Ballet

This article is about the dance form. For other uses, see formed in simple costumes (e.g., leotards and tights) and
Ballet (disambiguation).
without the use of elaborate sets or scenery.

1 Etymology

Classical bell tutus in The Dance Class by Degas, 1874

Ballet /ble/ (French: [bal]) is a type of performance

dance that originated in the Italian Renaissance courts
of the 15th century and later developed into a concert
dance form in France and Russia. It has since become
a widespread, highly technical form of dance with its
own vocabulary based on French terminology. It has
been globally inuential and has dened the foundational
techniques used in many other dance genres. Becoming
a ballet dancer requires years of training. Ballet has been
taught in various schools around the world, which have
historically incorporated their own cultures to evolve the
art.

Pointe ballet shoes

Ballet is a French word which had its origin in Italian balletto, a diminutive of ballo (dance) which comes
from Latin ballo, ballare, meaning to dance,[1][2] which
in turn comes from the Greek "" (ballizo), to
dance, to jump about.[2][3] The word came into English
usage from the French around 1630.

Ballet may also refer to a ballet dance work, which consists of the choreography and music for a ballet production. A well-known example of this is The Nutcracker,
a two-act ballet that was originally choreographed by
Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov with a music score by Pyotr
Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Ballets are choreographed and performed by trained artists. Traditional classical ballets
usually are performed with classical music accompaniment and use elaborate costumes and staging, whereas
modern ballets, such as the neoclassical works of American choreographer George Balanchine, often are per-

2 History
Main articles: History of ballet and Timeline of ballet
Ballet originated in the Italian Renaissance courts of the
15th and 16th centuries before being spread from Italy
to France by an Italian aristocrat, Catherine de' Medici,
who became Queen of France. In France, ballet developed even further under her aristocratic inuence. The
1

3 STYLES
In the 20th century, ballet had a strong inuence on
other dance genres, and subgenres of ballet have also
evolved. In the United States, choreographer George Balanchine developed what is now known as neoclassical ballet. Other developments include contemporary ballet and
post-structural ballet. Also in the twentieth century, ballet took a turn dividing it from classical ballet to the introduction of modern dance, leading to modernist movements in several countries.[5] Famous dancers of the 20th
century include Mikhail Baryshnikov, Suzanne Farrell,
Gelsey Kirkland, Natalia Makarova, and Arthur Mitchell.

3 Styles

Anna Pavlova in Giselle, wearing a romantic tutu

Stylistic variations have emerged and evolved since the

Italian Renaissance. Early, classical variations are primarily associated with geographic origin. Examples of
this are Russian ballet, French ballet, and Italian ballet. Later variations, such as contemporary ballet and
neoclassical ballet, incorporate both classical ballet and
non-traditional technique and movement. Perhaps the
most widely known and performed ballet style is late
Romantic ballet (or Ballet blanc), a classical style that focuses on female dancers (ballerinas) and features pointe
work, owing and precise movements, and often presents
the female dancers in traditional, short white tutus.

dancers in these early court ballets were mostly noble amateurs. Ballets in this period were lengthy and elaborate 3.1 Romantic ballet
and often served a political purpose. Ornamented costumes were meant to impress viewers and restricted per- Main article: Romantic ballet
formers freedom of movement.
The ballets were performed in large chambers with viewers on three sides. The implementation of the proscenium
arch from 1618 on distanced performers from audience
members, who could then better view and appreciate the
technical feats of the professional dancers in the productions.
French court ballet reached its height under the reign of
King Louis XIV. Known as the Sun King, Louis symbolized the brilliance of France. In 1661 Louis founded the
Acadmie Royale de Danse (Royal Dance Academy) to
establish standards and certify dance instructors. In 1672,
Louis XIV made Jean-Baptiste Lully the director of the
Acadmie Royale de Musique (Paris Opera) from which
the rst professional ballet company, the Paris Opera Ballet, arose.[4] Lully is considered the most important composer of music for ballets de cour and instrumental to the
development of the form.
Ballet went into decline in France after 1830, though it
continued to develop in Denmark, Italy, and Russia. The
arrival in Europe on the eve of First World War of the
Ballets Russes of Sergei Diaghilev, revived interest in the
ballet and started the modern era. The Russian choreographer Michel Fokine challenged tradition and called for
reforms that reinvigorated ballet as an art form.

