Newspaper

FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Anewspaperisaserialpublication[1][2][3]containingnews,
otherinformativearticles(listedbelow),andadvertising.A
newspaperisusuallybutnotexclusivelyprintedon
relativelyinexpensive,lowgradepapersuchasnewsprint.
Thenewsorganizationsthatpublishnewspapersare
themselvesoftenmetonymicallycallednewspapers.Most
newspapersarenowpublishedonlineaswellasinprint.
Theonlineversionsarecalledonlinenewspapersornews
sites.
Newspapersaretypicallypublisheddailyorweekly.News
magazinesarealsoweekly,buttheyhaveamagazine
format.
Generalinterestnewspaperstypicallypublishnewsarticles
andfeaturearticlesonnationalandinternationalnewsas
wellaslocalnews.Thenewsincludespoliticaleventsand
personalities,businessandfinance,crime,severeweather,
andnaturaldisastershealthandmedicine,science,and
technologysportsandentertainment,society,foodand
cooking,clothingandhomefashion,andthearts.Typically
FrontpageofTheNewYorkTimesonArmistice
thepaperisdividedintosectionsforeachofthosemajor
Day,11November1918.
groupings(labeledA,B,C,andsoon,withpagination
prefixesyieldingpagenumbersA1A20,B1B20,C1C20,
andsoon).Mosttraditionalpapersalsofeatureaneditorialpagecontainingeditorialswrittenbyaneditor,op
edswrittenbyguestwriters,andcolumnsthatexpressthepersonalopinionsofcolumnists,usuallyoffering
analysisandsynthesisthatattemptstotranslatetherawdataofthenewsintoinformationtellingthereader
"whatitallmeans"andpersuadingthemtoconcur.
Awidevarietyofmaterialhasbeenpublishedinnewspapers.Besidestheaforementionednewsandopinions,
theyincludeweatherforecastscriticismandreviewsofthearts(includingliterature,film,television,theater,
finearts,andarchitecture)andoflocalservicessuchasrestaurantsobituariesentertainmentfeaturessuchas
crosswords,horoscopes,editorialcartoons,gagcartoons,andcomicstripsadvice,food,andothercolumns
andradioandtelevisionlistings(programschedules).
Mostnewspapersarebusinesses,andtheypaytheirexpenses(suchasjournalists'wages,printingcosts,and
distributioncosts)withamixtureofsubscriptionrevenue,newsstandsales,andadvertisingrevenue(other
businessesorindividualspaytoplaceadvertisementsinthepages,includingdisplayads,classifiedads,and
theironlineequivalents).Somenewspapersaregovernmentrunoratleastgovernmentfundedtheirrelianceon
advertisingrevenueandonprofitabilityislesscriticaltotheirsurvival.Theeditorialindependenceofa
newspaperisthusalwayssubjecttotheinterestsofsomeone,whetherowners,advertisers,oragovernment.
Somenewspaperswithhigheditorialindependence,highjournalismquality,andlargecirculationareviewedas
newspapersofrecord.
Manynewspapers,besidesemployingjournalistsontheirownpayrolls,alsosubscribetonewsagencies(wire
services)(suchastheAssociatedPress,Reuters,orAgenceFrancePresse),whichemployjournaliststofind,
assemble,andreportthenews,thensellthecontenttothevariousnewspapers.Thisisawaytoavoid
duplicatingtheexpenseofreporting.

Circa2005,therewereapproximately6,580dailynewspapertitlesintheworldselling395millionprintcopies
aday(intheU.S.,1,450titlesselling55millioncopies).[4]Thelate2000searly2010sglobalrecession,
combinedwiththerapidgrowthoffreewebbasedalternatives,hashelpedcauseadeclineinadvertisingand
circulation,asmanypapershadtoretrenchoperationstoincreaseprofitability.[5]Thedeclineinadvertising
revenuesaffectedboththeprintandonlinemediaaswellasallothermediumsprintadvertisingwasonce
lucrativebuthasgreatlydeclined,andthepricesofonlineadvertisingareoftenlowerthanthoseoftheirprint
precursors.Besidesremodelingadvertising,theinternet(especiallytheweb)hasalsochallengedthebusiness
modelsoftheprintonlyerabydemocratizingandcrowdsourcingbothpublishingingeneral(sharing
informationwithothers)and,morespecifically,journalism(theworkoffinding,assembling,andreportingthe
news).Inaddition,theriseofnewsaggregators,whichbundlelinkedarticlesfrommanyonlinenewspapersand
othersources,influencestheflowofwebtraffic.Increasingpaywallingofonlinenewspapersmaybe
counteractingthoseeffects.

