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R and B
Coils
are120O
apart
Putting a dc
current in the
coils on an
induction motor
will stop the
1
motor
Commutator
DC motor
Slip
Rings
Electromagnetic induction
In 1905 paper, Albert
Einstein established
relativity which
showed that both the
electric and magnetic
fields were part of the
same phenomena
viewed from different
reference frames.
The switch must be switched on and off continuously to keep the light on. Otherwise the
light will light up once and then it will switch off. That is, a dc flowing in the top coil do
not induce a voltage in the bottom coil
So to keep the light on, use an AC current source. A change or movement in the
direction of the inducing voltage is necessary for the induction. This is analogous to
F=ma where the acceleration is necessary to achieve a force, a constant speed do no
4
AC generation
Three motor with eight pole per
The N is connected as a Star point in all big generators
N
N
N
Y
B
Connected in star
point and then to a
transformer before
going to earth. This
will provide a high
impedance earth or
elevated N earth for
purpose of protection
Output of big
generators are
between 11kV-13kV
Three phase
One wavelength for blue
phase power
Three phase means three sine waves of electricity at 120o out of phase with
each other. The word "phase" is usually notated as "phi" = . Note that
drawing a vertical line anywhere on the second graph shows that the sum of
voltages in the three phases is equal to zero. Three phase power is better
than single phase because otherwise space in the generator is not fully
utilized to generate electricity. Each of the three phases then lag behind the
previous one by 20/3 = 6 2/3 ms.
20ms 1 cycle
1ms - 1/20 cycle
1s
- 1/20 X 1000 = 50 cycles/s = 50 Hz
Poles
Poles are the number of sets of three-way electromagnetic windings that a motor has.
In the simplest three-phase motor, there are 3 separate electromagnets formed by the
single set of three-way windings (3 coils). This causes the rotor to rotate once per
voltage cycle. This is a "2- pole motor. At 50 Hz, the speed is 3000 RPM. At 60 Hz the
speed is 3600 RPM (USA).
2- pole motor
The next most complex motor has two sets of three phase windings (6 coils), and is
called a "4-pole motor". It is the most common motor produced. At 50 Hz the speed is
1500 RPM. At 60 Hz the speed is 1800 RPM (USA).
N
S
4-pole motor
S
N
6-pole motors has three sets of three phase windings (9 coils). At 50 Hz the speed is
1000 rpm and at 60 Hertz the speed is 1200 RPM. An 8-pole motors operate at
750RPM at 50 Hz and 900 RPM at 60 Hz (USA).
Synchronous motors
The disadvantage of
synchronous motors are:
1) the need for carbon
brush and the fact that
carrying (2) carrying too
high load, (3) low supply
voltage and 3) Low
excitation voltage will send
the motor out of
synchronism; meaning the
motor will stop.
11
Step 2 Side
Sequence
Top South
Side South
Top North
Side North
Top South
Step 3 Top
12
Cycloconverter - waveform
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15
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