Isotopes:

Way to distinguish them uses the following notation:

The isotopes:
Atomic masses on periodic table are weighted
averages.
o Average atomic mass=
o % Abundance for a specific element=
Ex. Lithium has two natural isotopes: 6Li and 7Li.
6
Li has 6.015121 amu and 7Li has 7.016003 amu
So use the formula to calculate average amu:
(% Abundance)(amu)[of elem.1]+(% abundance)
(amu)[of elem.2]
=6.941 amu.
Ex. Copper has 2 isotopes: 63Cu and 65Cu.
What is the % abundance of each isotope?
Sometimes you can guess an approximate answer.
Look at the atomic mass of the element: 63.546 amu.
Seems like % abundance will be closer to 63Cu.
We set up 2 equations with 2 variables
X (amu 63 cu)+y(amu 65 cu)=63.546 amu
X=%abund. Of 63 cu
X+Y=1.
So: X (amu 63 cu)+(1-X)(amu 65 cu)=63.546 amu
Atomic mass of 63cu: 62.
Atomic mass of 65cu: 64
Solve for X and plug it in to 1-x to get y and see if the
%abundance makes sense.

Ions:
o Atoms of a specific element always have the same #
of protons.
o Atoms of same element can have diff. # of neutrons
(isotopes of the element)
o Atoms of an element can have a different # of
electrons if charged.

Ions are atoms or molecules that have charge.

o Charge for atomic ions results from the gain or loss
of electrons.
Ex. O + 2e- = O2- anion
Cation Na----Na+
+1e8 protons 8 protons
11 protons
11protons
8 electrons 10 electrons
11 electrons 10 electrons
The Periodic Table:
o
1.
2.
3.
o
1.
2.
3.
o
1.
2.
3.
4.
o
1.
2.
3.
o
1.
2.
3.
o
1.

Alkali metals:
Solid at room temp.
Form 1+ ions,
Highly reactive
Alkali earth metals:
Solid at room temp.
Form +2 ions
Reactive as well
Transition Metals
Solid at room temp except mercury
Form +n ions
Range in reactivity
Many can be found in nature
Chalcogens
Form -2 ions
Found naturally in copper
Essential in life
Halogens
Found as diatomics
Form -1 ions
Reactive with metals to form salts.
Nobel Gases
Least reactive, inert
To the right of the staircase, they are metals. To the
left, they are nonmetals. The staircase is made up of
metalloids.

Mole:
o SI unit for an amount of substance.
o Mol (abbreviated).
o The mole is the amountof substance that contains as
many elementary entities, i.e. atoms and molecules
as there area atoms in a 12g sample of 12C.
o 1 Mole = 6.02 x1023 things, its a chemists dozen.
o The mole quantitatively links the microscopic and
macroscopic scales for us. This is because 1 amu x 1
mole = 1 gram.
o 1 amu = 1g/mol exactly.
One mole of an element as the same mass
as the atomic mass in amu.
1 mol of oxygen atoms has a mass of 15.999g.
1 mol of chlorine atoms has a mass of 35.45g
Ex. By using 1g/mol=1amu, we can do calculations for how
many moles are there in 7.005g of Nitrogen atoms?
7.005g x 1mol
=
14.01 g

0.5000 mol.

o Subscripts tell us the # of moles of an atom in a mole

of molecules. It is a relative ratio of elements in a
compound.
Ex. In 1 mole of ammonia NH3 there is 1 mol of N and 3
moles of H.
We can figure out how much 1 mole of ammonia weighs.
1 mol N (14.01g/mol)=14.01 g.
3 mol H (1.00794g/mol)=3.0238
=17.03 g of Ammonia in 1 mol.
Or: NH3
14.01 amu, 1.00794 amu
Molecular mass of NH3, 3(1.00794) + 1(14.01)=17.03
amu=17.3g/mol
o Using distributive property we can get the same
answer.

If you know how many sig.figs. You will get,

Ex. What is the molecular mass of c6h12o6
6(mass c)+12(mass h)+ 6(mass o).
=180.15 amu molecular mass of glucose.
0.33 mol (180.15g/mol) = 59.45g glucose=54 g glucose.