Contents
1 Definition
2 History
2.1 Gazettesandbulletins
2.2 Newspapers
2.2.1 Europe
2.2.2 Americas
2.2.3 Asia
2.2.4 MiddleEast
2.3 IndustrialRevolution
3 Categories
3.1 Frequency
3.1.1 Daily
3.1.2 Weeklyandother
3.2 Geographicalscopeanddistribution
3.2.1 Localorregional
3.2.2 National
3.3 Subjectmatter
3.4 Technology
3.4.1 Print
3.4.2 Online
3.4.3 Custom
4 Organizationandpersonnel
5 Zonedandothereditions
6 Format
7 Circulationandreadership
8 Advertising
9 Journalism
10 ImpactoftelevisionandInternet
11 Seealso
12 Footnotes
13 Furtherreading
14 Externallinks
14.1 Newspaperarchives

Definition
Anewspapertypicallymeetsfourcriteria:[6][7]

Publicity:Itscontentsarereasonablyaccessibletothepublic.
Periodicity:Itispublishedatregularintervals.
Currency:Itsinformationisasuptodateasitspublicationscheduleallows.
Universality:Itcoversarangeoftopics.

History
Gazettesandbulletins
InAncientRome,ActaDiurna,orgovernmentannouncementbulletins,wereproduced.Theywerecarvedin
metalorstoneandpostedinpublicplaces.
InChina,earlygovernmentproducednewssheets,calledDibao,circulatedamongcourtofficialsduringthe
lateHandynasty(secondandthirdcenturiesAD).Between713and734,theKaiyuanZaBao("Bulletinofthe
Court")oftheChineseTangDynastypublishedgovernmentnewsitwashandwrittenonsilkandreadby
governmentofficials.In1582,therewasthefirstreferencetoprivatelypublishednewssheetsinBeijing,during
thelateMingDynasty.[8]
InEarlymodernEuropetheincreasedcrossborderinteractioncreatedarisingneedforinformationwhichwas
metbyconcisehandwrittennewssheets,calledavvisi.In1556,thegovernmentofVenicefirstpublishedthe
monthlyNotiziescritte,whichcostonegazetta,asmallcoin.[9]Theseavvisiwerehandwrittennewslettersand
usedtoconveypolitical,military,andeconomicnewsquicklyandefficientlytoItaliancities(15001700)
sharingsomecharacteristicsofnewspapersthoughusuallynotconsideredtruenewspapers.[10]
However,noneofthesepublicationsfullymettheclassicalcriteriaforpropernewspapers,astheywere
typicallynotintendedforthegeneralpublicandrestrictedtoacertainrangeoftopics.

Newspapers
Europe
Theemergenceofthenewmediainthe17thcenturyhastobeseenin
closeconnectionwiththespreadoftheprintingpressfromwhichthe
publishingpressderivesitsname.[11]
TheGermanlanguageRelationallerFrnemmenundgedenckwrdigen
Historien,printedfrom1605onwardsbyJohannCarolusinStrasbourg,
isoftenrecognizedasthefirstnewspaper.[12][13]Atthetime,Strasbourg
wasafreeimperialcityintheHolyRomanEmpireoftheGerman
NationthefirstnewspaperofmodernGermanywastheAvisa,
publishedin1609inWolfenbttel.
Otherearlypapersinclude:
TheDutchCouranteuytItalien,Duytslandt,&c.('CourantfromItaly,
Germany,etc.')of1618wasthefirsttoappearinfolioratherthan
quartosize.Amsterdam,acenterofworldtrade,quicklybecamehome
tonewspapersinmanylanguages,oftenbeforetheywerepublishedin
theirowncountry.[14]

TitlepageofCarolus'Relationfrom
1609,theearliestnewspaper

ThefirstEnglishlanguagenewspaper,CorrantoutofItaly,Germany,etc.,waspublishedinAmsterdamin
1620.Ayearandahalflater,Corante,orweekelynewesfromItaly,Germany,Hungary,Poland,Bohemia,
FranceandtheLowCountreys.waspublishedinEnglandbyan"N.B."(generallythoughttobeeither

