Simulation Lab Full Manual

EXPT.
NO: 5
CYCLE-II
Short circuit studies with MATLAB.

Objective:
To find the total fault current and magnitude of bus voltages and line
currents during
(i) Single line to ground fault.
(ii) Line to line fault.
(iii) Double line to ground fault.
(iv) Symmetrical 3phase fault.
Simulation Tools:
IBM PC- Compatible with MATLAB Software, power

Power System block set.
Syntax:
Simulation:
5.1 SYMMETRICAL 3PH FAULT:
1. Open the MATLAB Command window by clicking on the MATLAB.exe icon.
2. Enter the following programs Zbus and Symfault in the MATLAB Text Editor.
3. Prepare Zdata parameters i.e. element bus numbers and element resistance and
reactance.
4. Run the programs Zbus and Symfault to get the bus voltages, fault current and line
currents during the fault.
5. Enter the faulted bus no. and fault impedance, after editing the Zbus.
Example:
Solution:
Zbus =
0 + 0.1600i
0 + 0.0800i
0 + 0.1200i
0 + 0.0800i
0 + 0.2400i
0 + 0.1600i
0 + 0.1200i
0 + 0.1600i
0 + 0.3400i
EXPT.NO: 5
CYCLE-II
Enter Faulted Bus No. -> 3

Enter Fault Impedance Zf = R + j*X in complex form (for bolted fault enter 0). Zf =
0.16*j
Balanced three-phase fault at bus No. 3
Total fault current = 2.0000 per unit
Bus Voltages during fault in per unit
Bus Voltage
Angle
No. Magnitude degrees
1
0.7600
0.0000
2
0.6800
0.0000
3
0.3200
0.0000
Line currents for fault at bus No. 3
From
Bus
G
1
1
G
2
3
To Current
Bus Magnitude
1
1.2000
2
0.1000
3
1.1000
2
0.8000
3
0.9000
F
2.0000
Angle
degrees
-90.0000
-90.0000
-90.0000
-90.0000
-90.0000
-90.0000
Simulation:
5.2 SINGLE LINE TO GROUND FAULT:
2. Enter the following programs Zbus0, Zbus1, Zbus2 and lgfault in the MATLAB
Text Editor.
3. Prepare Zdata0, Zdata1 & Zdata2 parameters i.e. element bus numbers and
element resistance and reactance.
4. Run the programs Zbus0, Zbus1, Zbua2 and lgfault to get the bus voltages, fault
current and line currents during the fault.
5. Enter the faulted bus no. and fault impedance, after editing the Zbus0, zbus1 &
Zbus2.
EXPT.NO: 5
CYCLE-II
Example:
Solution:
Line-to-ground fault analysis
Enter Fault Impedance Zf = R + j*X in complex form (for bolted fault enter 0). Zf =
0.1*j
Single line to-ground fault at bus No. 3
Total fault current = 2.7523 per unit
Bus Voltages during the fault in per unit
Bus
No.
1
2
3
-------Voltage Magnitude------Phase a
Phase b
Phase c
0.6330
1.0046
1.0046
0.7202
0.9757
0.9757
0.2752
1.0647
1.0647
Line currents for fault at bus No.

From
Bus
1
2
2
3
To
Bus
3
1
3
F
-----Line Current Magnitude---Phase a

Phase b
Phase c
1.6514
0.0000
0.0000
0.3761
0.1560
0.1560
1.1009
0.0000
0.0000
2.7523
0.0000
0.0000
Simulation:
5.3 LINE TO LINE FAULT:
2. Enter the following programs Zbus1, Zbus2 and lLfault in the MATLAB Text
Editor.
3. Prepare Zdata1 & Zdata2 parameters i.e. element bus numbers and element
resistance and reactance.
EXPT.NO: 5
CYCLE-II
4. Run the programs Zbus1, Zbua2 and lLfault to get the bus voltages, fault
5. Enter the faulted bus no. and fault impedance, after editing the zbus1 & Zbus2.
Example:
Solution:
Line-to-line fault analysis
Enter Fault Impedance Zf = R + j*X in complex form (for bolted fault enter
0). Zf = 0.1*j
Line-to-line fault at bus No. 3
Total fault current =
3.2075 per unit
Bus
No.
1
2
3
Phase b
Phase c
1.0000
0.6720
0.6720
1.0000
0.6939
0.6939
1.0000
0.5251
0.5251

From
Bus
1
2
2
3
To
Bus
3
1
3
F

Phase b
Phase c
0.0000
1.9245
1.9245
0.0000
0.2566
0.2566
0.0000
1.2830
1.2830
0.0000
3.2075
3.2075
Simulation:
5.4 DOUBLE LINE TO GROUND FAULT:
2. Enter the following programs Zbus0, Zbus1, Zbus2 and dlgfault in the MATLAB
Text Editor.
3. Prepare Zdata0, Zdata1 & Zdata2 parameters i.e. element bus numbers and
element resistance and reactance.
4. Run the programs Zbus0, Zbus1, Zbua2 and dlgfault to get the bus voltages, fault
EXPT.NO: 5
CYCLE-II
5. Enter the faulted bus no. and fault impedance, after editing the Zbus0, zbus1 &
Zbus2
Example:
Solution:
Double line-to-ground fault analysis
Enter Fault Impedance Zf = R + j*X in complex form (for bolted fault enter
0). Zf = 0.1*j
Double line-to-ground fault at bus No. 3
Total fault current =
1.9737 per unit
Bus
No.
1
2
3
Phase b
Phase c
1.0066
0.5088
0.5088
0.9638
0.5740
0.5740
1.0855
0.1974
0.1974

From
Bus
1
2
2
3
To
Bus
3
1
3
F
Results & Conclusions:

Phase b
Phase c
0.0000
2.4350
2.4350
0.1118
0.3682
0.3682
0.0000
1.6233
1.6233
0.0000
4.0583
4.0583
EXPT.NO: 4
CYCLE-II
Power Flow solution of Power System.

