BigBangTheoryThePremise

TheBigBangtheoryisanefforttoexplainwhathappenedattheverybeginningofouruniverse.Discoveriesin
astronomyandphysicshaveshownbeyondareasonabledoubtthatouruniversedidinfacthaveabeginning.
Priortothatmomenttherewasnothing;duringandafterthatmomenttherewassomething:ouruniverse.The
bigbangtheoryisanefforttoexplainwhathappenedduringandafterthatmoment.
Accordingtothestandardtheory,ouruniversesprangintoexistenceas"singularity"around13.7billionyears
ago.Whatisa"singularity"andwheredoesitcomefrom?Well,tobehonest,wedon'tknowforsure.
Singularitiesarezoneswhichdefyourcurrentunderstandingofphysics.Theyarethoughttoexistatthecoreof
"blackholes."Blackholesareareasofintensegravitationalpressure.Thepressureisthoughttobesointense
thatfinitematterisactuallysquishedintoinfinitedensity(amathematicalconceptwhichtrulybogglesthemind).
Thesezonesofinfinitedensityarecalled"singularities."Ouruniverseisthoughttohavebegunasan
infinitesimallysmall,infinitelyhot,infinitelydense,somethingasingularity.Wherediditcomefrom?Wedon't
know.Whydiditappear?Wedon'tknow.
Afteritsinitialappearance,itapparentlyinflated(the"BigBang"),expandedandcooled,goingfromvery,very
smallandvery,veryhot,tothesizeandtemperatureofourcurrentuniverse.Itcontinuestoexpandandcoolto
thisdayandweareinsideofit:incrediblecreatureslivingonauniqueplanet,circlingabeautifulstarclustered
togetherwithseveralhundredbillionotherstarsinagalaxysoaringthroughthecosmos,allofwhichisinsideof
anexpandinguniversethatbeganasaninfinitesimalsingularitywhichappearedoutofnowhereforreasons
unknown.ThisistheBigBangtheory.
BigBangTheoryCommonMisconceptions
TherearemanymisconceptionssurroundingtheBigBangtheory.Forexample,wetendtoimagineagiant
explosion.Expertshoweversaythattherewasnoexplosion;therewas(andcontinuestobe)anexpansion.
Ratherthanimaginingaballoonpoppingandreleasingitscontents,imagineaballoonexpanding:an
infinitesimallysmallballoonexpandingtothesizeofourcurrentuniverse.
Anothermisconceptionisthatwetendtoimagethesingularityasalittlefireballappearingsomewhereinspace.
Accordingtothemanyexpertshowever,spacedidn'texistpriortotheBigBang.Backinthelate'60sandearly
'70s,whenmenfirstwalkeduponthemoon,"threeBritishastrophysicists,StevenHawking,GeorgeEllis,and
RogerPenroseturnedtheirattentiontotheTheoryofRelativityanditsimplicationsregardingournotionsoftime.
In1968and1970,theypublishedpapersinwhichtheyextendedEinstein'sTheoryofGeneralRelativityto
includemeasurementsoftimeandspace.1,2Accordingtotheircalculations,timeandspacehadafinite
beginningthatcorrespondedtotheoriginofmatterandenergy."3Thesingularitydidn'tappearinspace;rather,
spacebeganinsideofthesingularity.Priortothesingularity,nothingexisted,notspace,time,matter,orenergy
nothing.Sowhereandinwhatdidthesingularityappearifnotinspace?Wedon'tknow.Wedon'tknowwhereit
camefrom,whyit'shere,orevenwhereitis.Allwereallyknowisthatweareinsideofitandatonetimeitdidn't
existandneitherdidwe.
BigBangTheoryEvidencefortheTheory
WhatarethemajorevidenceswhichsupporttheBigBangtheory?
Firstofall,wearereasonablycertainthattheuniversehadabeginning.
Second,galaxiesappeartobemovingawayfromusatspeedsproportionaltotheirdistance.Thisiscalled
"Hubble'sLaw,"namedafterEdwinHubble(18891953)whodiscoveredthisphenomenonin1929.This
observationsupportstheexpansionoftheuniverseandsuggeststhattheuniversewasoncecompacted.
Third,iftheuniversewasinitiallyvery,veryhotastheBigBangsuggests,weshouldbeabletofindsome
remnantofthisheat.In1965,RadioastronomersArnoPenziasandRobertWilsondiscovereda2.725degree