NathanielButterorNicholasBourne)andThomasArcher.[15]
ThefirstnewspaperinFrancewaspublishedin1631,LaGazette(originallypublishedasGazettedeFrance).[9]
ThefirstnewspaperinPortugal,AGazetadaRestaurao,waspublishedin1641inLisbon.[16]Thefirst
Spanishnewspaper,GacetadeMadrid,waspublishedin1661.
PostochInrikesTidningar(foundedasOrdinariPostTijdender)wasfirstpublishedinSwedenin1645,andis
theoldestnewspaperstillinexistence,thoughitnowpublishessolelyonline.[17]
OpregteHaarlemscheCourantfromHaarlem,firstpublishedin1656,istheoldestpaperstillprinted.Itwas
forcedtomergewiththenewspaperHaarlemsDagbladin1942whenGermanyoccupiedtheNetherlands.
SincethentheHaarlemsDagbladhasappearedwiththesubtitleOprechteHaerlemseCourant1656.
MerkuriuszPolskiOrdynaryjnywaspublishedinKrakw,Polandin1661.
ThefirstsuccessfulEnglishdaily,TheDailyCourant,waspublishedfrom1702to1735.[14][18]
Americas
InBostonin1690,BenjaminHarrispublishedPublickOccurrencesBoth
ForreignandDomestick.ThisisconsideredthefirstnewspaperintheAmerican
colonieseventhoughonlyoneeditionwaspublishedbeforethepaperwas
suppressedbythegovernment.In1704,thegovernorallowedTheBoston
NewsLettertobepublishedanditbecamethefirstcontinuouslypublished
newspaperinthecolonies.Soonafter,weeklypapersbeganpublishinginNew
YorkandPhiladelphia.TheseearlynewspapersfollowedtheBritishformatand
wereusuallyfourpageslong.TheymostlycarriednewsfromBritainand
contentdependedontheeditor'sinterests.In1783,thePennsylvaniaEvening
PostbecamethefirstAmericandaily.[19]

DiariodePernambuco,
foundedinNovember1825
isthesecondoldest
circulatingnewspaperin
SouthAmerica,afterEl
Peruano,foundedinOctober
ofthatsameyear.

In1752,JohnBushellpublishedtheHalifaxGazette,whichclaimstobe
"Canada'sfirstnewspaper."However,itsofficialdescendant,theRoyalGazette,
isagovernmentpublicationforlegalnoticesandproclamationsratherthana
propernewspaper
In1764,theQuebecGazettewasfirstprinted21June1764andremainsthe
oldestcontinuouslypublishednewspaperinNorthAmericaastheQuebec
ChronicleTelegraph.ItiscurrentlypublishedasanEnglishlanguageweekly
fromitsofficesat1040Belvdre,suite218,QuebecCity,Quebec,Canada.

In1808,theGazetadoRiodeJaneiro[20]hadhisfirstedition,printedindevices
broughtfromEngland,publishingnewsfavourableforthegovernmentoftheUnitedKingdomofPortugal,
BrazilandtheAlgarvessinceitwasproducedbytheofficialpressserviceofthePortuguesecrown.
In1821,aftertheendingofprivatenewspapercirculationban,appearsthefirstnonimperialprinted
publication,DiriodoRiodeJaneirothoughthereitwasalreadytheCorreioBraziliense,publishedbyHiplito
JosdaCostaatthesametimeoftheGazeta,butfromLondonandwithastrongpoliticalandcriticalideas,
aimingtoshowtheadministrationfaults(seePortugueseWikipedia[21]).
ThefirstnewspaperinPeruwasElPeruano,establishedinOctober1825andstillpublishedtoday,butwith
severalnamechanges.
Asia

DuringtheTangDynastyinChina(618906),theKaiYuanZaBaopublishedthegovernmentnewsitwas
blockprintedontopaper.Itwastheearliestnewspapertobepublished[22]
ThefirstrecordedattempttofoundamoderndaynewspaperinSouthAsiawasbyWilliamBolts,aDutchman
intheemployoftheBritishEastIndiaCompanyinSeptember1768inCalcutta.However,beforehecould
beginhisnewspaper,hewasdeportedbacktoEurope.Afewyearslater,thefirstnewsprintfromthisregion
Hicky'sBengalGazettewaspublishedbyanIrishmanJamesAugustusHicky.Heuseditasameansto
criticizetheBritishrulethroughjournalism.[23]
MiddleEast

IndustrialRevolution
Bytheearly19thcentury,manycitiesinEurope,aswellasNorthandSouthAmerica,publishednewspaper
typepublicationsthoughnotallofthemdevelopedinthesamewaycontentwasvastlyshapedbyregionaland
culturalpreferences.[24]AdvancesinprintingtechnologyrelatedtotheIndustrialRevolutionenabled
newspaperstobecomeanevenmorewidelycirculatedmeansofcommunication.In1814,TheTimes(London)
acquiredaprintingpresscapableofmaking1,100impressionsperhour.[25]
Soon,itwasadaptedtoprintonbothsidesofapageatonce.Thisinnovationmadenewspaperscheaperand
thusavailabletoalargerpartofthepopulation.In1830,thefirstpennypressnewspapercametothemarket:
LyndeM.Walter'sBostonTranscript.[26]Pennypresspaperscostaboutonesixththepriceofothernewspapers
andappealedtoawideraudience.[27]InFrance,miledeGirardinstarted"LaPresse"in1836,introducing
cheap,advertisingsupporteddailiestoFrance.In1848,AugustZang,anAustrianwhoknewGirardininParis,
returnedtoViennatointroducethesamemethodswith"DiePresse"(whichwasnamedforandfranklycopied
Girardin'spublication).[28]

