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Index
Types of protection:
1. Unit Type Protection
2. Non-unit schemes
1. Overcurrent protection
2. Earth fault protection
Various types of Line Faults
Overcurrent Relay Purpose and Ratings
Primary requirement of Overcurrent protection
Purpose of overcurrent Protection
Overcurrent Relay Ratings
Difference between Overcurrent and Overload protection
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Types of protection
Protection schemes can be divided into two major groupings:
1. Unit schemes
2. Non-unit schemes
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Type of Fault
Operation of Relay
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Use time, current and a combination of both time and current are three ways to discriminate adjacent overcurrent
relays.
OverCurrent Relay gives protection against:
Overcurrent includes short-circuit protection, and short circuits can be:
1. Phase faults
2. Earth faults
3. Winding faults
Short-circuit currents are generally several times (5 to 20) full load current. Hence fast fault clearance is always
desirable on short circuits.
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If the interrupting rating is not properly selected, a serious hazard for equipment and personnel will exist.
Current limiting can be considered as another overcurrent protective device rating, although not all overcurrent
protective devices are required to have this characteristic
Voltage Rating: The voltage rating of the overcurrent protective device must be at least equal to or greater than the
circuit voltage. The overcurrent protective device rating can be higher than the system voltage but never lower.
Ampere Rating: The ampere rating of a overcurrent protecting device normally should not exceed the current
carrying capacity of the conductors As a general rule, the ampere rating of a overcurrent protecting device is selected
at 125% of the continuous load current.
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The relay located furthest from the source operate for a low current value
The operating currents are progressively increased for the other relays when moving towards the source.
It operates in 0.1s or less
Application: This type is applied to the outgoing feeders.
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Modern relays may contain more than one stage of protection each
stage includes each own current and time setting.
1. For Operation of Definite Time Overcurrent Relay operating time
is constant
2. Its operation is independent of the magnitude of current above
the pick-up value.
3. It has pick-up and time dial settings, desired time delay can be
set with the help of an intentional time delay mechanism.
4. Easy to coordinate.
5. Constant tripping time independent of in feed variation and fault location.
Drawback of Relay:
1. The continuity in the supply cannot be maintained at the load end in the event of fault.
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Application:
Definite time overcurrent relay is used as:
1. Back up protection of distance relay of transmission line with time delay.
2. Back up protection to differential relay of power transformer with time delay.
3. Main protection to outgoing feeders and bus couplers with adjustable time delay setting.
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Inverse types
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The use of extremely inverse overcurrent relays makes it possible to use a short time delay in spite of high
switching-in currents.
Used when Fault current is dependent on fault location
Used when Fault current independent of normal changes in generating capacity.
Application:
Suitable for protection of distribution feeders with peak currents on switching in (refrigerators, pumps, water
heaters and so on).
Particular suitable for grading and coordinates with fuses and re closes
For the protection of alternators, transformers. Expensive cables, etc.
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For ground back-up protection on most lines having pilot relaying for primary protection.
Distribution Protection:
Overcurrent relaying is very well suited to distribution system protection for the following reasons:
It is basically simple and inexpensive.
Very often the relays do not need to be directional and hence no PT supply is required.
It is possible to use a set of two O/C relays for protection against inter-phase faults and a separate Overcurrent
relay for ground faults.
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