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Y ( s ) Ly (t ) e st y (t )dt
0
Pierre-Simon Laplace
(1749 - 1827)
La transformada de Laplace
Sea f(t) una funcin definida para t 0, su
transformada de Laplace se define como:
L{ f (t )} F ( s ) f (t ) e dt
st
h
s t
s t
Notacin:
f (t ) dt lim e
h
f (t ) dt
L f (t ) F ( s ),
L y (t ) Y ( s ),
L x (t ) X ( s ), etc.
L{ f (t )} F ( s ) f (t ) e st dt
0
| f (t ) | Me at , t [0, )
Es decir, f(t) es de orden exponencial en el infinito:
b tq lim | f (t )e bt | 0
t
Entonces:
L{f(t)} = F(s) existe s > a.
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1 st
L 1 F ( s ) 1e dt e
0
s
st
e e
( a ib )t
st
at ibt
e e
a 0, Re s 0
1
f ( t ) 1 F ( s ) , Re s 0.
s
Nota: Obviamente L{a} = a/s y L{0} = 0.
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L t n F (s)
st
n st
ne
t e dt t
s
st
e
nt n 1
dt
s
n n 1 st
n
t e dt L t n 1
s 0
s
n
L t L t n 1
s
1
0
L t
s
n
n
n!
L t n 1
s
n!
f (t ) t F ( s) n 1 Re s 0
s
n
F ( s)
Le
1 s 1t
e
s 1
e e dt e
t st
s 1t
dt
s 1
1
Re s 1
f (t ) e F ( s)
s 1
t
F (s)
L Ae
at
A s a t
e
( s a)
Ae e dt Ae
at st
s a t
dt
, sa
sa
A
f ( t ) Ae F ( s )
, Re{ s } a
sa
at
cos(at )
s
s
a2
a2
1 2 I 2 ;
s
s
st
e
sen(at )e dt sen(at )
s
st
e st
a sen(at ) dt a2 a2
s s
s
e st
a cos(at )
dt
s
sen(at )e st dt
a
I 2
s a2
f (t ) sen ( at )
a
F (s) 2
s a2
Re s 0
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Funciones peridicas
Supongamos que f (t) es una funcin peridica de periodo T.
Entonces:
1
F ( s ) L f (t )
F1 ( s )
sT
1 e
donde F1(s) es la transformada de Laplace de la funcin f(t)
sobre el primer periodo y cero fuera.
T
F1 ( s) e
st
f (t )dt
T
t
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1
1
s
1
s2
n!
1
t
tn
e
at
n 1
1
sa
sen t
cos t
e at sen t
e at cos t
t n e at
s2 2
s
s2 2
2
s
a
2
sa
s a 2
2
n!
s a
n 1
12
13
14
15
16
17
1 i
st
L {F ( s )} f (t )
F ( s )e ds, t 0
2i i
1
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Im(s)
1 i
st
L {F ( s )} f (t )
F
(
s
)
e
ds, t 0
2i i
determina un contorno vertical
(1) lim F ( s) 0
s
(2) lim sF ( s)
s
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Propiedades
1. Linealidad: Si c1 y c2 son constantes, f1(x) y
f2(x) son funciones cuyas transformadas de
Laplace son F1(x) y F2(x), respectivamente;
entonces:
L{c1 f1 (t ) c2 f 2 (t )} c1 F1 ( s ) c2 F2 ( s ).
La transformada de Laplace es un operador lineal.
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Demostracin:
L c1 f1 (t ) c2 f 2 (t )
c
f
(
t
)
c
f
(
t
)
e
1
1
2
2
0
st
dt
c1 f1 (t )e dt c2 f 2 (t )e dt
0
st
st
c1 L f1 (t ) c2 L f 2 (t )
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2. Desplazamiento temporal
st
F ( s ) e f (t )dt
f (t t0 ), t t0
g (t ) f (t )u (t t0 )
, t t0
0
st
X ( s ) e f (t t0 )u (t t0 )dt
0
l t t0
st
f (t t0 )dt
t0
L{ f (t )} F ( s)
L{ f (t )u (t t0 )} e
st 0
F ( s)
e st0 e sl f (l )dl
0
st 0
F (s)
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3. Desplazamiento en frecuencias
L{ f (t )} F ( s)
F ( s ) e st f (t )dt
L{e at f (t )} F ( s a)
X ( s) e e
st
at
f (t )dt e
( s a ) t
f (t )dt
F ( s a)
23
F (s) e
st
f (t )dt
X (s) e
st
f (at )dt
L{ f (t )} F ( s)
1 s
L{ f (at )} F
a a
1 ( s / a ) l
e
f (l )dl
a0
l at
(1 / a ) F ( s / a )
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F (s) e
st
f (t )dt
d
d st
F ( s ) e f (t )dt
ds
ds
F ( s ) L{ f (t )}
F ( s ) L tf (t )
e st tf (t )dt
0
L tf (t )
25
L{ f ' (t )} sF ( s) f (0)
donde f(0) es el valor de f(t) en t = 0.
26
27
28
y " 3 y ' 4 y t u (t 1)
y (0) 1, y '(0) 2
Resolver para
y(t)
Resolver para
Y(s)
Ec. Diferencial
Transformada de
Laplace
Ec. Algebraica
( s 1) ( s e 1) e
Y (s)
2
2
s ( s 3s 4)
2
Ec. Algebraica
Inversa de la
Transformada
de Laplace
Solucin de la
Ec. Diferencial
F ( s) e
st
f (t )dt
1
F (s)
f (u )du L{ f (t )}
s
s
X ( s ) e f ( )d dt
0
0
st
1 st
1 st
f ( )d e e f (t )dt
0
s
0 s 0
t
1
F (s)
s
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F (s)
f (u )du
s
f (t )
L
s F (u )du
t
con F (s) L f (t )
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limt f (t ) lims0 sF ( s)
10. Teorema del valor inicial
El valor inicial f(0) de la funcin f(t) cuya
transformada de Laplace es F(s), es:
Recordemos que
la operacin
f1 ( ) f 2 (t )d se conoce
f
(
t
)
1
como la convolucin de
y f 2 (t ), y se
denota como
f1 (t ) * f 2 (t ).
L{ f1 (t ) * f 2 (t )} F1 ( s) F2 ( s)
L{ f1 (t ) * f 2 (t )} L{ f1 (t )} L{ f 2 (t )}
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