Objective:
(i) To find the power flow solution of a given power system using
Gauss-Seidal and Newton Raphson method
(ii) To evaluate the transient stability of a power system
Simulation Tools:
IBM PC- Compatible with MATLAB Software
Syntax:
MATLAB has a rich collection of functions immediately useful to the
control engineer or system theorist. Complex arithmetic, eigen values, root-finding,
matrix inversion, and FFT are just a few examples of MATLAB important
numerical tools. More generally, MATLAB linear algebra, matrix computation, and
numerical analysis capabilities provide a reliable foundation for control system
engineering as well as many other disciplines.
Electrical power systems are combinations of electrical circuits and
electromechanical devices like motors and generators. Engineers working in this
discipline are constantly improving the performance of the systems. Requirements
for drastically increased efficiency have forced power system designers to use
power electronic devices and sophisticated control system concepts that tax
traditional analysis tools and techniques. Further complicating the analysts role is
the fact that the system is often so nonlinear that the only way to understand it is
through simulation. Land-based power generation from hydroelectric, steam, or
other devices is not the only use of power systems. A common attribute of these
systems is their use of power electronics and control systems to achieve their
performance objectives.
SimPowerSystems was designed to provide a modern design tool that will
allow scientists and engineers to rapidly and easily build models that simulate
power systems. SimPowerSystems uses the Simulink environment, allowing a
model to be built using simple click and drag procedures. Not only can you draw
the circuit topology rapidly, but your analysis of the circuit can include its
interactions with mechanical, thermal, control, and other disciplines. This is
possible because all the electrical parts of the simulation interact with the extensive
Simulink modeling library. Since Simulink uses MATLAB as the computational
engine, designers can also use MATLAB toolboxes and Simulink blocksets.
Users can rapidly put SimPowerSystems to work. The libraries contain
models of typical power equipment such as transformers, lines, machines, and
power electronics. These models are proven ones coming from textbooks, and their
validity is based on the experience of the Power Systems Testing and Simulation
Laboratory of Hydro-Qubec, a large North American utility located in Canada.
And for users who want to refresh their knowledge of power system theory, there
are also self-learning case studies.
EXPT.NO: 4
CYCLE-II
Several computer programs have been developed for the power flow solution of
practical systems. Each method of solution consists of four programs. The program
for the Gauss-Seidel method is Ifgauss, which is preceded by Ifybus, and is
followed by busout and lineflow. Programs Ifybus, busout, and lineflow are
designed to be used with two more power flow programs. These are ifnewton for
the Newton-Raphson method and decouple for the fast decoupled method. The
following is a brief description of the programs used in the Gauss-Seidel method.
Ifybus : This program requires the line and transformer parameters and transformer
tap settings specified in the input file named linedata. It converts impedances to
admittances and obtains the bus admittance matrix. The program is designed to
handle parallel lines.
Ifgauss : This program obtains the power flow solution by the Gauss Seidel
method and requires the files named busdata and linedata. It is designed for the
direct use of load and generation in MW and Mvar, bus voltages in per unit, and
angle in degrees. Loads and generation are converted to per unit quantities on the
base MVA selected. A provision is made to maintain the generator reactive power
of the voltage-controlled buses within their specified limits. The violation of
reactive power limit may occur if the specified voltage is either too high or too low.
After a few iterations (10th iteration in the Gauss method), the var calculated at the
generator buses are examined. If a limit is reached, the voltage magnitude is
adjusted in steps of 0.5 percent up to 5 percent to bring the var demand within the
specified limits.
busout : This program produces the bus output result in a tabulated form. The bus
output result includes the voltage magnitude and angle, real and reactive power of
generators and loads, and the shunt capacitor/reactor Mvar. Total generation and
total load are also included as outlined in the sample case.
Lineflow : This program prepares the line output data. It is designed to display the
active and reactive power flow entering the line terminals and line losses as well as
the net power at each bus. Also included are the total real and reactive losses in the
system. The output of this portion is also shown in the sample case.
DATA PREPARATION
In order to perform a power flow analysis by the Gauss-Seidel method in the MATLAB environment, the following variables must be defined: power system base
MVA, power mismatch accuracy, acceleration factor, and maximum number of
iterations. The name (in lowercase letters) reserved for these variables are basemva,
accuracy, accel and maxiter, respectively. Typical values are as follows :
Basemva = 100 ;
Accel = 1.6 ;
accuracy = 0.001 ;
maxiter = 80 ;
EXPT.NO: 4
CYCLE-II
The initial step in the preparation of input file is the numbering of each bus. Buses
are numbered sequentially. Although the numbers are sequentially assigned, the
buses need not be entered in sequence. In addition, the following data files are
required.
BUS DATA FILE busdata : The format for the bus entry is chosen to facilitate
the required data for each bus in a single row. The information required must be
included in a matrix called busdata. Column 1 is the bus number. Column 2
contains the bus code. Columns 3 and 4 are voltage magnitude in per unit and
phase angle in degrees. Columns 5 and 6 are load MW and Mvar. Column 7
through 10 are MW, Mvar, minimum Mvar and maximum Mvar of generation, in
that order. The last column is the injected Mvar of shunt capacitors. The bus code
entered in column 2 is used for identifying load, voltage-controlled, and slack buses
as outlined below :
1
This code is used for the slack bus. The only necessary information for this
bus is the voltage magnitude and its phase angle.
0
This code is used for load buses. The loads are entered positive in
megawatts and megavars. For this bus, initial voltage estimate must be specified.
This is usually 1 and 0 for voltage magnitude and phase angle, respectively. If
voltage magnitude and phase angle for this type of bus are specified, they will be
taken as the initial starting voltage for that bus instead of a flat start of 1 and 0.
2
This code is used for the voltage-controlled buses. For this bus, voltage
magnitude, real power generation in megawatts, and the minimum and maximum
limits of the megavar demand must be specified.
LINE DATA FILE linedata Lines are identified by the node-pair method. The
information required must be included in a matrix called linedata. Columns 1 and 2
are the line bus numbers. Columns 3 through 5 contain the line resistance,
reactance, and one-half of the total line charging susceptance in per unit on the
specified MVA base. The last column is for the transformer tap setting ; for lines, 1
must be entered in this column. The lines may be entered in any sequence or order
with the only restriction being that if the entry is a transformer, the left bus number
is assumed to be the tap side of the transformer.
EXPT.NO: 4
CYCLE-II
Simulation:
(i) Gauss-Seidal and Newton Raphson method
2. Enter the programs lfybus, lfgauss, lfnewton busout and lineflow in the MATLAB
Text Editor.
3. Prepare the line, transformer parameters and transformer tap settings data in a
matrix named linedata.
4. Run the programs lfybus, lfgauss, busout and lineflow in MATLAB Command
Window to get the power flow solution using Gauss-Seidal Method.
5. Run the programs lfybus, lfnewton, busout and lineflow in MATLAB Command
Window to get the power flow solution using Newton-Raphson Method.
EXPT.NO: 4
CYCLE-II
Example:
Solution:
clear
basemva = 100;
accuracy = 0.001; accel = 1.8; maxiter = 100;
%
IEEE 30-BUS TEST
%
Bus Bus Voltage
Mvar
%
No code Mag.
busdata=[1
1
1.06
2
2
1.043
3
0
1.0
4
0
1.06
5
2
1.01
6
0
1.0
7
0
1.0
8
2
1.01
9
0
1.0
10
0
1.0
11
2
1.082
12
0
1.0
13
2
1.071
14
0
1
15
0
1
16
0
1
17
0
1
18
0
1
19
0
1
20
0
1
21
0
1
22
0
1
23
0
1
24
0
1
25
0
1
26
0
1
27
0
1
28
0
1
29
0
1
30
0
1
%
%
Bus bus
%
nl nr
linedata=[1
2
1
3
2
4
3
4
2
5
2
6
4
6
5
7
6
7
6
8
6
9
6 10
9 11
9 10
SYSTEM (American Electric Power)

Angle
---Load---- -------Generator----- Static
Degree MW
0.0
0.0
0.0
21.70
0.0
2.4
0.0
7.6
0.0
94.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
22.8
0.0
30.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.8
0.0
0.0
0
11.2
0
0
0
6.2
0
8.2
0
3.5
0
9.0
0
3.2
0
9.5
0
2.2
0
17.5
0
0
0
3.2
0
8.7
0
0
0
3.5
0
0
0
0
0
2.4
0
10.6
Mvar
0.0
12.7
1.2
1.6
19.0
0.0
10.9
30.0
0.0
2.0
0.0
7.5
0.0
1.6
2.5
1.8
5.8
0.9
3.4
0.7
11.2
0.0
1.6
6.7
0.0
2.3
0.0
0.0
0.9
1.9
MW Mvar Qmin Qmax

0.0 0.0
0
0
40.0 0.0 -40 50
0.0 0.0
0
0
0.0 0.0
0
0
0.0 0.0 -40 40
0.0 0.0
0
0
0.0 0.0
0
0
0.0 0.0 -30 40
0.0 0.0
0
0
0.0 0.0 -6 24
0.0 0.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6 24
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ql
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
19
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.3
0
0
0
0
0
0];
Line code
R
X
1/2 B
= 1 for lines
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
> 1 or < 1 tr. tap at bus nl
0.0192
0.0575
0.02640
1
0.0452
0.1852
0.02040
1
0.0570
0.1737
0.01840
1
0.0132
0.0379
0.00420
1
0.0472
0.1983
0.02090
1
0.0581
0.1763
0.01870
1
0.0119
0.0414
0.00450
1
0.0460
0.1160
0.01020
1
0.0267
0.0820
0.00850
1
0.0120
0.0420
0.00450
1
0.0
0.2080
0.0
0.978
0
.5560
0
0.969
0
.2080
0
1
0
.1100
0
1
EXPT.NO: 4
4
12
12
12
12
14
16
15
18
19
10
10
10
10
21
15
22
23
24
25
25
28
27
27
29
8
6
CYCLE-II
12
13
14
15
16
15
17
18
19
20
20
17
21
22
22
23
24
24
25
26
27
27
29
30
30
28
28
0
0
.1231
.0662
.0945
.2210
.0824
.1073
.0639
.0340
.0936
.0324
.0348
.0727
.0116
.1000
.1150
.1320
.1885
.2544
.1093
0
.2198
.3202
.2399
.0636
.0169
lfybus
lfgauss
busout
lineflow
.2560
.1400
.2559
.1304
.1987
.1997
.1923
.2185
.1292
.0680
.2090
.0845
.0749
.1499
.0236
.2020
.1790
.2700
.3292
.3800
.2087
.3960
.4153
.6027
.4533
.2000
.0599
0
0.932
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0.968
0
1
0
1
0
1
0.0214
1
0.065
1];
% form the bus admittance

% Load flow solution by Gauss-Seidel
% Prints the power flow solution on the
% Computes and displays the line flow and
matrix
method
screen
losses
Output:
Power Flow Solution by Gauss-Seidel
Method
Maximum Power Mismatch = 0.000951884

No. of Iterations = 34
Bus
No.
Voltage
Mag.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
1.060
1.043
1.022
1.013
1.010
1.012
1.003
1.010
1.051
1.044
1.082
1.057
1.071
1.043
1.038
1.045
1.039
Angle
Degree
0.000
-5.496
-8.002
-9.659
-14.380
-11.396
-13.149
-12.114
-14.432
-16.024
-14.432
-15.301
-15.300
-16.190
-16.276
-15.879
-16.187
------Load-----MW
Mvar
0.000
21.700
2.400
7.600
94.200
0.000
22.800
30.000
0.000
5.800
0.000
11.200
0.000
6.200
8.200
3.500
9.000
0.000
12.700
1.200
1.600
19.000
0.000
10.900
30.000
0.000
2.000
0.000
7.500
0.000
1.600
2.500
1.800
5.800
---Generation--MW
Mvar
260.950
40.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
-17.010
48.826
0.000
0.000
35.995
0.000
0.000
30.759
0.000
0.000
16.113
0.000
10.406
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Injected
Mvar
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
19.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
EXPT.NO: 4
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
CYCLE-II
1.028
1.025
1.029
1.032
1.033
1.027
1.022
1.019
1.001
1.026
1.011
1.006
0.994
-16.881
-17.049
-16.851
-16.468
-16.455
-16.660
-16.829
-16.423
-16.835
-15.913
-12.056
-17.133
-18.016
Total
3.200
9.500
2.200
17.500
0.000
3.200
8.700
0.000
3.500
0.000
0.000
2.400
10.600
0.900
3.400
0.700
11.200
0.000
1.600
6.700
0.000
2.300
0.000
0.000
0.900
1.900
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
4.300
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
283.400
126.200
300.950
125.089
23.300
Line Flow and Losses

