CDB2033 Chemical Engineering

Thermodynamics
By AP Dr. Lau Kok Keong

INTRODUCTION

Lecturers
Dr. Lau Kok Keong
Room 04-03-29
E-mail: laukokkeong@petronas.com.my

CDB2033 Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

Course Layout & Schedule

3 Credit Values:
3 hours of lecture/week
1 hours of tutorial/week
Project/Assignment/Quiz 10%
Test 30%

Final examination 60%

CDB2033 Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

Course Layout & Schedule

CDB2024 (Group 1) - Jan 2016

CDB2033 Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

Reference
Smith J. M., Van Ness H. C. and Abbott M. M.,
Introduction to Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics, 7th Ed., McGraw-Hill, 2005.

When I get a little money,

I buy books;
and if any is left,
I buy food and clothes.
- Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)

CDB2033 Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

Learning Outcome
By the end of this lecture, you are expected to:
Know the scope of thermodynamics
Understand fundamental for the intensive
and extensive properties

Note: For easy reference, numbers assigned to equations are equivalent to Smith et al. 2005
CDB2033 Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

Scope of Thermodynamics
What is thermodynamics?
thermo means heat, dynamics means power
use the power of heat to produce work
Relate energy and works, state properties (P,V,T), and
equilibrium matter properties (composition, phases).

CDB2033 Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

Scope of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic systems
a system is a bounded entity which consists of an
arrangement of physical components
a system can be classified as open, closed or isolated

SURROUNDINGS
SYSTEM
BOUNDARY
CDB2033 Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

Amount or Size

Commonly used measures of amount or size:

Mass, m
Number of moles, n
Total volume, V t

Total volume may be divided by mass or number of moles to

yield:
Specific volume, V V t m 1 specific density 1
Molar volume, V V t n 1 molar density 1

Extensive properties depend on the size or amount of

matter of a system (e.g.: mass, volume, kinetic energy)
Intensive properties do not depend on the size or amount of
matter of the system (e.g.: pressure, temperature,
specific/molar volume, specific/molar density)

CDB2033 Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

Force

SI unit for force (F):

Newton, N representing kg m s-2

Newtons second law

F = ma; where m = mass (kg), a = acceleration (m s-2)

CDB2033 Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

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Temperature

Indicates degree of hotness

Isothermal constant temperature ( = 0)

T (K) = t (oC) + 273.15

t (oF) = 1.8 t (oC) + 32
T (R) = t (oF) + 459.67
T (R) = 1.8 T (K)

Figure 1.1: Relations among temperature scales

CDB2033 Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

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Pressure

Fluid pressure exerted on a surface,

= =
=
=

Pabsolute = Pgauge + Patmospheric

Isobaric constant pressure( = 0)

Figure 1.2: Dead-weight gauge

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Work

The work done by a system in terms of observable force and displacement

is: dW = F dl
(1.1)

Work can generally be classified as

(a) flow work and (b) shaft work

Expansion or compression work can be written as

= =
=

For compression,
volume change is negative
force and displacement are in the same direction
work is positive

For expansion, work is negative

volume change is positive
force and displacement are in opposite directions
work is negative

CDB2033 Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

(1.2)
(1.3)

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Energy

Energy can be stored in various macroscopic forms, can be transformed

from one form to another and can be transferred between systems.

Units of all forms of energy are joules or newton-meters (SI)

Forms of mechanical energy which can be converted into work are:

1
Kinetic energy, 2 2
(1.5)
Potential energy,
(1.7)

Work of accelerating a body, = =

2
2

Work done on elevating a body, = =

Only changes of kinetic and potential energy are meaningful since object
speed and elevation must be defined relative to some reference frame and
position.

In a frictionless system, principle of energy conservation can be used to

equate the change in potential energy to the change in kinetic energy.
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Heat

When there is a temperature difference across a boundary, heat (Q) is the

net energy transferred across the boundary.

Heat flows from a higher temperature to a lower temperature until

temperatures are equal. When there is no temperature difference, there
is no net transfer of heat.

By convention, heat transfer to a system is positive and heat transfer from

a system is negative.

There are three basic mechanisms of heat transfer: conduction,

convection and radiation.

Heat is never stored within a body and exists only as energy in transit
between a system and its surroundings.

When energy in the form of heat is added to a system, it is stored as

kinetic and potential energy of atoms and molecules of a body; not as
heat.

CDB2033 Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

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