Section XI Second Law Applied to Open Systems

SECTION XI SECOND LAW APPLIED TO OPEN SYSTEM

Page 47

6-54 Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 5 MPa and 400C and leaves at a pressure of 200 kPa.
Determine the maximum amount of work that can be delivered by this turbine.
Answer: 678.4 kJ/kg
inlet
Pi = 5 MPa
Ti = 400C

Assumptions
Flow is steady,
i.e. m i m e m
Flow is uniform at
the inlet and exit of turbine
ep and ek << h

Adiabatic
steam turbine

W
ie

Pe = 200 kPa

0
Given: Turbine is adiabatic Q
ie

system boundary

exit

m
(h e h i )
Conservation of energy applied to the turbine: Q ie W
ie
m
(h i h e ) w ie h i h e
W
ie

TI = 400C > Tsat = 263.99C corresponding to PI = 5 MPa steam is superheated at the inlet
hi = 3195.7 kJ/kg, si = 6.6439 kJ/kg K

For maximum power output, flow through turbine must be isentropic (i.e. no loses since turbine
is adiabatic) si = se = 6.6459 kJ/kg K

s eg

P 200 KPa

7.1271 kJ / kg K , s ef

P 200 KPa

1.5301 kJ / kg K

sef < se < seg steam is a saturated liquid-vapour mixture at the exit
s e s ef
7.1271 1.5301

0.914
s efg
5.5970

Exit quality: x e

Exit enthalpy: h e h ef x e h efg 504.70 (0.914)(2201.9) 2517.2 kJ / kg

w ie h i h e 3195.7 2517.2 678.5 kJ / kg

Section XI Second Law Applied to Open Systems

Page 48
6.61 Steam expands in a turbine steadily at a rate of 25,000 kg/h, entering at 8 MPa and 450C and
leaving at 50 kPa as saturated vapor. If the power generated by the turbine is 4 MW,
determine the rate of entropy generation for this process. Assume the surrounding medium is
at 25C. Answer: 8.38 kW/K
= 25,000 kg/h = 6.94 kg/s

inlet
Pi = 8 MPa
Ti = 450C

Q
ie
Steam turbine

Surrounding Medium
Tres = 25C = 298 K

= 4 MW = 4000 kW

system boundary
Pe = 50 kPa
saturated vapour

exit

Assumptions:
Flow is uniform at exit and inlet of turbine
ep & ek << h
Given:
e m
i m
6.94 kg / s
Flow is steady m

Conservation of energy applied to the turbine:

Inlet conditions: PI = 8 MPa, TI = 450C

TI = 450C > Tsat = 295.06C corresponding to PI = 8 MPa steam is superheated at the inlet.
hi = 3272.0 kJ/kg, si = 6.5551 kJ/kg K

Exit conditons: Pe = 50 KPa, saturated vapour

W
m
(h e h i )
Q
ie
ie
W
m
(h e h i )
Q
ie
ie

h e hg
s e sg

P 50 kPa
P 50 kPa

2656.9 kJ / kg
7.5939 kJ / kg K

4000 6.94( 2645.9 3272.0) 345.1 KW

Q
ie

Indicates heat lost from turbine

Section XI Second Law Applied to Open Systems

Second Law: dStot 0

Page 49

dS

ds tot
Q
Q
345.1
tot
(s e s i ) ie
(s e s i ) ie 6.94(7.5939 6.5551)
m
m
dt
Tres dt
Tres
298
ds tot
8.37 KW / K
dt

6.65 A 0.1 m3 rigid tank initially contains refrigerant-12 at 1 MPa and 100 percent quality. The
tank is connected by a valve to a supply line that carries refrigerant-12 at 1.4 MPa and 30C.
The valve is now opened, allowing the refrigerant to enter the tank, and it is closed when it is
observed that the tank contains only saturated liquid at 1.2 MPa. Determine (a) the mass of
the refrigerant that entered the tank, (b) the amount of heat transfer with the surroundings at
50C, and (c) the entropy generated during this process.
Answers: (a) 115.67 kg, (b) 1564 kJ, (c) 0.0907 kJ/K.
Assumptions:
Pressure drop through valve is
negligible
Flow is uniform at the inlet
R-12 is at uniform state in tank
ep and ek << h at the inlet

R 12, P= 1.4 MPa, T = 30C

Given:
Tank is rigid d = 0 W12 = 0

Conservation of mass
d
i m
e m i (m 2 m1 ) sys
m sys m
dt
(no exit )

m1

0.1

5.73 kg
v1g
0.01744

m2

0.1

121.40 kg
v 2f
0.0008237

= 0.1
Tank rigid
P1 = 1 MPa, X1 = 100%
P2 = 1.2 MPa, X2 = 0%
R=1

Q12

Surroundings
T = 50C
= 323 K

system
boundary

Section XI Second Law Applied to Open Systems

(a)

Page 50

m i (m 2 m 1 ) (121.40 5.73) 115 .67 kg

u1 = u1g = 186.32 kJ/kg, u2 = u2f = 83.22 kJ/kg

s1 = s1g = 0.6820 kJ/kg K, s2 = s2f = 0.3015 kJ/kg K
P1 = 1.4 MPa, TI = 30C < Tsat = 56.09C corresponding to PI = 4 MPa R-12 is
subcooled (or compressed) at the inlet.
hi hf
hi hf

T 30 C

T 30 C

64.59 kJ / kg

vf

T 30 C

(i)

(PCL Psat )

64.59 0.0007739(1400 744.90)

h i 65.10 kJ / kg

(ii)

Difference between hi(i) and hi(ii) is less than 1% hi(i) will be used here
si sf

T 30 C

0.2400 kJ / kg K

Conservation of energy:
(b)

Q12 W12 m i h i m 2 u 2 m1 u 1

(d=0)
Q12 (115.67)(64.59) 121.4(83.22) 5.73(186.32)
Q12 1564 kJ

Second Law: S tot 0

(c)

dS tot (m 2 s 2 m 1s1 ) m i s i

Q12
Tres

(121.4)(0.3015) (5.73)(0.6820) (115 .67)(0.24)

dS tot 0.0913 kJ / K

1564
323

Section XI Second Law Applied to Open Systems

Page 51
5.66 Fifty kilojoules of heat is transferred from a thermal-energy reservoir at 500 K to the
environment at 15C. Calculate the change in entropy of the reservoir and the change in
entropy of the environment. Show that the total entropy change satisfies the second law. If
the amount of heat transfer remains unchanged, but the reservoir temperature is lower, what
effect does this have on the total entropy change? Explain.

Thermal-energy
Reservoir

Environment
Q = 50 kJ

TR = 500 K

Entropy change of thermal-energy reservoir

( S) R

Q 50

0.1 kJ / K
TR
500

Entropy change of the environment

(S) E

TE = 288 K

Q
50

0.1736 kJ / K
TE
288

Total change of entropy: (S)tot = (S)R + (S)E

(S) tot 0.1 0.1736 0.0736 kJ / K 0 second law not violated

As TR TE, (S)tot 0 process reversible