--Line-from to
1
Power at bus & line flow

MW
Mvar
MVA
--Line loss-MW
Mvar
260.950
177.743
83.197
-17.010
-22.140
5.125
261.504
179.117
83.354
5.461
2.807
10.517
7.079
18.300
1 -172.282
4
45.702
5
82.990
6
61.905
36.126
32.657
2.720
1.704
-0.966
40.497
175.350
45.783
83.008
61.913
5.461
1.106
2.995
2.047
10.517
-0.519
8.178
2.263
1
4
-2.400
-80.390
78.034
-1.200
1.954
-3.087
2.683
80.414
78.095
2.807
0.771
7.079
1.345
2
3
6
12
-7.600
-44.596
-77.263
70.132
44.131
-1.600
-3.239
4.432
-17.624
14.627
7.767
44.713
77.390
72.313
46.492
1.106
0.771
0.605
0.000
-0.519
1.345
1.181
4.686
2
7
-94.200
-79.995
-14.210
16.995
6.474
10.467
95.721
80.256
17.649
2.995
0.151
8.178
-1.687
2
4
7
8
9
10
28
0.000
-59.858
-69.527
37.537
29.534
27.687
15.828
18.840
0.000
3.229
18.805
-1.915
-3.712
-7.318
0.656
-9.575
0.000
59.945
72.026
37.586
29.766
28.638
15.842
21.134
2.047
0.605
0.368
0.103
0.000
-0.000
0.060
2.263
1.181
-0.598
-0.558
1.593
1.279
-13.085
5
6
-22.800
14.361
-37.170
-10.900
-12.154
1.317
25.272
18.814
37.193
0.151
0.368
-1.687
-0.598
-30.000
-29.431
0.759
3.154
30.010
29.599
0.103
-0.558
2
3
Transformer
tap
0.932
0.978
0.969
EXPT.NO: 4
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
CYCLE-II
28
-0.570
-2.366
2.433
0.000
-4.368
6
11
10
0.000
-27.687
0.003
27.731
0.000
8.911
-15.653
6.747
0.000
29.086
15.653
28.540
0.000
0.000
-0.000
1.593
0.461
0.811
6
9
20
17
21
22
-5.800
-15.828
-27.731
9.018
5.347
15.723
7.582
17.000
0.623
-5.936
3.569
4.393
9.846
4.487
17.962
15.840
28.359
9.698
6.920
18.551
8.811
-0.000
-0.000
0.081
0.014
0.110
0.052
1.279
0.811
0.180
0.037
0.236
0.107
0.000
-0.003
16.113
16.114
16.113
16.114
0.000
0.461
4
13
14
15
16
-11.200
-44.131
-0.021
7.852
17.852
7.206
-7.500
-9.941
-10.274
2.428
6.968
3.370
13.479
45.237
10.274
8.219
19.164
7.955
0.000
0.000
0.074
0.217
0.053
4.686
0.132
0.155
0.428
0.112
12
0.000
0.021
10.406
10.406
10.406
10.406
0.000
0.132
12
15
-6.200
-7.778
1.592
-1.600
-2.273
0.708
6.403
8.103
1.742
0.074
0.006
0.155
0.006
12
14
18
23
-8.200
-17.634
-1.586
6.009
5.004
-2.500
-6.540
-0.702
1.741
2.963
8.573
18.808
1.734
6.256
5.815
0.217
0.006
0.039
0.031
0.428
0.006
0.079
0.063
12
17
-3.500
-7.152
3.658
-1.800
-3.257
1.440
3.936
7.859
3.931
0.053
0.012
0.112
0.027
16
10
-9.000
-3.646
-5.332
-5.800
-1.413
-4.355
10.707
3.910
6.885
0.012
0.014
0.027
0.037
15
19
-3.200
-5.970
2.779
-0.900
-1.661
0.787
3.324
6.197
2.888
0.039
0.005
0.079
0.010
18
20
-9.500
-2.774
-6.703
-3.400
-0.777
-2.675
10.090
2.881
7.217
0.005
0.017
0.010
0.034
19
10
-2.200
6.720
-8.937
-0.700
2.709
-3.389
2.309
7.245
9.558
0.017
0.081
0.034
0.180
10
22
-17.500
-15.613
-1.849
-11.200
-9.609
-1.627
20.777
18.333
2.463
0.110
0.001
0.236
0.001
EXPT.NO: 4
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
CYCLE-II
10
21
24
0.000
-7.531
1.850
5.643
0.000
-4.380
1.628
2.795
0.000
8.712
2.464
6.297
0.052
0.001
0.043
0.107
0.001
0.067
15
24
-3.200
-4.972
1.771
-1.600
-2.900
1.282
3.578
5.756
2.186
0.031
0.006
0.063
0.012
22
23
25
-8.700
-5.601
-1.765
-1.322
-2.400
-2.728
-1.270
1.604
9.025
6.230
2.174
2.079
0.043
0.006
0.008
0.067
0.012
0.014
24
26
27
0.000
1.330
3.520
-4.866
0.000
-1.590
2.372
-0.786
0.000
2.073
4.244
4.929
0.008
0.044
0.026
0.014
0.066
0.049
25
-3.500
-3.476
-2.300
-2.306
4.188
4.171
0.044
0.066
25
28
29
30
0.000
4.892
-18.192
6.178
7.093
0.000
0.835
-4.152
1.675
1.663
0.000
4.963
18.660
6.401
7.286
0.026
-0.000
0.086
0.162
0.049
1.310
0.162
0.304
27
8
6
0.000
18.192
0.570
-18.780
0.000
5.463
-2.003
-3.510
0.000
18.994
2.082
19.106
-0.000
0.000
0.060
1.310
-4.368
-13.085
27
30
-2.400
-6.093
3.716
-0.900
-1.513
0.601
2.563
6.278
3.764
0.086
0.034
0.162
0.063
27
29
-10.600
-6.932
-3.683
-1.900
-1.359
-0.537
10.769
7.064
3.722
0.162
0.034
0.304
0.063
17.594
22.233
Total loss
0.968
Power Flow Solution by Newton-Raphson Method

Maximum Power Mismatch = 7.54898e-007
No. of Iterations = 4
Bus
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Voltage
Mag.
1.060
1.043
1.022
1.013
1.010
1.012
1.003
1.010
1.051
Angle
Degree
0.000
-5.497
-8.004
-9.661
-14.381
-11.398
-13.150
-12.115
-14.434
------Load-----MW
Mvar
0.000
21.700
2.400
7.600
94.200
0.000
22.800
30.000
0.000
0.000
12.700
1.200
1.600
19.000
0.000
10.900
30.000
0.000
---Generation--MW
Mvar
260.998
40.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
-17.021
48.822
0.000
0.000
35.975
0.000
0.000
30.826
0.000
Injected
Mvar
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
EXPT.NO: 4
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
CYCLE-II
1.044
1.082
1.057
1.071
1.042
1.038
1.045
1.039
1.028
1.025
1.029
1.032
1.033
1.027
1.022
1.019
1.001
1.026
1.011
1.006
0.995
-16.024
-14.434
-15.302
-15.302
-16.191
-16.278
-15.880
-16.188
-16.884
-17.052
-16.852
-16.468
-16.455
-16.662
-16.830
-16.424
-16.842
-15.912
-12.057
-17.136
-18.015
Total
5.800
0.000
11.200
0.000
6.200
8.200
3.500
9.000
3.200
9.500
2.200
17.500
0.000
3.200
8.700
0.000
3.500
0.000
0.000
2.400
10.600
2.000
0.000
7.500
0.000
1.600
2.500
1.800
5.800
0.900
3.400
0.700
11.200
0.000
1.600
6.700
0.000
2.300
0.000
0.000
0.900
1.900
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
16.119
0.000
10.423
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
19.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
4.300
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
283.400
126.200
300.998
125.144
23.300
Line Flow and Losses

