI) scheme and Market Development Assistance (MDA) scheme.
96.
Solution: a)
An ecotone is a transition area between two biomes.[1] It is where two communities

meet and integrate.[2] It may be narrow or wide, and it may be local (the zone
between a field and forest) or regional (the transition between forest and
grassland ecosystems).[3] An ecotone may appear on the ground as a gradual
blending of the two communities across a broad area, or it may manifest itself as a
sharp boundary line.
The word ecotone was coined from a combination of eco(logy) plus -tone, from
the Greek tonos or tension in other words, a place where ecologies are in tension.
97.
Solution: d)
India has entered into trading agreements with various countries of the world with
the objective of boosting its external trade. Foreign Trade Policy of India has always
focused on substantially increasing the country's share of global merchandise trade.
Accordingly the Government of India has been taking various steps towards boosting
its trade with the rest of the world by adopting policies and procedures which would
help to increase and facilitate both exports and imports with the other countries of
the world. To facilitate and thereby increase external trade activities with the rest of
the world, the Department of Commerce, Government of India has developed this
web portal. You can visit http://indiantradeportal.in/ just to get a broad idea.
98.
Solution: d)
https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tradfa_e/tradfa_e.htm

99.
TEST 22 SOLUTIONS
Solution: b)
Effective exchange rates are summary indicators of movement in the exchange rate
of home currency against a basket of currencies of trade partner countries and are
considered to be an indicator of international competitiveness. The real effective
exchange rate (REER) indices are used as indicator of external competitiveness of the
country over a period of time.
The nominal effective exchange rate (NEER) is the weighted geometric average of the
bilateral nominal exchange rates of the home currency in terms of foreign currencies.
REER is defined as a weighted geometric average of nominal exchange rates of the
home currency in terms of the foreign currencies adjusted for relative price
differential. Although the rupee has depreciated against the US dollar, in terms of
NEER (36 currencies) it appreciated by 2.8 per cent in December 2014 over March
2014. Similarly, REER also appreciated by 5.8 per cent during the same period
100.
Solution: d)

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Emperor Ashoka decided to construct a large number of stupas throughout his

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Both are correct. Please refer the book.

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Solar energy is fixed by the photoautotrophs, called primary producers, like

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For more read http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Learning-with-the-TimesWhat-causes-the-monsoon/articleshow/6156778.cms

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