Romantic ballet is dened by an era during the early to

mid 19th century (the romantic era) in which ballets featured themes that emphasized intense emotion as a source
of aesthetic experience. The plots of many romantic
ballets revolved around spirit women (sylphs, wilis, and
ghosts) who enslaved the hearts and senses of mortal men.
The 1827 ballet La Sylphide is widely considered to be the
rst, and the 1870 ballet Copplia is considered to be the
last work of romantic ballet. Famous ballet dancers of the
Romantic era include Marie Taglioni and Fanny Elssler.

3.2 Classical ballet

Main article: Classical ballet
Classical ballet is based on traditional ballet technique
and vocabulary.[6] There are dierent styles of classical ballet that are related to their areas of origin, such
as French ballet, Italian ballet and Russian ballet. Several of the classical ballet styles are associated with specic training methods, which are typically named after
their creators. For example, the Cecchetti method is
named after its creator, Italian dancer Enrico Cecchetti
and the Vaganova method is named after Russian ballerina Agrippina Vaganova. The Royal Academy of Dance

3.4

Contemporary ballet

3
often is no clear plot, costumes or scenery. Music choice
can be diverse and will often include music that is also
neo-classical (e.g. Stravinsky, Webern). Neo- Classical
ballet opens up the use of space to multiple possibilities,
as the elimination of the necessity of formalities and story
telling allows far more possibilities for architecture and
design in choreography.

Scene from act 4 of Swan Lake, Vienna State Opera, 2004

Tim Scholl, author of From Petipa to Balanchine, considers George Balanchines Apollo in 1928 to be the rst
neoclassical ballet. Apollo represented a return to form
in response to Sergei Diaghilev's abstract ballets. Balanchine worked with modern dance choreographer Martha
Graham, expanding his exposure to modern techniques
and ideas, and he brought modern dancers into his company (New York City Ballet) such as Paul Taylor, who in
1959 performed in Balanchines Episodes.
While Balanchine is widely considered the face of NeoClassical Ballet, there were others who made signicant
contributions to the development of the style. Fredrick
Ashtons Symphonic Dances (1946) is a seminal work for
the choreographer, and is a work staged in white tunics,
abstract and minimal set design with no discernable plot.
Set to Csar Francks score of the same title, it is a puredance interpretation of the score in a manner that exemplies the Ashton style.

Harlequin and Columbina from the mime theater at Tivoli Gardens, Copenhagen, Denmark

method is a ballet technique and training system that

was founded by a diverse group of ballet dancers. They
merged their respective dance methods (Italian, French,
Danish and Russian) to create a new style of ballet that is
unique to the organisation and is recognized internationally as the English style of ballet. Some examples of classical ballet productions are: Swan Lake, The Nutcracker,
and Sleeping Beauty.

3.3

The Kansas City Ballet performing, pictured in 2015.

Another form, Modern Ballet, also emerged as an oshoot of neo-classicism. Among the innovators in
this form were Glen Tetley, Robert Jorey and Gerald
Arpino. While dicult to parse modern ballet from neoclassicism, the work of these choreographers favored a
greater athleticism that departed from the delicacy of ballet. The physicality was more daring, with mood, subject
matter and music more intense. An example of this would
be Joreys Astarte (1967), which featured a rock score
and sexual overtones in the choreography.

Neoclassical ballet

Main article: Neoclassical ballet

3.4 Contemporary ballet

Main article: Contemporary ballet

Neoclassical ballet is a style that utilizes classical ballet Contemporary ballet is a form of dance that opens up
technique and vocabulary, but deviates from classical bal- the doors for any style to inuence a work made utilizing
let in its use of the abstract. In Neo-Classical Ballet, there ballet technique. Contemporary ballet can take on a wide

REFERENCES

and choreographers. These include Alonzo King and his

company LINES Ballet; Matthew Bourne and his company New Adventures; Complexions Contemporary Ballet; Nacho Duato and his Compaia Nacional de Danza;
William Forsythe and The Forsythe Company; and Ji
Kylin of the Nederlands Dans Theater. Traditionally
classical companies, such as the Mariinsky (Kirov) Ballet and the Paris Opera Ballet, also regularly perform contemporary works.