--Line-from to
1
Power at bus & line flow

MW
Mvar
MVA
--Line loss-MW
Mvar
260.998
177.778
83.221
-17.021
-22.148
5.127
261.553
179.152
83.378
5.464
2.808
10.524
7.085
18.300
1 -172.314
4
45.712
5
82.990
6
61.912
36.122
32.671
2.705
1.703
-0.958
40.493
175.384
45.792
83.008
61.920
5.464
1.106
2.995
2.048
10.524
-0.517
8.178
2.264
1
4
-2.400
-80.412
78.012
-1.200
1.958
-3.158
2.683
80.436
78.076
2.808
0.771
7.085
1.344
2
3
6
12
-7.600
-44.605
-77.242
70.126
44.121
-1.600
-3.222
4.503
-17.526
14.646
7.767
44.722
77.373
72.282
46.489
1.106
0.771
0.604
0.000
-0.517
1.344
1.179
4.685
2
7
-94.200
-79.995
-14.205
16.975
6.475
10.500
95.717
80.257
17.664
2.995
0.151
8.178
-1.687
2
4
7
8
9
10
0.000
-59.864
-69.521
37.523
29.528
27.693
15.823
0.000
3.222
18.705
-1.885
-3.754
-7.322
0.653
0.000
59.951
71.994
37.570
29.766
28.644
15.836
2.048
0.604
0.367
0.103
-0.000
0.000
2.264
1.179
-0.598
-0.558
1.594
1.278
2
3
Transformer
tap
0.932
0.978
0.969
EXPT.NO: 4
7
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
CYCLE-II
28
18.819
-9.618
21.134
0.060
-13.086
5
6
-22.800
14.356
-37.156
-10.900
-12.187
1.287
25.272
18.831
37.178
0.151
0.367
-1.687
-0.598
6
28
-30.000
-29.425
-0.575
0.826
3.196
-2.370
30.011
29.598
2.438
0.103
0.000
-0.558
-4.368
6
11
10
0.000
-27.693
0.000
27.693
0.000
8.916
-15.657
6.741
0.000
29.093
15.657
28.501
-0.000
0.000
0.000
1.594
0.462
0.809
6
9
20
17
21
22
-5.800
-15.823
-27.693
9.027
5.372
15.733
7.583
17.000
0.626
-5.932
3.560
4.414
9.842
4.490
17.962
15.835
28.321
9.704
6.953
18.558
8.813
0.000
0.000
0.081
0.014
0.110
0.052
1.278
0.809
0.180
0.037
0.237
0.107
0.000
-0.000
16.119
16.119
16.119
16.119
0.000
0.462
4
13
14
15
16
-11.200
-44.121
0.000
7.856
17.857
7.208
-7.500
-9.961
-10.291
2.442
6.947
3.363
13.479
45.232
10.291
8.227
19.161
7.954
0.000
-0.000
0.075
0.217
0.053
4.685
0.133
0.155
0.428
0.112
12
0.000
-0.000
10.423
10.424
10.423
10.424
-0.000
0.133
12
15
-6.200
-7.782
1.582
-1.600
-2.287
0.687
6.403
8.111
1.724
0.075
0.006
0.155
0.005
12
14
18
23
-8.200
-17.640
-1.576
6.014
5.001
-2.500
-6.519
-0.681
1.744
2.956
8.573
18.806
1.717
6.262
5.810
0.217
0.006
0.039
0.031
0.428
0.005
0.080
0.063
12
17
-3.500
-7.154
3.654
-1.800
-3.251
1.451
3.936
7.858
3.932
0.053
0.012
0.112
0.027
16
10
-9.000
-3.643
-5.357
-5.800
-1.424
-4.376
10.707
3.911
6.918
0.012
0.014
0.027
0.037
15
19
-3.200
-5.975
2.775
-0.900
-1.665
0.765
3.324
6.203
2.879
0.039
0.005
0.080
0.010
18
20
-9.500
-2.770
-6.730
-3.400
-0.755
-2.645
10.090
2.871
7.231
0.005
0.017
0.010
0.034
EXPT.NO: 4
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
CYCLE-II
19
10
-2.200
6.747
-8.947
-0.700
2.679
-3.379
2.309
7.259
9.564
0.017
0.081
0.034
0.180
10
22
-17.500
-15.623
-1.877
-11.200
-9.606
-1.594
20.777
18.340
2.462
0.110
0.001
0.237
0.001
10
21
24
0.000
-7.531
1.877
5.654
0.000
-4.384
1.596
2.788
0.000
8.714
2.464
6.304
0.052
0.001
0.043
0.107
0.001
0.067
15
24
-3.200
-4.970
1.770
-1.600
-2.893
1.293
3.578
5.751
2.192
0.031
0.006
0.063
0.012
22
23
25
-8.700
-5.611
-1.764
-1.325
-2.400
-2.721
-1.280
1.602
9.025
6.236
2.180
2.079
0.043
0.006
0.008
0.067
0.012
0.014
24
26
27
0.000
1.333
3.545
-4.877
0.000
-1.588
2.366
-0.778
0.000
2.073
4.262
4.939
0.008
0.045
0.026
0.014
0.066
0.049
25
-3.500
-3.500
-2.300
-2.300
4.188
4.188
0.045
0.066
25
28
29
30
0.000
4.903
-18.184
6.189
7.091
0.000
0.827
-4.157
1.668
1.661
0.000
4.972
18.653
6.410
7.283
0.026
0.000
0.086
0.161
0.049
1.309
0.162
0.304
27
8
6
0.000
18.184
0.575
-18.759
0.000
5.466
-1.999
-3.467
0.000
18.987
2.080
19.077
0.000
0.000
0.060
1.309
-4.368
-13.086
27
30
-2.400
-6.104
3.704
-0.900
-1.506
0.606
2.563
6.286
3.753
0.086
0.033
0.162
0.063
27
29
-10.600
-6.930
-3.670
-1.900
-1.358
-0.542
10.769
7.062
3.710
0.161
0.033
0.304
0.063
17.599
22.244
Total loss
0.968
EXPT.NO: 4
CYCLE-II
Programs:
% This program obtains th Bus Admittance Matrix for power flow solution
j=sqrt(-1); i = sqrt(-1);
nl = linedata(:,1); nr = linedata(:,2); R = linedata(:,3);
X = linedata(:,4); Bc = j*linedata(:,5); a = linedata(:, 6);
nbr=length(linedata(:,1)); nbus = max(max(nl), max(nr));
Z = R + j*X; y= ones(nbr,1)./Z;
%branch admittance
for n = 1:nbr
if a(n) <= 0 a(n) = 1; else end
Ybus=zeros(nbus,nbus);
% initialize Ybus to zero
% formation of the off diagonal elements
for k=1:nbr;
Ybus(nl(k),nr(k))=Ybus(nl(k),nr(k))-y(k)/a(k);
Ybus(nr(k),nl(k))=Ybus(nl(k),nr(k));
end
end
% formation of the diagonal elements
for n=1:nbus
for k=1:nbr
if nl(k)==n
Ybus(n,n) = Ybus(n,n)+y(k)/(a(k)^2) + Bc(k);
elseif nr(k)==n
Ybus(n,n) = Ybus(n,n)+y(k) +Bc(k);
else, end
end
end
clear Pgg
% Power flow solution by Gauss-Seidel method

Vm=0; delta=0; yload=0; deltad =0;
nbus = length(busdata(:,1));
for k=1:nbus
n=busdata(k,1);
kb(n)=busdata(k,2); Vm(n)=busdata(k,3); delta(n)=busdata(k, 4);
Pd(n)=busdata(k,5);
Qd(n)=busdata(k,6);
Pg(n)=busdata(k,7);
Qg(n)
busdata(k,8);
Qmin(n)=busdata(k, 9); Qmax(n)=busdata(k, 10);
Qsh(n)=busdata(k, 11);
if Vm(n) <= 0 Vm(n) = 1.0; V(n) = 1 + j*0;
else delta(n) = pi/180*delta(n);
V(n) = Vm(n)*(cos(delta(n)) + j*sin(delta(n)));
P(n)=(Pg(n)-Pd(n))/basemva;
Q(n)=(Qg(n)-Qd(n)+ Qsh(n))/basemva;
S(n) = P(n) + j*Q(n);
end
DV(n)=0;
end
num = 0; AcurBus = 0; converge = 1;
Vc = zeros(nbus,1)+j*zeros(nbus,1); Sc = zeros(nbus,1)+j*zeros(nbus,1);
while exist('accel')~=1
accel = 1.3;
end
while exist('accuracy')~=1
accuracy = 0.001;
EXPT.NO: 4
CYCLE-II
end
while exist('basemva')~=1
basemva= 100;
end
while exist('maxiter')~=1
maxiter = 100;
end
iter=0;
maxerror=10;
while maxerror >= accuracy & iter <= maxiter
iter=iter+1;
for n = 1:nbus;
YV = 0+j*0;
for L = 1:nbr;
if nl(L) == n, k=nr(L);
YV = YV + Ybus(n,k)*V(k);
elseif nr(L) == n, k=nl(L);
YV = YV + Ybus(n,k)*V(k);
end
end
Sc = conj(V(n))*(Ybus(n,n)*V(n) + YV) ;
Sc = conj(Sc);
DP(n) = P(n) - real(Sc);
DQ(n) = Q(n) - imag(Sc);
if kb(n) == 1
S(n) =Sc; P(n) = real(Sc); Q(n) = imag(Sc); DP(n) =0; DQ(n)=0;
Vc(n) = V(n);
elseif kb(n) == 2
Q(n) = imag(Sc); S(n) = P(n) + j*Q(n);
if Qmax(n) ~= 0
Qgc = Q(n)*basemva + Qd(n) - Qsh(n);
if abs(DQ(n)) <= .005 & iter >= 10 % After 10 iterations
if DV(n) <= 0.045
% the Mvar of generator buses
are
limits Vm(n)
0.005 pu
bring
the
end
if Qgc < Qmin(n),