Categories
Whilemostnewspapersareaimedatabroadspectrumofreaders,usually
geographicallydefined,somefocusongroupsofreadersdefinedmorebytheir
intereststhantheirlocation:forexample,therearedailyandweeklybusiness
newspapersandsportsnewspapers.Morespecialiststillaresomeweekly
newspapers,usuallyfreeanddistributedwithinlimitedareasthesemayserve
communitiesasspecificascertainimmigrantpopulations,orthelocalgay
community.

Frequency
Daily
VladimirLeninreading
Adailynewspaperisissuedeveryday,sometimeswiththeexceptionof
[29]
Pravda
SundaysandoccasionallySaturdays, andoftenofsomenationalholidays.
Saturdayand,wheretheyexist,Sundayeditionsofdailynewspaperstendtobe
larger,includemorespecializedsectionsandadvertisinginserts,andcostmore.Typically,themajorityofthese
newspapers'staffmembersworkMondaytoFriday,sotheSundayandMondayeditionslargelydependon
contentdoneinadvanceorcontentthatissyndicated.Mostdailynewspapersaresoldinthemorning.
Afternoonoreveningpapers,oncecommonbutnowscarce,areaimedmoreatcommutersandofficeworkers.
Inpractice(thoughthismayvaryaccordingtocountry),amorningnewspaperisavailableinearlyeditions
frombeforemidnightonthenightbeforeitscoverdate,furthereditionsbeingprintedanddistributedduringthe
night.Previewsoftomorrow'snewspapersareoftenafeatureoflatenightnewsprogrammes,suchas
NewsnightintheUnitedKingdom.

In1650,thefirstdailynewspaperappeared,LeipzigerEinkommendenNachrichten,publishedbyTimotheus
RitzschinLeipzig,Germany.[30]
IntheUK,unlikemostothercountries,"daily"newspapersdonotpublishonSundays.Inthepasttherewere
independentSundaynewspapersnowadaysthesamepublisheroftenproducesaSundaynewspaper,distinctin
manywaysfromthedaily,usuallywitharelatednamee.g.,TheTimesandTheSundayTimesaredistinct
newspapersownedbythesamecompany,andanarticlepublishedinthelatterwouldneverbecreditedtoThe
Times.Similarly,theGuardianpublishessixdaysaweekbutalsoownstheformerlyindependentSunday
Observer.
Weeklyandother
Weeklynewspapersarepublishedonceaweek,andtendtobesmallerthandailypapers.Somenewspapersare
publishedtwoorthreetimesaweekandareknownasbiweeklypublications.Somepublicationsarepublished,
forexample,fortnightly(orbimonthlyinAmericanparlance).

Geographicalscopeanddistribution
Localorregional
Alocalnewspaperservesaregionsuchasacity,orpartofalargecity.Almosteverymarkethasoneortwo
newspapersthatdominatethearea.Largemetropolitannewspapersoftenhavelargedistributionnetworks,and
canbefoundoutsidetheirnormalarea,sometimeswidely,sometimesfromfewersources.
National
Mostnationshaveatleastonenewspaperthatcirculatesthroughoutthe
wholecountry:anationalnewspaper.Somenationalnewspapers,such
asTheFinancialTimesandTheWallStreetJournal,arespecialised(in
theseexamples,onfinancialmatters).Therearemanynational
newspapersintheUK,butonlyafewintheUnitedStatesandCanada.
IntheUnitedStates,inadditiontonationalnewspapersassuch,The
NewYorkTimesisavailablethroughoutthecountry.[31]
Thereisalsoasmallgroupof
newspaperswhichmaybecharacterized
asinternationalnewspapers.Some,
suchasTheInternationalHerald
Tribune,havealwayshadthatfocus,
whileothersarerepackagednational
newspapersor"internationaleditions"of
nationalorlargemetropolitan
newspapers.Insomecases,articlesthat
NewspaperstandinSalta(Argentina).
mightnotinterestthewiderrangeof
readersareomittedfrominternational
editionsinothers,ofinteresttoexpatriates,significantnationalnewsisretained.

