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Three Phase generator

R and B
Coils
are120O
apart

Induction motor runs on power from


generators like this, the only difference is that
in induction motors there is no power going
into the rotor. Generators have carbon brush
to send electricity to coils in rotors
Phase to phase 1200
means:
R coil to Y coil =120O
R coil to B coil = 60O

Copyright: Prashobh Karunakaran

Putting a dc
current in the
coils on an
induction motor
will stop the
1
motor

Commutator
DC motor

Slip
Rings

Copyright: Prashobh Karunakaran

AC motor (AC to rotor) or


Synchronous motor (DC to rotor)

Basic single coil generator

Copyright: Prashobh Karunakaran

Electromagnetic induction
In 1905 paper, Albert
Einstein established
relativity which
showed that both the
electric and magnetic
fields were part of the
same phenomena
viewed from different
reference frames.

Inductance is the property of a


circuit or circuit element that
generates an electromotive force
(voltage) to oppose a change in
current flow.

The switch must be switched on and off continuously to keep the light on. Otherwise the
light will light up once and then it will switch off. That is, a dc flowing in the top coil do
not induce a voltage in the bottom coil
So to keep the light on, use an AC current source. A change or movement in the
direction of the inducing voltage is necessary for the induction. This is analogous to
F=ma where the acceleration is necessary to achieve a force, a constant speed do no
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AC generation
Three motor with eight pole per
The N is connected as a Star point in all big generators

N
N

N
Y
B

Connected in star
point and then to a
transformer before
going to earth. This
will provide a high
impedance earth or
elevated N earth for
purpose of protection

Output of big
generators are
between 11kV-13kV

There is a CT on each of the six wires. Terminals of


these CTs are connected to protection system

Three phase
One wavelength for blue
phase power

Three phase means three sine waves of electricity at 120o out of phase with
each other. The word "phase" is usually notated as "phi" = . Note that
drawing a vertical line anywhere on the second graph shows that the sum of
voltages in the three phases is equal to zero. Three phase power is better
than single phase because otherwise space in the generator is not fully
utilized to generate electricity. Each of the three phases then lag behind the
previous one by 20/3 = 6 2/3 ms.

20ms 1 cycle
1ms - 1/20 cycle
1s
- 1/20 X 1000 = 50 cycles/s = 50 Hz

275kV transmission lines current power and current carrying capacity


275 kVTransmission MVAper Total MVAwith Total current Current carried
lines
circuit
two circuits carried by two by each cable
circuits
Engkilili-Mambong 587
980
190
21
Mambong-Matang 587
980
110
12
Batang Ai-Engkilili 294
500
88
10
Engkilili-Kemantan 600
1020
113
13
Kemantan-Oya
600
1020
150
17
Oya-Selangau
587
998
480
53
Selangau-Kemena
587
998
475
53
Kemena-Bintulu
587
998
535
59
Bintulu-Similajau
587
998
210
23
Similajau-Miri
587
998
90
10
Typical transmission loss is < 3%

Schematic of Inverter, VSD, VFD

Copyright: Prashobh Karunakaran

Poles
Poles are the number of sets of three-way electromagnetic windings that a motor has.
In the simplest three-phase motor, there are 3 separate electromagnets formed by the
single set of three-way windings (3 coils). This causes the rotor to rotate once per
voltage cycle. This is a "2- pole motor. At 50 Hz, the speed is 3000 RPM. At 60 Hz the
speed is 3600 RPM (USA).

2- pole motor

The next most complex motor has two sets of three phase windings (6 coils), and is
called a "4-pole motor". It is the most common motor produced. At 50 Hz the speed is
1500 RPM. At 60 Hz the speed is 1800 RPM (USA).
N
S

4-pole motor
S
N
6-pole motors has three sets of three phase windings (9 coils). At 50 Hz the speed is
1000 rpm and at 60 Hertz the speed is 1200 RPM. An 8-pole motors operate at
750RPM at 50 Hz and 900 RPM at 60 Hz (USA).

Synchronous motors have an internal construction similar to an induction


motor except it has coils in the rotor which becomes an electromagnet after excitation with a DC
current. This enables the rotor to spin in exactly the speed of the Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF) of
the stator. The stator RMF is provided by the power company which follows the stator current of a
far away generator. But Synchronous motors are not self starting. To solve this problem, initially
the DC excitation current is not sent to the rotor electromagnet. A squirrel cage is placed above the
rotor coils so the motor is actually an induction motor. When the rotor achieved almost
synchronous speed (95% of synchronous speed), the excitation DC current to the rotor is energized
and thenceforth the rotor follows exactly the RMF.
Such motors have the advantage of spinning at a perfectly controllable speed. This is extremely
valuable in robot arms. For example in a BMW car factory a synchronous motor can be used to
actuate a robot arm that carries the whole engine of a car and place it in the car body. If such a task
is done even a millimeter off, the screws cannot go in. Induction motors cannot be used for such a
task because it only follows 95 % of the RMF (the instructed speed). Most robots currently use
stepper motors but such motors cannot carry huge loads like a car engine so synchronous motors are
increasingly used.
The rotor and stator are filled with laminated silicon steel to greatly increase the ability of flux lines
to flow around the coils thus vastly increasing their magnetic strength. This is because iron which
forms 95% of silicon steel is the most permeable material. Lamination is to reduce eddy current and
silicon impurity is to prevent hysteresis loss.
The disadvantage of synchronous motors are 1) the need for carbon brush it runs out of synchronism
(motor will stop) if 2) it carry too high load, (3) low supply voltage and 3) Low excitation voltage

Synchronous motors

The disadvantage of
synchronous motors are:
1) the need for carbon
brush and the fact that
carrying (2) carrying too
high load, (3) low supply
voltage and 3) Low
excitation voltage will send
the motor out of
synchronism; meaning the
motor will stop.

Copyright: Prashobh Karunakaran

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Hybrid stepper motor cross section


Step 1 Top

Step 2 Side

Sequence
Top South
Side South
Top North
Side North
Top South

Step 3 Top
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Example Autotran circuit

Copyright: Prashobh Karunakaran

Cycloconverter - waveform

Copyright: Prashobh Karunakaran

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Bearings of induction motors


The most modern high speed induction motor uses active
magnetic bearing (or AMB). Here the shaft is levitated in space
by actively controlled electromagnets leaving zero contact inbetween stator and rotor.

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Bearings of induction motors


The most modern high speed induction motor uses active
magnetic bearing (or AMB). Here the shaft is levitated in space
by actively controlled electromagnets leaving zero contact inbetween stator and rotor.

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