Vm(n) = Vm(n) + 0.005;
% tested. If not within

% is changed in steps of
DV(n) = DV(n)+.005;
% up to .05
pu in order to
elseif Qgc > Qmax(n),
% the generator Mvar within
Vm(n) = Vm(n) - 0.005;

% specified limits.
DV(n)=DV(n)+.005; end
else, end
else,end
else,end
end
if kb(n) ~= 1
Vc(n) = (conj(S(n))/conj(V(n)) - YV )/ Ybus(n,n);
else, end
if kb(n) == 0
V(n) = V(n) + accel*(Vc(n)-V(n));
elseif kb(n) == 2
VcI = imag(Vc(n));
VcR = sqrt(Vm(n)^2 - VcI^2);
Vc(n) = VcR + j*VcI;
V(n) = V(n) + accel*(Vc(n) -V(n));
end
EXPT.NO: 4
CYCLE-II
maxerror=max( max(abs(real(DP))), max(abs(imag(DQ))) );

if iter == maxiter & maxerror > accuracy
fprintf('\nWARNING: Iterative solution did not converged after ')
fprintf('%g', iter), fprintf(' iterations.\n\n')
fprintf('Press Enter to terminate the iterations and print the results
\n')
converge = 0; pause, else, end
end
if converge ~= 1
tech= ('
ITERATIVE SOLUTION DID NOT CONVERGE'); else,
tech=('
Power Flow Solution by Gauss-Seidel Method');
end
k=0;
for n = 1:nbus
Vm(n) = abs(V(n)); deltad(n) = angle(V(n))*180/pi;
if kb(n) == 1
S(n)=P(n)+j*Q(n);
Pg(n) = P(n)*basemva + Pd(n);
Qg(n) = Q(n)*basemva + Qd(n) - Qsh(n);
k=k+1;
Pgg(k)=Pg(n);
elseif kb(n) ==2
k=k+1;
Pgg(k)=Pg(n);
S(n)=P(n)+j*Q(n);
Qg(n) = Q(n)*basemva + Qd(n) - Qsh(n);
end
yload(n) = (Pd(n)- j*Qd(n)+j*Qsh(n))/(basemva*Vm(n)^2);
end
Pgt = sum(Pg); Qgt = sum(Qg); Pdt = sum(Pd); Qdt = sum(Qd); Qsht = sum(Qsh);
busdata(:,3)=Vm'; busdata(:,4)=deltad';
clear AcurBus DP DQ DV L Sc Vc VcI VcR YV converge delta
% This program prints the power flow solution in a tabulated form on the screen.
%clc
disp(tech)
fprintf('
Maximum Power Mismatch = %g \n', maxerror)
fprintf('
No. of Iterations = %g \n\n', iter)
head =['
Bus
Voltage
Angle
------Load--------Generation--Injected'
'
No. Mag.
Degree
MW
Mvar
MW
Mvar
Mvar '
'
'];
disp(head)
for n=1:nbus
fprintf(' %5g', n), fprintf(' %7.3f', Vm(n)),
fprintf(' %8.3f', deltad(n)), fprintf(' %9.3f', Pd(n)),
fprintf(' %9.3f', Qd(n)), fprintf(' %9.3f', Pg(n)),
fprintf(' %9.3f ', Qg(n)), fprintf(' %8.3f\n', Qsh(n))
end
fprintf('
\n'), fprintf('
Total
')
fprintf(' %9.3f', Pdt), fprintf(' %9.3f', Qdt),
fprintf(' %9.3f', Pgt), fprintf(' %9.3f', Qgt), fprintf(' %9.3f\n\n',
Qsht)
EXPT.NO: 4
CYCLE-II
% This program is used in conjunction with lfgauss or lfnewton

% for the computation of line flow and line losses.
SLT = 0;
fprintf('\n')
fprintf('
fprintf('
--Line-Transformer\n')
fprintf('
from
to
tap\n')
Power
MW
Line Flow and Losses \n\n')

at bus & line flow
--Line
Mvar
MVA
MW
loss-Mvar
for n = 1:nbus
busprt = 0;
for L = 1:nbr;
if busprt == 0
fprintf('
\n'), fprintf('%6g', n), fprintf('
%9.3f',
P(n)*basemva)
fprintf('%9.3f', Q(n)*basemva), fprintf('%9.3f\n', abs(S(n)*basemva))
busprt = 1;
else, end
if nl(L)==n
k = nr(L);
In = (V(n) - a(L)*V(k))*y(L)/a(L)^2 + Bc(L)/a(L)^2*V(n);
Ik = (V(k) - V(n)/a(L))*y(L) + Bc(L)*V(k);
Snk = V(n)*conj(In)*basemva;
Skn = V(k)*conj(Ik)*basemva;
SL = Snk + Skn;
SLT = SLT + SL;
elseif nr(L)==n k = nl(L);
In = (V(n) - V(k)/a(L))*y(L) + Bc(L)*V(n);
Ik = (V(k) - a(L)*V(n))*y(L)/a(L)^2 + Bc(L)/a(L)^2*V(k);
Snk = V(n)*conj(In)*basemva;
Skn = V(k)*conj(Ik)*basemva;
SL = Snk + Skn;
SLT = SLT + SL;
else, end
if nl(L)==n | nr(L)==n
fprintf('%12g', k),
fprintf('%9.3f', real(Snk)), fprintf('%9.3f', imag(Snk))
fprintf('%9.3f', abs(Snk)),
fprintf('%9.3f', real(SL)),
if nl(L) ==n & a(L) ~= 1
fprintf('%9.3f', imag(SL)), fprintf('%9.3f\n', a(L))
else, fprintf('%9.3f\n', imag(SL))
end
else, end
end
end
SLT = SLT/2;
fprintf('
\n'), fprintf('
Total loss
fprintf('%9.3f', real(SLT)), fprintf('%9.3f\n', imag(SLT))
clear Ik In SL SLT Skn Snk
')
EXPT.NO: 4
CYCLE-II
Exercises:
1.
A power system network is shown in Figure. The generators at buses 1

and 2 are represented by their equivalent current sources with their
reactances in per unit on a 100-MVA base. The lines are represented by
model where series reactances and shunt reactances are also expressed in
per unit on a 100 MVA base. The loads at buses 3 and 4 are expressed in
MW and Mvar.
(a) Assuming a voltage magnitude of 1.0 per unit at buses 3 and 4, convert
the loads to per unit impedances. Convert network impedances to
admittances and obtain the bus admittance matrix by inspection.
(b) Use the function Y = ybus(zdata) to obtain the bus admittance matrix.
The function argument zdata is a matrix containing the line bus numbers,
resistance and reactance.
1
j0.25
j0.25
j0.2
-j4
- j4
j0.4
j0.1
j0.16
j0.2
-j4
S3
100 MW + j25 Mvar
- j4
S4
200 MW + j50 Mvar
EXPT.NO: 2
CYCLE-II
Transfer Function analysis of any given system upto 3rd Order using SIMULINK
Objective:
To analyse a given system using Simulink
Simulation Tools:
1. IBM PC- Compatible with MATLAB Software

2. Control System Toolbox
3. Simulink
Syntax:
Simulink is a software package that enables you to model, simulate, and
analyze systems whose outputs change over time. Such systems are often referred
to as dynamic systems. Simulink can be used to explore the behavior of a wide
range of real-world dynamic systems, including electrical circuits, shock
absorbers, braking systems, and many other electrical, mechanical, and
thermodynamic systems.
Simulating a dynamic system is a two-step process with Simulink. First,you
create a graphical model of the system to be simulated, using the Simulink model
editor. The model depicts the time-dependent mathematical relationships among the
systems inputs, states, and outputs. Then, you use Simulink to simulate the
behavior of the system over a specified time span. Simulink uses information that
you entered into the model to perform the simulation .
Simulink provides a library browser that allows you to select blocks from
libraries of standard blocks and a graphical editor that allows you to draw lines
connecting the blocks You can model virtually any real-world dynamic system by
selecting and interconnecting the appropriate Simulink blocks.
A Simulink block diagram is a pictorial model of a dynamic system. It
consists of a set of symbols, called blocks, interconnected by lines. Each block
represents an elementary dynamic system that produces an output either
continuously (a continuous block) or at specific points in time (a discrete block).
The lines represent connections of block inputs to block outputs. Every block in a
block diagram is an instance of a specific type of block. The type of the block
determines the relationship between a blocks outputs and its inputs, states, and
time. A block diagram can contain any number of instances of any type of block
needed to model a system.
EXPT.NO: 2
CYCLE-II
Simulation:
2. Enter SIMULINK in the command window.
3. Click on File menu and open new model window.
4. Double click on CONTINOUS and select transfer function block and drag the icon
to your model window.
5. Double click on SOURCES and select step input block and drag the icon to your
model window.
6. Double click on SINKS and select Scope block and drag the icon to your model
window.
7. Connect the blocks with the given block diagram.
8. Click on Simulation menu and click on simulation.
9. Copy the obtained plots by double clicking on scope icon.
10. Type EXIT at the command window to close the MATLAB.
Simulink model:
Waveforms:
EXPT.NO: 1
CYCLE-II
Plotting of Bode Plots, Root Locus and Nyquist plots for the Transfer
Functions of Systems up to 5th order using MATLAB.
Objective:
To plot Bode Plot, Root Locus and Nyquist plot for a given transfer
function using MATLAB
Simulation Tools:
1. IBM PC- Compatible with MATLAB Software

