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Arranged by:
Fuad Aulia Bahri
3713100007
M. Arif Budiman
3713100048
Lecturer:
Wien lestari, S.T., M.T.
equipment
Genetic Mapping involving hundreds of genetic markers and QTL analysis
2. Occam
A simple model containing the essential properties of all possible models fitting the
field data. A large number of geoelectric models could match the observed data, some of
which may be very complex. When attempting to achieve a better fit between small portions
of the calculated and observed curve of (), (), the complexity of the obtained model
increases and the results are often unreliable. The model should be as complex as the
medium, but not more complex. The algorithm departs from a halfspace and produces a
stratified medium. The resistivities vary until an adequate fit between the field and calculated
curves is achieved. Roughness (or the inverse of softness) is defined in terms of the first and
the second derivatives of the electric resistivity with respect to the depth as
R1= (
dm 2
) dz
dz
2
R2= ( d2 m dz 2) dz
Where :
m (z)
= the depth
R1 and R2
= roughness functions
3. Bostick
This Inversion method is the fastest and easiest way to estimate the variation of
resistivity against depth that is directly from curve of pseudo resistivity sounding. This
method are derived from analytic relation of resistivity, frequency, and investigation depth or
skin depth. But, this method can only be done as modelling and interpreting for preliminary
identification.
On this least-square inversion method, preliminary model is iteratively modified to
obtain a response model that fits the data. Their approximation or linearized non-linear
function between data and model parameters lead Bostick inversion method to be very
sensitive to the selection of the initial model. Therefore, the initial model is usually
determined from the results of the indirect modeling or inversion results Bostick. Biostick
Inversion:
Where,
z
= skin depth
= apparent resistivity
= frequency
Main Script
clear all;
clc;
figure(1);
close(1);
disp('====================================');
disp('1D MAGNETOTELLURIC MODELLING PROGRAM');
disp('====================================');
disp('
LAST UPDATED 29TH DECEMBER 2013 ');
disp('
DEVELOPED BY ANDREW PETHICK
');
disp('
WWW.DIGITIALEARTHLAB.COM
');
disp('====================================');
disp('');
disp('
licensed under WTFPL')
disp('');
data = load('data.txt');
dataFrequencies = data(:,1);
dataApparentResistivities = data(:,2);
dataError = data(:,3);
Input the
required MT Data
Syntax is for
calculating the
apparent resistivity
dataModelledApparentResistivities =
zeros(length(dataApparentResistivities),1);
for i = 1 : length(dataFrequencies)
frequency = dataFrequencies(i);
[apparentResistivity] = modelMT(resistivities, thicknesses,
frequency);
dataModelledApparentResistivities(i) = apparentResistivity;
end
%Calculate Misfit
misfit = zeros(length(dataApparentResistivities),1);
for i = 1 : length(dataFrequencies)
d = dataApparentResistivities(i);
m = dataModelledApparentResistivities(i);
e = dataError(i);
misfit(i) = ((m - e)^2)/((d*e/10))^2;
end
%Create array of frequencies from 10^-4 to 10^4Hz
%i.e. frequencies = 10^n, where n = -4,-3.9,-3.8....4
logFrequencies = -4:0.1:4;
frequencies = 10.^logFrequencies;
apparentResistivities = zeros(length(frequencies),1);
for i = 1 : length(frequencies)
frequency = frequencies(i);
[apparentResistivity] = modelMT(resistivities, thicknesses,
frequency);
apparentResistivities(i) = apparentResistivity;
end
earthModelText = repmat(cellstr(''), length(resistivities + 2),1);
earthModelText{1} = ['Misfit = ' num2str(sum(misfit)) '%'];
earthModelText{2} = ['Layer
' ' Resistivity
' ' Thickness'];
for i = 1 : length(resistivities)
resistivity = resistivities(i);
mainText = ['Layer ' num2str(i) '
' num2str(resistivity) ' Ohm m