Internationalnewspaperson
saleinParis,France

AsEnglishbecametheinternationallanguageofbusinessandtechnology,manynewspapersformerly
publishedonlyinnonEnglishlanguageshavealsodevelopedEnglishlanguageeditions.Inplacesasvariedas
JerusalemandMumbai,newspapersareprintedforalocalandinternationalEnglishspeakingpublic,andfor
tourists.TheadventoftheInternethasalsoallowednonEnglishlanguagenewspaperstoputoutascaleddown
Englishversiontogivetheirnewspaperaglobaloutreach.

Similarly,inmanycountrieswithalargeforeignlanguagespeakingpopulationormanytourists,newspapersin
languagesotherthanthenationallanguagearebothpublishedlocallyandimported.Forexample,newspapers
andmagazinesfrommanycountries,andlocallypublishednewspapersinmanylanguages,arereadilytobe
foundonnewsstandsincentralLondon.

Subjectmatter
Generalnewspaperscoveralltopics,withdifferentemphasis.Whileatleastmentioningalltopics,somemight
havegoodcoverageofinternationaleventsofimportanceothersmightconcentratemoreonnationalorlocal
entertainmentorsports.Specialisednewspapersmightconcentratemorespecificallyon,forexample,financial
matters.Therearepublicationscoveringexclusivelysports,orcertainsports,horseracing,theatre,andsoon,
althoughtheymaynolongerbecallednewspapers.

Technology
Print
Forcenturiesnewspaperswereprintedonpaperanddistributedphysicallyto
readers.
Online
Virtuallyallprintednewspapershaveonlineeditionsdistributedoverthe
Internetwhich,dependingonthecountrymayberegulatedbyjournalism
organizationssuchasthePressComplaintsCommissionintheUK.[32]Butas
somepublishersfindtheirprintbasedmodelsincreasinglyunsustainable,Web
based"newspapers"havealsostartedtoappear,suchastheSouthportReporter
intheUKandtheSeattlePostIntelligencer,whichstoppedpublishinginprint
after149yearsinMarch2009andwentonlineonly.
Custom

SoldiersinanEastGerman
tankunitreadingaboutthe
erectionoftheBerlinWallin
1961inthenewspaperNeues
Deutschland

Anewtrendinnewspaperpublishingistheintroductionofpersonalization
throughondemandprintingtechnologies.Customizednewspapersallowthe
readertocreatetheirindividualnewspaperthroughtheselectionofindividualpagesfrommultiplepublications.
This"Bestof"approachallowstorevivetheprintbasedmodelandopensupanewdistributionchannelto
increasecoveragebeneaththeusualboundariesofdistribution.
CustomizednewspapersonlinehavebeenofferedbyMyYahoo,IGoogle,CRAYON,ICurrent.com,
Kibboko.com,Twitter.timesandmanyothers.

Organizationandpersonnel
IntheUnitedStates,theoverallmanagerorchiefexecutiveofthenewspaperisthepublisher.[33]Insmall
newspapers,theownerofthepublication(orthelargestshareholderinthecorporationthatownsthe
publication)isusuallythepublisher.Althoughheorsherarelyorperhapsneverwritesstories,thepublisheris
legallyresponsibleforthecontentsoftheentirenewspaperandalsorunsthebusiness,includinghiringeditors,
reporters,andotherstaffmembers.ThistitleislesscommonoutsidetheU.S.Theequivalentpositioninthe
filmindustryandtelevisionnewsshowsistheexecutiveproducer.
Mostnewspapershavefourmaindepartmentsdevotedtopublishingthenewspaperitselfeditorial,
production/printing,circulation,andadvertising,althoughtheyarefrequentlyreferredtobyavarietyofother
namesaswellasthenonnewspaperspecificdepartmentsalsofoundinotherbusinessesofcomparablesize,

suchasaccounting,marketing,humanresources,andIT.

ThenewsroomofGazetaLubuskain
ZielonaGra,Poland

ThroughouttheEnglishspeakingworld,thepersonwhoselectsthe
contentforthenewspaperisusuallyreferredtoastheeditor.Variations
onthistitlesuchaseditorinchief,executiveeditor,andsoonare
common.Forsmallnewspapers,asingleeditormayberesponsiblefor
allcontentareas.Atlargenewspapers,themostsenioreditorisin
overallchargeofthepublication,whilelesssenioreditorsmayeach
focusononesubjectarea,suchaslocalnewsorsports.Thesedivisions
arecallednewsbureausor"desks",andeachissupervisedbya
designatededitor.Mostnewspapereditorscopyeditthestoriesfortheir
partofthenewspaper,buttheymaysharetheirworkloadwith

