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Ch-30: PREDETERMINED

TIME SYSTEMS

Methods Analysis and Time:

General Assumption in Industry: Time/unit = cte
MTM & WF, levels of detail gives trade off between
analysis detail vs analysis time

Methods for
Time Measurement
Work Factor:

Basic Concepts
MTM-1 Reach
Move, Turn, Grasp, Apply
Pressure, Position
MTM-2 & MTM-3

Basic Concepts, Associated Factors:

Detailed Work, Detailed Mento, Ready
Work, WOCOM

Methods Analysis and Time:

Frank & Lilian Gilbreth broke work into 17 Microelements or Therbligs: (see Table 30.1)
Example: They improved bricklaying by 300%
a > 2000 years practice !!
Technique for PTS:
Step 1) Determine an Efficient Work Method
Therbligs breakdown work into elements
Step 2) Determine (assign) a Time/unit to each element
How:

Determine the total time for a Task. Time for

each element are totaled

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Methods Analysis and Time:

Concept:

How would you build your own house?

Industry: Each job is independent and additive, Or,

Each element does not affect what happens before or
after it: Independence & Additivity. NOT true in
general, and here is where PTS comes in
Idea: Develop a System of Universal Units of Work
with Standard Units of work with standard amounts of
Time: Methods Time Measurements and Work
Factor
Methods Time Measurement:
Most widely used PTS

Methods Analysis and Time:

Reference: Karger, D. & Bayha, F. Engineer Work
Measurement, 4th edition. New York, Ind. Press 1987.

MTM-1 = Basic MTM:

MTM-2 = Basic MTM
MTM-3 = Basic MTM

2 Simplified Systems

MTM-1
Motions are broken into 10 categories
Units: Time Measurement Unit = 1 TMU
1 sec = 27.78 TMU
1 min = 1,667 TMU
1 hr = 100,000 TMU

No Allowances

Methods Analysis and Time:

Q: M What is the learning Curve (see Ch-29) ?,
i.e., How many cycles of practice are needed ?
A: Not clear yet: 82%, 74%, 71%, 108%, etc
REACH:
(see Table 30.2)
Measured with empty hand, or finger. Five Cases:
1) Reach Object in Fixed location, or to object in other
hand or on which other hand rests.
2) Reach to single object in location, which may vary
slightly from cycle to cycle.

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Methods Analysis and Time:

REACH (cont):
3) Reach to object that jumbled with other objects in a
group so that search and select occur
4) Reach a very small object or where accurate grasp is
required.
5) Reach to indefinite location to get hand in position
for body balance or next motion or out of way.

Methods Analysis and Time:

Distances: Motion path of hand knuckle or finger tip.
Body assistance (shoulder movement or
pivoting) not included.
Interpolation is suggested: R15A = <R14A:R15A>
Acceleration & Deceleration:
Hands could be in motion at the beginning and end of
the cycle. Then Acc. & Decel. can be omitted. Double
this decrease is subtracted (Hand in Motion Table 30.2)
MOVE:
Hand is usually holding something (or pushing and
dragging an object. Three cases are considered (nature
of their destination).
See Table 30.3

Methods Analysis and Time:

Movements can be refined to consider the effect of
acceleration or Dec., or both. Also considered as a
refinement for Object weight resistance to movement.
MTM: Both Moves and Reach are influenced by
motions preceding or following them
Nomenclature:
Accel. - Decel. If omitted we use m: mM6B or M6Bm
Weight: Included up to 2.5 lb/hand
If two hand used, and object is 5lb, no extra
time is allocated.

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Methods Analysis and Time:

Sliding: Takes the Object Weight
(wood-wood = wood-metal = 0.4 metal-metal = 0.3)
Example:
(T-30.3)

M6B = 8.9 a 5lb weight object

M6B5 = 8.9 1.06 + 2.2 = 11.8
Dynamic Factor

Static Constant

Weight of Additional Components:

To gain control through dynamic component
for extra Travel Time.

Methods Analysis and Time:

TURN:
(see Table 30.5)
Considers the rotation of the hand, wrist and forearm
about long axis of forearm:
Time = f(,weight, resistance to )
APPLY PRESSURE:
(see Table 30.6)
Is the application of force without resultant move:
APA = Basic element
APB = APA + Regrasp
Grasp
Position
Skill Motions
Disengage
Time Reducers
Release

Methods Analysis and Time:

GRASP:
To gain Control of an object or Objects (followed by a
move). Considers 5 Types:
(see Table 30.7)
Type 1: Pick-up Grasp: Follows an A or B reach
Type 2: Regrasp: Performed during a move: limited-out
Type 3: Transfer Grasp: Control from 1 hand to the other
Type 4: Jumbled Grasp: Follows a C reach
Type 5: Contact, sliding or hook Grasp:
Between a Reach and a Move.

POSITION:
(see Table 30.8)
Collection of minor hand movements (less than 1 inch)
for aligning, orienting, engaging 1 object with another.

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Methods Analysis and Time:

Align: Orient longitudinal axes of the two items.
Orient: Rotation about long axis to align mating
features (key in a lock, for example).
Engaging: Move along longitudinal axis to mate the
parts.
Disengage: Complement of the engage portion position
Assumption: Alignement & Orientation are
already done:
t=0
Position Times:
(see Table 30.8)
They are a function of:
Pressure to Fit, Object Symmetry, Ease of Handling

Methods Analysis and Time:

3 Classes of Fit:

(see Table 30.8)

1) Loose: Gravity will do it, code = 1

2) Close: Light pressure needed (1 APA), code = 2
3) Exact: Heavy pressure needed (3APA+G2), code=3
3 Classes of Symmetry:

(see Table 30.8)

1) Symmetrical (Code = S): No matter the orientation

no rotation is needed for assembly (peg in round hole)
2) Non-Symmetrical (Code = NS): There is one and
only one orientation in which the parts will mate.
3) Semisymmetrical: Any position that is not S or NS
(A turn of 45 for example)