'];
earthModelText{i + 2} = mainText;
if(i == length(resistivities))
earthModelText{i+2} = [earthModelText{i+2} 'Halfspace'];
else
earthModelText{i+2} = [earthModelText{i+2} num2str(thicknesses(i))
'm'];
end
end
%Plot for each resistivity
scrsz = get(0,'ScreenSize');
figure(1)
set(1,'Position',[50 50 900 400]);
yy = spline(dataFrequencies,dataApparentResistivities,dataFrequencies);
subplot(1, 4, [1,3])
loglog(frequencies,apparentResistivities,'-r','LineWidth',2);
hold on
loglog(dataFrequencies,dataApparentResistivities,'bs','LineWidth',1,'MarkerSize',3,'MarkerFaceColor','b');
loglog(dataFrequencies,dataModelledApparentResistivities,'rs','LineWidth'
,1,'MarkerSize',3,'MarkerFaceColor','r');
%set(get(AX(2),'Ylabel'),'String','Error (%)');
legend('Field Data','Modelled Data');
hold off
title({['Apparent Resistivity (Ohm m) vs Frequency(Hz)']});
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Apparent Resistivity (Ohm m)');
subplot(1,4,4);
text(0,0.5,earthModelText);
axis off
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('B-Field (T)');
From that script, Authors will need function (fx) to input MT equation. This script
below is contents from model MT.M
Script Model MT.M
%
%
%
%
%
zeros(n,1);
this format
j
1
2
3
4
5
%Iterate through layers starting from layer j=n-1 (i.e. the layer above
the basement)
for j = n-1:-1:1
resistivity = resistivities(j);
thickness = thicknesses(j);
% 3. Compute apparent resistivity from top layer impedance
%Step 2. Iterate from bottom layer to top(not the basement)
% Step 2.1 Calculate the intrinsic impedance of current layer
dj = sqrt(sqrt(-1)* (w * mu * (1/resistivity)));
wj = dj * resistivity;
% Step 2.2 Calculate Exponential factor from intrinsic impedance
ej = exp(-2*thickness*dj);
% Step 2.3 Calculate reflection coeficient using current layer
%
intrinsic impedance and the below layer impedance
belowImpedance = impedances(j + 1);
rj = (wj - belowImpedance)/(wj + belowImpedance);
re = rj*ej;
Zj = wj * ((1 - re)/(1 + re));
impedances(j) = Zj;
end
% Step 3. Compute apparent resistivity from top layer impedance
Z = impedances(1);
absZ = abs(Z);
apparentResistivity = (absZ * absZ)/(mu * w);
phase = atan2(imag(Z),real(Z));
After that, Authors were doing running on Matlab so this window will pop out like
picture below. Inside the window theres a line with red colour which is a calculation data
supposed to be. Then, theres a line with blue colour which is the real data. The farther the
distance between the blue line and the red line, the greater the error (misfit).
The data from Matlab could be modified freely as Authors wish. Other than that,
Author also could input resistivity and thickness data like pictures below:
1
0
1
5
20
2
5
3
0
The following pictures are the display from 2D MT Modelling software to processed
2D MT Data.
Input the data click calculate
Also, theres software of geothermal project tool. This software can not be used on
MT calculation, but this software are supposed to calculate the probability from existing data
with Monte Carlo Inversion principle.
Pictu
re.3. Inversion of Monte Carlo
References
Basokur A T 1994 Definitions of apparent resistivity for the presentation of
magnetotelluric sounding data; Geophysical Prospecting 42 141149.
Cagniard L 1953 Basic theory of magnetotelluric method of geophysical prospecting;
Geophysics 18 605635.
Niwas S, Gupta P K and Gaur V K 2005 Normalized impedance function and the
straightforward inversion scheme for magnetotelluric data; J. Earth Syst. Sci. 114 5 523-531.
Pederesen J F and Hermance 1986 Least-square inversion of one-dimensional
magnetotelluric data: An assessment of procedures employed by Brown University; Surv.
Geophys.
8 187231.
Weidelt P 1972 The inverse problem of geomagnetic induction; Z. fur. Geophys. 38
257289.
http://www.digitalearthlab.com/tutorial/tutorial-1d-mt-forward/
(accessed
on