2. Control System Toolbox
Syntax:
The Control System Toolbox builds on the foundations of MATLAB to
provide functions designed for control engineering. The Control System Toolbox is
a collection of algorithms, written mostly as M-files, that implements common
control system design, analysis, and modeling techniques. Convenient graphical
user interfaces (GUI's) simplify typical control tasks.
Control systems can be modeled as transfer functions, in zero-pole-gain, or
state-space form, allowing you to use both classical and modern control techniques.
We can manipulate both continuous-time and discrete-time systems. Systems can be
single-input/single-output (SISO) or multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO). In
addition, we can store several LTI models in an array under a single variable name.
Conversions between various model representations are provided. Time responses,
frequency responses, and root loci can be computed and graphed. Other functions
allow pole placement, optimal control, and estimation. Finally, the Control System
Toolbox is open and extensible. We can create custom M-files to suit your
particular application.
Typically, control engineers begin by developing a mathematical description of the
dynamical system that they want to control. This to-be-controlled system is called a
plant. The Control System Toolbox contains LTI Viewer, a graphical user interface
(GUI) that simplifies the analysis of linear, time-invariant systems. The time
responses and pole/zero plots are available only for transfer function, state-space,
and zero/pole/gain models.
The Control System Toolbox provides a set of functions that provide the
basic time and frequency domain analysis plots used in control system engineering.
These functions apply to any kind of linear model (continuous or discrete, SISO or
MIMO, or arrays of models). Time responses investigate the time-domain transient
behavior of linear models for particular classes of inputs and disturbances. We can
EXPT.NO: 1
CYCLE-II
determine such system characteristics as rise time, settling time, overshoot, and
steady-state error from the time response. The Control System Toolbox provides
functions for step response, impulse response, initial condition response, and
general linear simulations.
In addition to time-domain analysis, the Control System Toolbox provides
functions for frequency-domain analysis using the following standard plots: Bode
plots, Nichols plots, Nyquist plots, and Singular value plots.
Simulation:
2. Enter the given transfer function in the command window by using the syntaxSYS= TF (NUM, DEN) where num is the matrix containing the elements of
numerator and den is the matrix containing the elements of denominator.
3. Enter the command: RLOCUS (NUM, DEN) to generate root locus of the given
transfer function.
4. Enter the command: BODE (NUM, DEN) to generate bode plot of the given
transfer function.
5. Enter the command: NYQUIST (NUM, DEN) to generate bode plot of the given
transfer function.
6. Copy the obtained plots
7. Type: EXIT at the command window to close the MATLAB.
Example: Obtain the Root locus of the given transfer function:
G(S).H(S)= 10/S^3+2S^2+5S+8)
Solution:
NUM=[K]
DEN=[1 2 5 8]
SYS=TF (NUM,DEN)
RLOCUS(SYS)
BODE(SYS)
NYQUIST(SYS)
EXPT.NO: 1
CYCLE-II
Plots Obtained:
Bode Diagrams
6
-20
-40
Phase (deg); Magnitude (dB)
Imag Axis
-2
-4
-6
-3
-60
0
-100
-200
-1
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
Real Axis
0.5
1.5
10
10

1.From Bode Plot:
Gain Margin: _______________
Phase Margin: _______________
Gain Crossover Frequency: _______________
Phase Crossover Frequency: _______________
2. From Nyquist Plot:
Gain Margin: _______________
Phase Margin: _______________
Gain Crossover Frequency: _______________
Phase Crossover Frequency: _______________
3. From RootLocus:
10
Frequency (rad/sec)
EXPT.NO: 1
CYCLE-II
Exercises:
01. Plot Bode Plot, Root Locus and Nyquist plot for the following transfer functions
1.
2.
B ( s ) 2 s 3 + 5 s 2 + 3s + 6
=
A( s ) s 3 + 6 s 2 + 11s + 6
B( s) s 2 + 2s + 3
=
A( s )
( s + 1) 3
4s 2 + 16 s + 12
3. F(s) =
s 4 + 12 s 3 + 44s 2 + 48s
10 ( s + 2) ( s + 4)
4. F (s) =
( s + 1) (s + 3) (s + 5) 2
5. G (s) =
K ( s + 2) 2
( s 2 + 4) (s + 5) 2
02. Consider the unity feedback control system with the following feed forward T.F
G (s) =
K
s ( s 2 + 4 s + 5)
Plot the root loci with MATLAB. Determine closed loop poles that have the
damping ratio of 0.5. Find the gain value K at this point
03. Consider a unity feed back control system with the following feed forward
transfer function
G (s) =
s+2
s + 9 s 2 + 8s
Plot a root locus diagram with MATLAB. Superimpose on the s-plane constant &
time and constant wn circles
EXPT.NO: 2
CYCLE-I
Pspice simulation of Single Phase full converter using RL & E Loads and
Single Phase AC Voltage Controller using RL & E Loads
Objective:
To simulate the transient response of a given RLC circuit using PSPICE

for Step, Pulse and sinusoidal inputs
Simulation Tools:
1. IBM PC- Compatible with PSPICE Software

2. Microsim Text Editor
3. Pspice Analog/ Digital Simulator
4. Microsim Probe Editor
Syntax:
Schematics:
EXPT.NO: 2
CYCLE-I
Simulation:
Single-Phase Full Converter:
1. Open the PSPICE Text Editor by clicking on MicroSimTextEdit.exe icon.
2. Enter the following program in the text editor
*SINGLE PHASE FULL CONVERTER
VS 10 0 SIN(0 169.7V 60HZ)
Vg1 6 2 PULSE (0V 10V 2777.8US 1NS 1NS 100US 16666.7US)
R 2 4 10
L 4 5 20MH
C 2 11 793UF
RX 11 3 0.1
VX 5 3 DC 10V
VY 10 1 DC 0V
*SUBCIRCUIT FOR AC THYRISTER MODEL
.SUBCKT SCR 1 2 3 2
S1 1 5 6 2 SMOD
RG 3 4 50
VX 4 2 DC 0V
VY 5 2 DC 0V
RT 2 6 1
CT 6 2 10UF
F1 2 6 POLY(2) VX VY 0 50 11
.MODEL SMOD VSWITCH(RON=0.01 ROFF=10E+5 VON=0.1V VOFF=0V)
.ENDS SCR
XT1 1 2 6 2 SCR
XT3 0 2 8 2 SCR
XT2 3 0 7 0 SCR
XT4 3 1 9 1 SCR
.TRAN 10US 35MS 16.67MS
.PROBE
.END
3. Save the file and open the Pspice Analog/ Digital Simulator by clicking on
PSpice A_D.exe icon.
4. Open the saved file from File menu and check whether Simulation is
successful or not.
5. If the Simulation is successful Click on File menu Examine Output and
check the Netlist.
6. For viewing the plots Click on File menu Run Probe and in Microsim
Probe Editor Click on Trace menu Add and add trace expressions to
be plotted.
EXPT.NO: 2
CYCLE-I
Single Phase AC Voltage Controller:

*SINGLE PHASE AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER
VS 1 0 SIN(0 169.7V 60HZ)
R 4 5 2.5
L 5 6 6.5MH
VX 6 0 DC 0V
*C 4 0 1245.94UF
CS 1 7 0.1UF
RS 7 4 750
*SUBCIRCUIT FOR AC THYRISTER MODEL
.SUBCKT SCR 1 2 3 2
S1 1 5 6 2 SMOD
RG 3 4 50
VX 4 2 DC 0V
VY 5 2 DC 0V
RT 2 6 1
CT 6 2 10UF
F1 2 6 POLY(2) VX VY 0 50 11
.MODEL SMOD VSWITCH(RON=0.01 ROFF=10E+5 VON=0.1V VOFF=0V)
.ENDS SCR
XT1 1 4 2 4 SCR
XT2 4 1 3 1 SCR
.TRAN 10US 33.33MS
.PROBE
.END
successful or not.
check the Netlist.
be plotted.
EXPT.NO: 2
Waveforms:
CYCLE-I
Department of Electrical & Electronics

Engineering
Class: IV/IV B.Tech
Branch: EEE
Semester: 1st
Laboratory: Simulation of Electrical Systems
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
CYCLE-I
1. Pspice Simulation of Transient Response of RLC Circuits
2. Pspice simulation of Single Phase full converter using RL & E Loads and single
phase AC Voltage Controller using RL & E Loads
3. Pspice Simulation of Resonant pulse commutation circuit and Buck Chopper
4. Pspice simulation of Single phase Inverter with PWM control
5. Pspice simulation of D.C Circuit for determining Thevenins equivalent
6. Transfer Function analysis of D.C. Circuit using PSPICE and Step Response of an
RLC circuit by parametric analysis using PSPICE.
CYCLE-II
1. Plotting of Bode Plots, Root Locus and Nyquist plots for the transfer functions of
Systems up to 5th order using MATLAB.
2. Transfer Function analysis of any given system up to 3rd Order using SIMULINK
3. Power Flow evaluation of Power System.
4. Short circuit studies using MATLAB
5. Stability analysis of Power Systems using MATLAB
6. Pspice simulation of OP-AMP based Integrator & Differentiator Circuits
EXPT.NO: 8
CYCLE-II
Pspice simulation of OP-AMP based Integrator & Differentiator Circuits