Kelvin(454.765degreeFahrenheit,270.425degreeCelsius)CosmicMicrowaveBackgroundradiation(CMB)
whichpervadestheobservableuniverse.Thisisthoughttobetheremnantwhichscientistswerelookingfor.
PenziasandWilsonsharedinthe1978NobelPrizeforPhysicsfortheirdiscovery.
Finally,theabundanceofthe"lightelements"HydrogenandHeliumfoundintheobservableuniversearethought
tosupporttheBigBangmodeloforigins.
BigBangTheoryTheOnlyPlausibleTheory?
IsthestandardBigBangtheorytheonlymodelconsistentwiththeseevidences?No,it'sjustthemostpopular
one.InternationallyrenownAstrophysicistGeorgeF.R.Ellisexplains:"Peopleneedtobeawarethatthereisa
rangeofmodelsthatcouldexplaintheobservations.Forinstance,Icanconstructyouasphericallysymmetrical
universewithEarthatitscenter,andyoucannotdisproveitbasedonobservations.Youcanonlyexcludeiton
philosophicalgrounds.Inmyviewthereisabsolutelynothingwronginthat.WhatIwanttobringintotheopenis
thefactthatweareusingphilosophicalcriteriainchoosingourmodels.Alotofcosmologytriestohidethat."4
In2003,PhysicistRobertGentryproposedanattractivealternativetothestandardtheory,analternativewhich
alsoaccountsfortheevidenceslistedabove.5Dr.GentryclaimsthatthestandardBigBangmodelisfounded
uponafaultyparadigm(theFriedmannlemaitreexpandingspacetimeparadigm)whichheclaimsisinconsistent
withtheempiricaldata.HechoosesinsteadtobasehismodelonEinstein'sstaticspacetimeparadigmwhichhe
claimsisthe"genuinecosmicRosetta."Gentryhaspublishedseveralpapersoutliningwhatheconsiderstobe
seriousflawsinthestandardBigBangmodel.6OtherhighprofiledissentersincludeNobellaureateDr.Hannes
Alfvn,ProfessorGeoffreyBurbidge,Dr.HaltonArp,andtherenownedBritishastronomerSirFredHoyle,whois
accreditedwithfirstcoiningtheterm"theBigBang"duringaBBCradiobroadcastin1950.
BigBangTheoryWhatAboutGod?
AnydiscussionoftheBigBangtheorywouldbeincompletewithoutaskingthequestion,whataboutGod?Thisis
becausecosmogony(thestudyoftheoriginoftheuniverse)isanareawherescienceandtheologymeet.
Creationwasasupernaturalevent.Thatis,ittookplaceoutsideofthenaturalrealm.Thisfactbegsthequestion:
isthereanythingelsewhichexistsoutsideofthenaturalrealm?Specifically,isthereamasterArchitectoutthere?
Weknowthatthisuniversehadabeginning.WasGodthe"FirstCause"?Wewon'tattempttoanswerthat
questioninthisshortarticle.Wejustaskthequestion:DoesGodExist?

Incosmology,theSteadyStatetheoryisanalternativetotheBigBangmodeloftheevolutionoftheuniverse.In
thesteadystatetheory,thedensityofmatterintheexpandinguniverseremainsunchangedduetoacontinuous
creationofmatter,thusadheringtotheperfectcosmologicalprinciple,aprinciplethatassertsthattheobservable
universeisbasicallythesameatanytimeaswellasatanyplace.
Whilethesteadystatemodelenjoyedsomepopularityinthemid20thcentury,itisnowrejectedbythevast
majorityofcosmologists,astrophysicistsandastronomers,astheobservationalevidencepointstoahotBigBang
cosmologywithafiniteageoftheuniverse,whichtheSteadyStatemodeldoesnotpredict.[1][2]
History
CosmologicalexpansionwasoriginallydiscoveredthroughobservationsbyEdwinHubble.Theoreticalcalculations
alsoshowedthatthestaticuniverseasmodeledbyEinstein(1917)wasunstableandcontradictedgeneralrelativity.
ThemodernBigBangtheoryisoneinwhichtheuniversehasafiniteageandhasevolvedovertimethrough
cooling,expansion,andtheformationofstructuresthroughgravitationalcollapse.
Thesteadystatetheoryassertsthatalthoughtheuniverseisexpanding,itneverthelessdoesnotchangeits
appearanceovertime(theperfectcosmologicalprinciple);theuniversehasnobeginningandnoend.Thisrequires
thatmatterbecontinuallycreatedinordertokeeptheuniverse'sdensityfromdecreasing.Influentialpaperson

steadystatecosmologieswerepublishedbyHermannBondi,ThomasGold,andFredHoylein1948.[3][4]
ItisnowknownthatAlbertEinsteinconsideredasteadystatemodeloftheexpandinguniverse,asindicatedina
1931manuscript,manyyearsbeforeHoyle,BondiandGold.However,hequicklyabandonedtheidea.[5]
SteadyStateTheory:
Thesteadystatetheoryisaviewthattheuniverseisalwaysexpandingbutmaintainingaconstantaverage
density,matterbeingcontinuouslycreatedtoformnewstarsandgalaxiesatthesameratethatoldonesbecome
unobservableasaconsequenceoftheirincreasingdistanceandvelocityofrecession.Asteadystateuniversehas
nobeginningorendintime;andfromanypointwithinittheviewonthegrandscalei.e.,theaveragedensityand
arrangementofgalaxiesisthesame.Galaxiesofallpossibleagesareintermingled.
ThetheorywasfirstputforwardbySirJamesJeansinabout1920andagaininrevisedformin1948byHermann
BondiandThomasGold.ItwasfurtherdevelopedbySirFredHoyletodealwithproblemsthathadarisenin
connectionwiththealternativebigbanghypothesis.Observationssincethe1950shaveproducedmuchevidence
contradictorytothesteadystatepictureandsupportiveofthebigbangmodel

PASCUAL, AIYARA MEI C.

PASCUAL, AIYARA MEI C.

PASCUAL, AIYARA MEI C.

PASCUAL, AIYARA MEI C.

PASCUAL, AIYARA MEI C.

PASCUAL, AIYARA MEI C.

PASCUAL, AIYARA MEI C.

PASCUAL, AIYARA MEI C.

PASCUAL, AIYARA MEI C.

PASCUAL, AIYARA MEI C.

STEM A

STEM A

STEM A

STEM A

STEM A

STEM A

STEM A

STEM A

STEM A

STEM A