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(b) e1+i ;
(c) e3+i .
(a) ei/4 = cos 4 + i sin 4 = 22 i 22
(b) e1+i = eei = e(cos () + i sin ()) = e
(c) e3+i = e3 ei = e3 (cos (1) + i sin (1))
2. Find all complex numbers z such that z 4 = 1. Write the answer in both polar and cartesian
coordinates. How many different solutions are there?
Solution. We have 1 = cos() + i sin() in polar coordinates, with r = 1, = . Therefore,
using de Moivres Theorem, the fourth roots of 1 are of the form
2k
2k
zk = cos
+
+ i sin
+
, where k = 0, 1, 2, 3.
4
4
4
4
Explicitly, we have
z0 = cos
+ i sin
4
4
3
3
z1 = cos
+ i sin
4
4
5
5
z2 = cos
+ i sin
4
4
7
7
z3 = cos
+ i sin
4
4
=
=
=
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
+i
2
2
i
2
2
i
.
2
+i
Explicitly, we have
z0 = 23/10 cos
+ i sin
4
4
13
13
3/10
cos
+ i sin
z1 = 2
20
20
21
21
3/10
cos
+ i sin
z2 = 2
20
20
29
29
3/10
z3 = 2
cos
+ i sin
20
20
37
37
3/10
+ i sin
z4 = 2
cos
20
20
We get five solutions.
4. Solve the equation z 2 +
32iz 6i = 0.
32i 32 + 24i
z=
= 8i 8 + 6i.
2
To evaluate 8 + 6i, we may proceed as follows. We have | 8 + 6i| = 10, so we may write
8 + 6i = 10(cos() + i sin()) for some angle with /2 . Using de Moivres Theorem,
the square roots are
+ k + i sin
+ k
, where k = 0, 1.
zk = 10 cos
2
2
We can be more precise about the values cos(/2), sin(/2), etc., using double angle formulas.
Alternatively, let + i be a square root of 8 + 6i; this implies
2 2 + 2i = 8 + 6i.
If we take = 1, = 3, we obtain thesolution 1 + 3i, and the
other solution is given by 1 3i.
Hence, our solutions are z = 1 + 3i 8i and z = 1 3i 8i.
5. Recall from class that for any two complex numbers z1 , z2 C, we have the triangle inequality:
|z1 + z2 | |z1 | + |z2 |
(a) Give an example when this inequality is strict; that is, when |z1 + z2 | < |z1 | + |z2 |.
(b) When can equality occur?
(c) Using the triangle inequality and a judicious choice of z1 and z2 , prove the reverse triangle
inequality:
|z1 z2 | |z1 | |z2 |
Solution.
2
(b) 1/z 2 ;
(c) z/z.
Solution.
(a) z + iz 2 = (x + iy) + i(x + iy)2 = (x 2xy) + i(y + x2 y 2 )
(b)
z2
1
x2 y 2
2xy
=
=
+i 4
z2
|z|4
x4 + 2x2 y 2 + y 4
x + 2x2 y 2 + y 4
(c)
z
z2
x2 y 2
2xy
= 2 = 2
+i 2
z
|z|
x + y2
x + y2
7. Is the function z/z continuous at 0? Why or why not? Is the function z/z analytic where it is
defined? Why or why not?
Solution. The function z/z is not continuous at 0; approaching 0 along the real axis gives a value
of 1, while approaching 0 along the imaginary axis gives a value of 1 (we saw something similar
in class). To check whether or not it is analytic, one only needs to check that the Cauchy-Riemann
equations are satisfied. We shall proceed in a different way. If the function z/z was analytic, then
so would its product with the function z; that is, the function
z=
z
z
z
would be analytic. We have seen in class that the function z is not analytic, so z/z cannot be
analytic either.
8. Compute the derivatives of the following analytic functions:
(a)
z2
iz + 3
;
(2 + i)z + (4 3i)
(b) ez ;
Solution.
3
(c)
ez
1
.
+ ez
(a)
d
dz
iz + 3
2
z (2 + i)z + (4 3i)
=
=
(b)
d z2
2
e
= 2zez
dz
(c)
d
dz
1
z
e + ez
=
ez ez
(ez + ez )2
9. Let f (z) be a complex function. Is it possible for both f (z) and f (z) to be analytic? (Hint: if
they are both analytic, they both satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations.)
Solution. Write f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y), so that f (z) = u(x, y) iv(x, y). If both f (z) and
f (z) were analytic, they would both satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations. The Cauchy-Riemann
equations for f (z) are
v
u
v
u
=
,
= ,
x
y
y
x
and the Cauchy-Riemann equations for f (z) are
u
v
= ,
x
y
u
v
=
.
y
x
(a)
u
= 3x2 3y 2 1
x
u
= 6xy
y
v
= 3x2 3y 2
y
v
= 6xy
x
v
= 2y
y
v
=0
x
u
= 2y
x
u
= 2x
y
v
= 2y
y
v
= 2x
x