A contemporary ballet leap performed with modern, nonclassical form

The term ballet has evolved to include all forms associated with it. Someone training as a ballet dancer will now
be expected to perform neo-classical, modern and contemporary work. A ballet dancer is expected to be able to
be stately and regal for classical work, free and lyrical in
neo-classical work, and unassuming, harsh or pedestrian
for modern and contemporary work. The art form has
grown vertically and horizontally and can sometimes be
blurred with other dance forms, however the foundational
elements of ballet technique will always be apparent.

variety of aesthetics, incorporating pedestrian, modern,

jazz, or ethnic forms, so long as the roots of classical ballet are apparent. It allows for open-ended exploration and 4 See also
experimentation, but a good way to determine if a work is
contemporary ballet, as opposed to contemporary dance,
is to ask the question, is ballet training needed to per- Articles
form this as it was intended?. Again, it can sometimes
American Ballet Theatre
be dicult to parse this form from neo-classical or modern ballet. Some prime examples of this would be Twyla
Dance and health
Tharps Deuce Coupe (1973) for the Jorey Ballet. In
this ballet, Tharp juxtaposed a ballerina clad in white who
Ballet glossary
makes her way through the lexicon of ballet steps, while
George Balanchine
dancers clad in street clothes, sometimes in pointe shoes,
socks or sneakers, dance in wide range of styles to the
List of ballets by title
music of the Beach Boys. In the 1980s William Forsythe
made substantial innovations in contemporary ballet with
Western stereotype of the male ballet dancer
a range of works, including In the Middle Somewhat Elevated (1987). This work featured a robust athleticism
Women in dance
and electric score. Forsythe took classical ballet vocabulary and exaggerated it, making the dancers move bigger, Categories
faster and in more directions than before.
Many contemporary ballet concepts come from the ideas
and innovations of 20th-century modern dance, including
oor work and turn-in of the legs. This ballet style is often
performed barefoot. Contemporary ballets may include
mime and acting, and are usually set to music (typically
orchestral but occasionally vocal).
George Balanchine, the founding director of the New
York City Ballet, is considered to have been a pioneer of
contemporary ballet because of his pioneering development of neoclassical ballet. Another early contemporary
ballet choreographer, Twyla Tharp, choreographed Push
Comes To Shove for the American Ballet Theatre in 1976,
and in 1986 created In The Upper Room for her own company. Both of these pieces were considered innovative
for their melding of distinctly modern movements with
the use of pointe shoes and classically trained dancers.
Today there are many contemporary ballet companies

Dancewear

5 References
[1] Chantrell, Glynnis (2002). The Oxford Essential Dictionary of Word Histories. New York: Berkley Books. ISBN
0-425-19098-6.
[2] Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. A Greek-English
Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library.
[3] Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary.
[4] Craine, Deborah; MacKrell, Judith (2000). The Oxford
Dictionary of Dance. Oxford University Press. p. 2.
ISBN 978-0-19-860106-7. It is from this institution that
French ballet has evolved rather than the Acadmie Royale
de Danse.

[5] Wul, Helena (1998). Ballet Across Borders: Career and

Culture in the World of Dancers. Oxford: Berg. p. 44.
ISBN 1-85973-998-9.
[6] Grant, Gail (1982). Technical Manual and Dictionary
of Classical Ballet. New York, US: Dover Publications.
ISBN 978-0-486-21843-4.

Further reading
Anderson, Jack (1992). Ballet & Modern Dance: A
Concise History (2nd ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton
Book Company, Publishers. ISBN 0-87127-172-9.
Au, Susan (2002). Ballet & Modern Dance (2nd
ed.). London: Thames & Hudson world of art.
ISBN 0-500-20352-0.
Bland, Alexander (1976). A History of Ballet and
Dance in the Western World. New York: Praeger
Publishers. ISBN 0-275-53740-4.
Darius, Adam (2007). Arabesques Through Time.
Harlequinade Books, Helsinki. ISBN 951-982324-7
Gordon, Suzanne (1984). O Balance: The Real
World of Ballet. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-0237700.
Kant, Marion (2007). Cambridge Companion to
Ballet. Cambridge Companions to Music (1st ed.).
Cambridge,UK: Cambridge University Press, Publishers. ISBN 978-0-521-53986-9.
Kirstein, Lincoln; Stuart, Muriel (1952). The Classic Ballet. New York: Alfred A Knopf.
Lee, Carol (2002). Ballet In Western Culture: A History of its Origins and Evolution. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-94256-X.