proofreadersandfactcheckers.
Reportersarejournalistswhoprimarilyreportfactsthattheyhave
gatheredandthosewhowritelonger,lessnewsorientedarticlesmaybe
calledfeaturewriters.Photographersandgraphicartistsprovideimages
andillustrationstosupportarticles.Journalistsoftenspecializeina
subjectarea,calledabeat,suchassports,religion,orscience.
Columnistsarejournalistswhowriteregulararticlesrecountingtheir
personalopinionsandexperiences.
Anewsboyin1905sellingthe
Printersandpressoperatorsphysicallyprintthenewspaper.Printingis
TorontoTelegraminCanada
outsourcedbymanynewspapers,partlybecauseofthecostofanoffset
webpress(themostcommonkindofpressusedtoprintnewspapers)
andalsobecauseasmallnewspaper'sprintrunmightrequirelessthananhourofoperation,meaningthatifthe
newspaperhaditsownpressitwouldsitidlemostofthetime.Ifthenewspaperoffersinformationonline,
webmastersandwebdesignersmaybeemployedtouploadstoriestothenewspaper'swebsite.

Thestaffofthecirculationdepartmentliaisewithretailerswhosellthenewspapersellsubscriptionsand
supervisedistributionoftheprintednewspapersthroughthemail,bynewspapercarriers,atretailers,and
throughvendingmachines.Freenewspapersdonotsellsubscriptions,buttheystillhaveacirculation
departmentresponsiblefordistributingthenewspapers.
Salesstaffintheadvertisingdepartmentnotonlysellspacetoclientssuchaslocalbusinesses,butalsohelp
advertisersdesignandplantheiradvertisingcampaigns.Othermembersoftheadvertisingdepartmentmay
includegraphicdesigners,whodesignadsaccordingtothecustomers'specificationsandthedepartment's
policies.Inanadvertisingfreenewspaper,thereisnoadvertisingdepartment.

Zonedandothereditions
Newspapersoftenrefinedistributionofadsandnewsthroughzoning
andeditioning.Zoningoccurswhenadvertisingandeditorialcontent
changetoreflectthelocationtowhichtheproductisdelivered.The
editorialcontentoftenmaychangemerelytoreflectchangesin
advertisingthequantityandlayoutofwhichaffectsthespace
availableforeditorialormaycontainregionspecificnews.Inrare
instances,theadvertisingmaynotchangefromonezonetoanother,but
therewillbedifferentregionspecificeditorialcontent.Asthecontent
canvarywidely,zonededitionsareoftenproducedinparallel.
Editioningoccursinthemainsectionsasnewsisupdatedthroughout
thenight.Theadvertisingisusuallythesameineachedition(withthe
exceptionofzonedregionals,inwhichitisoftenthe'B'sectionoflocal
newsthatundergoesadvertisingchanges).Aseacheditionrepresents

IsraelidailynewspaperHaaretz,seen
initsHebrewandEnglishlanguage
editions

thelatestnewsavailableforthenextpressrun,theseeditionsareproducedlinearly,withonecompletededition
beingcopiedandupdatedforthenextedition.ThepreviouseditionisalwayscopiedtomaintainaNewspaper
ofRecordandtofallbackonifaquickcorrectionisneededforthepress.Forexample,bothTheNewYork
TimesandTheWallStreetJournalofferaregionaledition,printedthroughalocalcontractor,andfeaturing
localespecificcontent.TheJournal'sglobaladvertisingratecardprovidesagoodexampleofeditioning.[34]
SeealsoLosAngelesTimessuburbansections.

Format
Mostmodernnewspapers[35]areinoneofthreesizes:
Broadsheets:600mm380mm(2315inches),generally
associatedwithmoreintellectualnewspapers,althoughatrend
towards"compact"newspapersischangingthis.
Tabloids:halfthesizeofbroadsheetsat380mm300mm(15
11inches),andoftenperceivedassensationalistincontrastto
broadsheets.ExamplesincludeTheSun,TheNationalEnquirer,
TheStarMagazine,NewYorkPost,theChicagoSunTimes,The
PrincelyState,TheGlobe.
"Microdaily"isinfrequentlyusedtorefertoatabloidsized
freedailynewspaperthatoffersloweradratesthanits
broadsheetcompetitors.Thecontentofamicrodailycan
rangefromintenselocalnewscoveragetoacombinationof
localandnationalstories.
BerlinerorMidi:470mm315mm(1812inches)usedby
EuropeanpaperssuchasLeMondeinFrance,LaStampainItaly,
ElPasinSpainand,since2005,TheGuardianintheUnited
Kingdom.
YomiuriShimbun,abroadsheetin