Objective:
To simulate the transient response of OP-AMP based Integrator &

Differentiator circuit using PSPICE.
Simulation Tools:

Syntax:
Schematics:
EXPT.NO: 8
CYCLE-II
Simulation:
For Integrator:
Example 10-2
Integrator Circuit
* The input voltage is represented by a piece-wise linear
waveform.
* To avoid convergence problems due to a rapid change of the
input
* voltage, the input voltage is assumed to have a finite slope.
VIN 1 0 PWL(0 0 1NS -1V 1MS -1V 1.0001MS 1V 2MS 1V
+ 2.0001MS -1V 3MS -1V 3.0001MS 1V 4MS 1V)
R1 1 2 2.5K
RF 2 4 1MEG
RX 3 0 2.5K
RL 4 0 100K
C1 2 4 0.1UF
* Calling subcircuit OPAMP
XA1 2 3 4 0 OPAMP
* Subcircuit definition for OPAMP
.SUBCKT OPAMP 1 2 7 4
RI 1 2 2.0E6
* Voltage-controlled current source with a gain of 0.1M
GB 4 3 1 2 0.1M
R1 3 4 10K
C1 3 4 1.5619UF
* Voltage-controlled voltage source with a gain of 2E+5
EA 4 5 3 4 2E+5
RO 5 7 75
* End of subcircuit OPAMP
.ENDS
* Transient analysis for 0 to 4 ms with 50 us increment
.TRAN 50US 4MS
*
Plot the results of transient analysis for the voltage at node
4
.PLOT TRAN V(4) V(1)
.PLOT AC VM(4) VP(4)
.PROBE
.END
successful or not.
check the Netlist.
be plotted.
For Differentiator:
EXPT.NO: 8
CYCLE-II

Example 10-3
Differentiator Circuit
*
The maximum number of points is changed to 410. The default
*
value is only 201.
.OPTIONS NOPAGE NOECHO LIMPTS=410
* Input voltage is a piece-wise linear waveform for transient
analysis.
VIN 1 0 PWL(0 0 1MS 1 2MS 0 3MS 1 4MS 0)
R1 1 2 100
RF 3 4 10K
RX 5 0 10K
RL 4 0 100K
C1 2 3 0.4UF
* Calling op-amp OPAMP
XA1 3 5 4 0 OPAMP
* Op-amp subcircuit definition
.SUBCKT OPAMP 1 2 7 4
RI 1 2 2.0E6
* Voltage-controlled current source with a gain of 0.1M
GB 4 3 1 2 0.1M
R1 3 4 10K
C1 3 4 1.5619UF
* Voltage-controlled voltage source with a gain of 2E+5
EA 4 5 3 4 2E+5
RO 5 7 75
* End of subcircuit OPAMP
.ENDS OPAMP
* Transient analysis for 0 to 4 ms with 50 s increment
.TRAN 10US 4MS
*
Plot the results of transient analysis 4
.PROBE
.END; End of circuit file
successful or not.
check the Netlist.
be plotted.
EXPT.NO: 8
Waveforms:
CYCLE-II
EXPT.NO: 8
CYCLE-I
Step Response of an RLC circuit by Parametric analysis using PSpice.

Objective:
To simulate the Step response of a given RLC circuit using PSPICE by

parametric analysis
Simulation Tools:

Syntax:
Schematics:
EXPT.NO: 8
CYCLE-I
Simulation:
* Step Response of RLC-circuit by Parametric Analysis
VIN 1
0
PWL (0 0 1NS 1V 1MS 1V) ; step input of 1 V
.PARAM
VAL = 1
; Defining parameter VAL
R
1
2
{VAL}
; Resistance with variable values
L
2
3
50UH
C
3
0
10UF
.STEP PARAM VAL LIST 1
2
8 ; Assigning STEP values
.TRAN
1US
400US
; Transient analysis
.PROBE
; Graphical waveform analyzer
.END
; End of circuit file
successful or not.
check the Netlist.
be plotted.
Waveforms:
EXPT.NO: 3
CYCLE-I
Pspice Simulation of Resonant pulse commutation circuit and Buck Chopper

Objective:

Simulation Tools:

Syntax:
Schematics:
Resonant Pulse Commutation Circuit:
Buck Chopper:
EXPT.NO: 3
CYCLE-I
Simulation:
Resonant Pulse Commutation Circuit:
*RESONANT PULSE CHOPPER
VS 1 0 DC 200V
Vg1 7 0 PULSE(0V 100V 0 1US 1US 0.4MS 1MS)
Vg2 8 0 PULSE(0V 100V 0.4MS 1US 1US 0.6MS 1MS)
Vg3 9 0 PULSE(0V 100V 0 1US 1US 0.2MS 1MS)
Rg1 7 0 10MEG
Rg2 8 0 10MEG
Rg3 9 0 10MEG
CS 11 11 0.1UF
RS 11 4 750
C 1 2 31.2UF IC = 200V
L 2 3 6.4UH
D1 4 1 DMOD
DM 0 4 DMOD
.MODEL DMOD D(IS=1E-25 BV=1800V)
RM 4 5 0.5
LM 5 6 5.0MH
VX 6 0 DC 0V
VY 1 10 DC 0V
XT1 10 4 7 0 DCSCR
XT2 3 4 8 0 DCSCR
XT3 1 3 9 0 DCSCR
.SUBCKT DCSCR 1 2 3 4
DT 5 2 DMOD
ST 1 5 3 4 SMOD
.MODEL DMOD D(IS=1E-25 BV=1000V)
.MODEL SMOD VSWITCH(RON=0.1 ROFF=10E+6 VON=10V VOFF=5V)
.ENDS DCSCR
.TRAN 0.5US 3MS 1.5MS 0.5US
.PROBE
.END
successful or not.
check the Netlist.
be plotted.
EXPT.NO: 3
CYCLE-I
Buck Chopper:
*BUCK CHOPPER
VS 1 0 DC 110V
VY 1 2 DC 0V
Vg 7 3 PULSE(0V 20V 0 0.1NS 0.1NS 27.28US 50US)
RB 7 6 250
LE 3 4 681.82UH
CE 4 0 8.33UF IC=60V
L 4 8 40.91UH
R 8 5 3
VX 5 0 DC 0V
DM 0 3 DMOD
.MODEL DMOD D(IS=2.2E-15 BV=1800V TT=0)
Q1 2 6 3 QMOD
.MODEL QMOD NPN(IS=6.734F BF=416.4 BR=0.7371 CJC=3.638P
+ CJE=4.493P TR=239.5N TF=301.2P)
.TRAN 1US 1.6MS 1.5MS 1US UIC
.PROBE
.END
successful or not.
check the Netlist.
be plotted.
Waveforms:
EXPT.NO: 3
CYCLE-I
EXPT.NO: 4
CYCLE-I
Pspice simulation of Single phase Inverter with PWM control

Objective:

Simulation Tools:

Syntax:
Schematics:
EXPT.NO: 4
CYCLE-I
Simulation:
*SINGLE PHASE INVETER WITH PWM CONTROL
VS 1 0 DC 100V
Vr 17 0 PULSE(50V 0V 0 833.33US 833.33US 1NS 16666.67US)
Rr 17 0 2MEG
Vc1 15 0 PULSE(0 -30V 0 1NS 1NS 8333.33US 16666.67US)
Rc1 15 0 2MEG
Vc3 16 0 PULSE(0 -30V 8333.3US 1NS 1NS 8333.33US 16666.67US)
Rc3 16 0 2MEG
R 4 5 2.5
L 5 6 10MH
VX 3 4 DC 0V
VY 1 2 DC 0V
D1 3 2 DMOD
D2 0 6 DMOD
D3 6 2 DMOD
D4 0 3 DMOD
.MODEL DMOD D (IS=2.2E-15 BV=1800V TT=0)
Q1 2 7 3 QMOD
Q2 6 9 0 QMOD
Q3 2 11 6 QMOD
Q4 3 13 0 QMOD
.MODEL QMOD NPN (IS=6.734F BF=416.4 CJC=3.638P CJE=4.493P)
Rg1 8 7 100
Rg2 10 9 100
Rg3 12 11 100
Rg4 14 13 100
XPW1 17 15 8 3 PWM
XPW2 17 15 10 0 PWM
XPW3 17 16 12 6 PWM
XPW4 17 16 14 0 PWM
.SUBCKT PWM 1 2 3 4
R1 1 5 1K
R2 2 5 1K
RIN 5 0 2MEG
RF 5 3 100K
RO 6 3 75
CO 3 4 10PF
E1 6 4 0 5 2E+5
.ENDS PWM
.TRAN 10US 16.67MS 0 10US
.PROBE
.options abstol = 1.00n reltol = 0.01 vntol = 0.1 ITL5 = 20000
.FOUR 60HZ V(3,6)
.END
successful or not.
EXPT.NO: 4
CYCLE-I

check the Netlist.
be plotted.
Waveforms:
EXPT.NO: 5
CYCLE-I
Pspice simulation of D.C Circuit for determining Thevenins equivalent