External links
Chisholm, Hugh, ed.
(1911).
Encyclopdia Britannica (11th ed.).
University Press.

"Ballet".
Cambridge

8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1

Text

Ballet Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet?oldid=725917321 Contributors: Kpjas, General Wesc, Mav, Robert Merkel, The
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AeriDenise, Teigerlillies, Howicus, SarahSomethin, Titusfox, Jakec, Hm us, EvergreenFir, Andersonk10, Kharkiv07, DaMicsteR, Alfredojaguar8, Dominic handford, Dothbetsyth, Peinbarge, M. Soter XXIV, SpiritedMichelle, Stella4455, Chelseabravo123, Lakun.patra,
Itsme10e, Eventhorizon51, Amanda347, Tasypoo, Superwizard101178, Willydaghost, ArizonaComebacks, Personthatlivessomewhere,
Popfelicity, Shliperdonkery, Meiraschool, KH-1, VeNeMousKAT, Sdshhhfjhgykvyg, Liance, EoRdE6, Humble Editor, Iwilsonp, Aballerina13, LilyDance, Vvd12345, Usber3, Jasmineconanan, Cjskater, Slothmoths, Liverpoollaura, PetarM, 85Dance, LEAPkid, Neco 12,
Kendyrudy, Balletbarre, Mister122, KasparBot, Mafer cuevas, Bradyep, Jennifer 1455, Sirenia 2006, Klbianchini, BU Rob13, IvanScrooge98, BU RoBOT, Elizabeth G. Harris, CLCStudent, Paaaris, ZorbaDGeek, Katie12345678, Logicalgenius3, Daviermaia, Symphony in C, Dannyquan123, Athenadancedaughter, Wfm123, 23smitlk, I AM Ajaneeta, Ringoballlerina, Sarahseller, Howkafkaesque,
Nataliepalermo and Anonymous: 1501

8.2

Images

File:AnnaPavlovaAsGiselle.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/AnnaPavlovaAsGiselle.jpg
License:
Public domain Contributors:
National Library of Australia:
http://www.nla.gov.au/apps/cdview?pi=nla.
pic-vn3409656&referercode=pa - from Georey Ingram archive of Australian ballet - nla.pic-vn3409656 Original artist:
Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png'
width='20'
height='11'
srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png
1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050'
data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:Ballerina-icon.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Ballerina-icon.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors:
Snowdance.jpg Original artist: Snowdance.jpg: Rick Dikeman
File:Ballet_shoes_(Russian_ballet_school_._).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Ballet_
shoes_%28Russian_ballet_school_%D0%9C._%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA
4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Petar Miloevi
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Degas-_La_classe_de_danse_1874.jpg Source:
danse_1874.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Degas-_La_classe_de_

Alternative: http://proxy.handle.net/10648/6b35a1c2-1ad9-102f-a76c-003048944028 Original artist: Edgar Degas

File:Grace_in_winter,_contemporary_ballet.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Grace_in_winter%
2C_contemporary_ballet.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: grace in winter 2 Original artist: je from denver, US
File:Harlekin_Columbine_Tivoli_Denmark.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Harlekin_
Columbine_Tivoli_Denmark.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Malene Thyssen
File:KC_Ballet_Kansas_City_Ballet_(23152141869).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/KC_Ballet_
Kansas_City_Ballet_%2823152141869%29.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Kansas City Ballet Original artist: KCBalletMedia
File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Wiener_Staatsoper_Schwanensee_Szene_Akt4.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Wiener_
Staatsoper_Schwanensee_Szene_Akt4.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Originally from de.wikipedia; description page is (was)
here Original artist: Peter Gerstbach (User PeterGerstbach on de.wikipedia)
File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Vector version of Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Fvasconcellos (talk contribs),
based on original logo tossed together by Brion Vibber

8.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0