Newspapersareusuallyprintedoncheap,offwhitepaperknownas
Japancreditedwithhavingthelargest
newsprint.Sincethe1980s,thenewspaperindustryhaslargelymoved
newspapercirculationintheworld
awayfromlowerqualityletterpressprintingtohigherquality,fourcolor
process,offsetprinting.Inaddition,desktopcomputers,word
processingsoftware,graphicssoftware,digitalcamerasanddigitalprepressandtypesettingtechnologieshave
revolutionizedthenewspaperproductionprocess.Thesetechnologieshaveenablednewspaperstopublishcolor
photographsandgraphics,aswellasinnovativelayoutsandbetterdesign.
Tohelptheirtitlesstandoutonnewsstands,somenewspapersareprintedoncolourednewsprint.Forexample,
theFinancialTimesisprintedonadistinctivesalmonpinkpaper,andSheffield'sweeklysportspublication
derivesitsname,theGreen'Un,fromthetraditionalcolourofitspaper.TheItaliansportsnewspaperLa
GazzettadelloSportisalsoprintedonpinkpaperwhileL'quipe(formerlyL'Auto)isprintedonyellowpaper.
Boththelatterpromotedmajorcyclingracesandtheirnewsprintcolourswerereflectedinthecoloursofthe
jerseysusedtodenotetheraceleaderforexampletheleaderintheGirod'Italiawearsapinkjersey.

Circulationandreadership
Thenumberofcopiesdistributed,eitheronanaveragedayoronparticulardays(typicallySunday),iscalled
thenewspaper'scirculationandisoneoftheprincipalfactorsusedtosetadvertisingrates.Circulationisnot
necessarilythesameascopiessold,sincesomecopiesornewspapersaredistributedwithoutcost.Readership
figuresmaybehigherthancirculationfiguresbecausemanycopiesarereadbymorethanoneperson,although
thisisoffsetbythenumberofcopiesdistributedbutnotread(especiallyforthosedistributedfree).Inthe
UnitedStates,theAuditBureauofCirculationmaintainshistoricalandcurrentdataonaveragecirculationof
dailyandweeklynewspapersandotherperiodicals.

AccordingtotheGuinnessBookofRecords,thedailycirculationofthe
SovietnewspaperTrudexceeded21,500,000in1990,whiletheSoviet
weeklyArgumentyiFaktyboastedacirculationof33,500,000in1991.
AccordingtoUnitedNationsdatafrom1995Japanhasthreedaily
paperstheYomiuriShimbun,AsahiShimbun,andMainichiShimbun
withcirculationswellabove5.5million.Germany'sBild,witha
circulationof3.8million,wastheonlyotherpaperinthatcategory.
Newspapervendor,Paddington,
London,February2005

IntheUnitedKingdom,TheSunisthetopseller,witharound3.24
millioncopiesdistributeddaily.
IntheU.S.,TheWallStreetJournalhasadailycirculationof
approximately2.02million,makingitthemostwidelydistributedpaper

inthecountry.[36]
WhilepaidreadershipofprintnewspapershasbeensteadilydeclininginthedevelopedOECDnations,ithas
beenrisinginthechiefdevelopingnations(Brazil,India,Indonesia,ChinaandSouthAfrica),whosepaiddaily
circulationexceededthoseofthedevelopednationsforthefirsttimein2008.[37]InIndia,[38]TheTimesofIndia
isthelargestcirculationEnglishnewspaper,with3.14millioncopiesdaily.Accordingtothe2009Indian
ReadershipSurvey,theDainikJagranisthemostread,locallanguage(Hindi)newspaper,with55.7million
readers.[39]AccordingtoTomStandageofTheEconomist,Indiacurrentlyhasdailynewspapercirculationof
110millioncopies.[40]
Acommonmeasureofanewspaper'shealthismarket
penetration,expressedasapercentageofhouseholds
thatreceiveacopyofthenewspaperagainstthetotal
numberofhouseholdsinthepaper'smarketarea.Inthe
1920s,onanationalbasisintheU.S.,dailynewspapers
achievedmarketpenetrationof123percent(meaningthe
averageU.S.householdreceived1.23newspapers).As
othermediabegantocompetewithnewspapers,andas
printingbecameeasierandlessexpensivegivingriseto
agreaterdiversityofpublications,marketpenetration
begantodecline.Itwasn'tuntiltheearly1970s,
however,thatmarketpenetrationdippedbelow100
percent.By2000,itwas53percentandstillfalling.[41]
Buyinganewspaper

Manypaidfornewspapersofferavarietyofsubscription
plans.Forexample,someonemightwantonlyaSunday
paper,orperhapsonlySundayandSaturday,ormaybeonlyaworkweeksubscription,orperhapsadaily
subscription.
MostnewspapersprovidesomeoralloftheircontentontheInternet,eitheratnocostorforafee.Insome
cases,freeaccessisavailableonlyforamatterofdaysorweeks,orforacertainnumberofviewedarticles,
afterwhichreadersmustregisterandprovidepersonaldata.Inothercases,freearchivesareprovided.