Objective:

parametric analysis
Simulation Tools:

Syntax:
Schematics:
EXPT.NO: 5
CYCLE-I
Simulation:
VIN 1
0
.PARAM
VAL = 1
R
1
2
{VAL}
L
2
3
50UH
C
3
0
10UF
2
.TRAN
1US
400US
.PROBE
.END
successful or not.
check the Netlist.
be plotted.
Waveforms:
EXPT.NO: 1
CYCLE-I
Pspice Simulation of Transient Response of RLC Circuit

Objective:

Simulation Tools:

Syntax:
Transient analysis can be performed by the .TRAN command, which has one of
the general forms
.TRAN
TSTEP TSTOP [TSTART TMAX] [UIC]
.TRAN[/OP]
TSTEP TSTOP [TSTART TMAX] [UIC]
TSTEP is the printing increment, TSTOP is the final time(or stop time), and TMAX is
the maximum size of internal time step. TMAX allows the user to control the internal
time step. TMAX can be smaller or larger than the printing time, TSTEP. The default
value of TMAX is TSTOP/50.
The transient analysis always starts at time = 0.However, it is possible to suppress
the printing of the output for a time of TSTART. TSTART is the initial time at which the
transient response is printed. Pspice analyses the circuit from t=0 to TSTART, but it does
not print or store the output variables. Although Pspice computes the results with an
internal time step, the results are generated by interpolation for a printing step of TSTEP.
In transient analysis, only the node voltages of the transient analysis bias point are
printed. However the .TRAN command can control the output for the transient response
bias point. An .OP command with a .TRAN command namely, .TRAN/OP, will print the
small-signal parameters during transient analysis.
If UIC is not specified as an option at the end of the .TRAN statement, Pspice
calculates the transient analysis bias point before the beginning of transient analysis.
Pspice uses the initial values specified with the .IC command.
The General form of Pulse source is PULSE (-VS +VS TD TR TF PW PER)
where VS is Initial Voltage, +VS is Pulsed voltage, TD is Delay time and TR is Rise
time, TF is Fall time, PW is Pulse Width and PER is Period. -VS and +VS must be
specified by the user and can be either voltages or currents. TSTEP and TSTOP are the
incrementing time and stop time, respectively during transient (.TRAN) analysis.
The General form of Sinusoidal source is SIN (VO VA FREQ TD ALP THETA)
where VO is Offset voltage, VA is Peak voltage, FREQ is Frequency, TD is Delay time,
ALPHA is Damping Factor and THETA is Phase Delay. VO and VA must be specified
by the user and can be either voltages or currents. TSTOP is the stop time during
transient (.TRAN) analysis. The waveform stays at 0 for a time of TD, and then the
voltage becomes an exponentially damped sine wave.
EXPT.NO: 1
CYCLE-I
The General form of Piecewise Linear Source is PWL (T1 V1 T2 V2 . TN VN)

where (T1, V1) ,(T2, V2).(TN, VN) are the points in a waveform. The voltage at times
between the intermediate points is determined by using linear interpolation.
Schematics:
For Pulse Input:
For Step Input:
For Sinusoidal Input:
EXPT.NO: 1
CYCLE-I
Simulation:
For Pulse Input:
*PULSE RESPONSE OF AN RLC CIRCUIT
VIN 7 0 PULSE(-220V 220V 0 1NS 1NS 100US 200US);Pulse Input
R1 7 5 2
;Resistance
L1 5 3 50UH
; Inductor
C1 3 0 10UF
; Capacitor
.TRAN 1US 400US
;Command for Transient Analysis
.PROBE
;Graphical waveform analyzer
.END
;End of circuit file
successful or not.
check the Netlist.
be plotted.
For Step Input:
* Step-Response of Series RLC-Circuits
VI1
1
0
PWL (0 0 1NS 1V 1MS 1V) ; step of 1 V
VI2
4
0
VI3
7
0
R1
1
2
2
L1
2
3
50UH
C1
3
0
10UF
R2
4
5
1
L2
5
6
50UH
C2
6
0
10UF
R3
7
8
8
L3
8
9
50UH
C3
9
0
10UF
.TRAN
1US
400US
.PLOT
TRAN V(3) V(6) V(9) ; Plots on the output file
.PROBE
.END
EXPT.NO: 1
CYCLE-I
successful or not.
check the Netlist.
be plotted.
For Sinusoidal Input:
*An RLC-circuit with a sinusoidal input voltage
* SIN (VO
VA
FREQ)
; Simple sinusoidal source
VIN 7
0
SIN (0
10V
5KHZ) ; sinusoidal input voltage
R1
7
5
2
L1
5
3
50UH
C1
3
0
10UF
.TRAN
1US
500US
; Plots on the output file
.PROBE
.END
successful or not.
check the Netlist.
be plotted.
EXPT.NO: 1
Waveforms:
CYCLE-I
EXPT.NO: 6
CYCLE-I
Transfer Function analysis of D.C. Circuit using PSpice.

Objective:

parametric analysis
Simulation Tools:

Syntax:
Schematics:
EXPT.NO: 6
CYCLE-I
Simulation:
VIN 1
0
.PARAM
VAL = 1
R
1
2
{VAL}
L
2
3
50UH
C
3
0
10UF
2
.TRAN
1US
400US
.PROBE
.END
successful or not.
check the Netlist.
be plotted.
Waveforms:
CYCLE-I
1. Pspice Simulation of Transient Response of RLC Circuits
2. Pspice simulation of Single Phase full converter using RL & E Loads and
single phase AC Voltage Controller using RL & E Loads
3. Pspice Simulation of Resonant pulse commutation circuit and Buck Chopper

4. Pspice simulation of Single phase Inverter with PWM control
5. Pspice simulation of D.C Circuit for determining Thevenins equivalent
6. Transfer Function analysis of D.C. Circuit using PSPICE and Step Response
of an RLC circuit by parametric analysis using PSPICE.
CYCLE-II
1. Plotting of Bode Plots, Root Locus and Nyquist plots for the transfer functions
of Systems up to 5th order using MATLAB.
2. Transfer Function analysis of any given system up to 3rd Order using
SIMULINK
3. Power Flow evaluation of Power System.
4. Short circuit studies using MATLAB
5. Stability analysis of Power Systems using MATLAB
6. Pspice simulation of OP-AMP based Integrator & Differentiator Circuits

Simulation Lab Full Manual

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EXPT.

Short circuit studies with MATLAB.

IBM PC- Compatible with MATLAB Software, power

Enter Faulted Bus No. -> 3

Line currents for fault at bus No.

-----Line Current Magnitude---Phase a

Line currents for fault at bus No.

-----Line Current Magnitude---Phase a

Line currents for fault at bus No.

Results & Conclusions:

-----Line Current Magnitude---Phase a

Power Flow solution of Power System.

IBM PC- Compatible with MATLAB Software

accuracy = 0.001; accel = 1.8; maxiter = 100;

SYSTEM (American Electric Power)

MW Mvar Qmin Qmax

% form the bus admittance

Maximum Power Mismatch = 0.000951884

Line Flow and Losses

Power at bus & line flow

Power Flow Solution by Newton-Raphson Method

Line Flow and Losses

Power at bus & line flow

Results & Conclusions:

% Power flow solution by Gauss-Seidel method

if Qgc < Qmin(n),

% tested. If not within

elseif Qgc > Qmax(n),

% the generator Mvar within

Vm(n) = Vm(n) - 0.005;

maxerror=max( max(abs(real(DP))), max(abs(imag(DQ))) );

% This program is used in conjunction with lfgauss or lfnewton

Line Flow and Losses \n\n')

A power system network is shown in Figure. The generators at buses 1

100 MW + j25 Mvar

200 MW + j50 Mvar

To analyse a given system using Simulink

1. IBM PC- Compatible with MATLAB Software

Results & Conclusions:

1. IBM PC- Compatible with MATLAB Software

Results & Conclusions:

To simulate the transient response of a given RLC circuit using PSPICE

1. IBM PC- Compatible with PSPICE Software

Single Phase AC Voltage Controller:

Results & Conclusions:

Department of Electrical & Electronics

Laboratory: Simulation of Electrical Systems

Pspice simulation of OP-AMP based Integrator & Differentiator Circuits

To simulate the transient response of OP-AMP based Integrator &

1. IBM PC- Compatible with PSPICE Software

1. Open the PSPICE Text Editor by clicking on MicroSimTextEdit.exe icon.

Results & Conclusions:

Step Response of an RLC circuit by Parametric analysis using PSpice.

To simulate the Step response of a given RLC circuit using PSPICE by

1. IBM PC- Compatible with PSPICE Software

Results & Conclusions:

Pspice Simulation of Resonant pulse commutation circuit and Buck Chopper

To simulate the transient response of a given RLC circuit using PSPICE

1. IBM PC- Compatible with PSPICE Software

Results & Conclusions:

Pspice simulation of Single phase Inverter with PWM control

To simulate the transient response of a given RLC circuit using PSPICE

1. IBM PC- Compatible with PSPICE Software

5. If the Simulation is successful Click on File menu Examine Output and