Advertising
Anewspapertypicallygenerates7080%ofitsrevenuefromadvertising,andtheremainderfromsalesand
subscriptions.[42]Theportionofthenewspaperthatisnotadvertisingiscallededitorialcontent,editorial
matter,orsimplyeditorial,althoughthelasttermisalsousedtoreferspecificallytothosearticlesinwhichthe

newspaperanditsguestwritersexpresstheiropinions.(Thisdistinction,
however,developedovertimeearlypublisherslikeGirardin(France)and
Zang(Austria)didnotalwaysdistinguishpaiditemsfromeditorialcontent.)
Thebusinessmodelofhavingadvertisingsubsidizethecostofprintingand
distributingnewspapers(and,itisalwayshoped,themakingofaprofit)rather
thanhavingsubscriberscoverthefullcostwasfirstdone,itseems,in1833by
TheSun,adailypaperthatwaspublishedinNewYorkCity.Ratherthan
charging6centspercopy,thepriceofatypicalNewYorkdailyatthetime,they
charged1cent,anddependedonadvertisingtomakeupthedifference.[43]
Newspapersincountries
witheasyaccesstotheweb
havebeenhurtbythe
1938Dutchnewspaper
declineofmanytraditional
advertisementforwomen's
advertisers.Department
clothingsoldatC&Astores
storesandsupermarkets
couldberelieduponinthe
pasttobuypagesofnewspaperadvertisements,butdueto
industryconsolidationaremuchlesslikelytodosonow.[45]
Additionally,newspapersareseeingtraditionaladvertisers
shifttonewmediaplatforms.Theclassifiedcategoryis
shiftingtositesincludingCraigslist,employmentwebsites,
andautosites.Nationaladvertisersareshiftingtomany
typesofdigitalcontentincludingwebsites,richmedia
platforms,andmobile.

USNewspaperAdvertisingRevenue
NewspaperAssociationofAmericapublisheddata
[44]

Inrecentyears,theadvertorialemerged.Advertorialsare
mostcommonlyrecognizedasanoppositeeditorialwhichthirdpartiespayafeetohaveincludedinthepaper.
Advertorialscommonlyadvertisenewproductsortechniques,suchasanewdesignforgolfequipment,anew
formoflasersurgery,orweightlossdrugs.Thetoneisusuallyclosertothatofapressreleasethanofan
objectivenewsstory.Sucharticlesareoftenclearlydistinguishedfromeditorialcontentthrougheitherthe
designandlayoutofthepageorwithalabeldeclaringthearticleasanadvertisement.However,therehasbeen
growingconcernovertheblurringofthelinebetweeneditorialandadvertorialcontent.[46]

Journalism
Sincenewspapersbeganasajournal(recordofcurrentevents),the
professioninvolvedinthemakingofnewspapersbegantobecalled
journalism.
Intheyellowjournalismeraofthe19thcentury,manynewspapersin
theUnitedStatesreliedonsensationalstoriesthatweremeanttoanger
orexcitethepublic,ratherthantoinform.Therestrainedstyleof
reportingthatreliesonfactcheckingandaccuracyregainedpopularity
aroundWorldWarII.

Theeditorialstaffofnewspaper
"SevernyiKray"inYaroslavl,Russia
in1900

Criticismofjournalismisvariedandsometimesvehement.Credibility
isquestionedbecauseofanonymoussourceserrorsinfacts,spelling,
andgrammarrealorperceivedbiasandscandalsinvolvingplagiarismandfabrication.

Inthepast,newspapershaveoftenbeenownedbysocalledpressbarons,andwereusedforgainingapolitical
voice.After1920mostmajornewspapersbecamepartsofchainsrunbylargemediacorporationssuchas
Gannett,TheMcClatchyCompany,HearstCorporation,CoxEnterprises,LandmarkMediaEnterprisesLLC,

MorrisCommunications,TheTribuneCompany,HollingerInternational,NewsCorporation,Swift
Communications,etc.
Newspapershave,inthemodernworld,playedanimportantroleintheexerciseoffreedomofexpression.
Whistleblowers,andthosewho"leak"storiesofcorruptioninpoliticalcirclesoftenchoosetoinform
newspapersbeforeothermediumsofcommunication,relyingontheperceivedwillingnessofnewspapereditors
toexposethesecretsandliesofthosewhowouldrathercoverthem.However,therehavebeenmany
circumstancesofthepoliticalautonomyofnewspapersbeingcurtailed.Recentresearchhasexaminedthe
effectsofanewspaper'sclosingonthereelectionofincumbents,voterturnout,andcampaignspending.[47]
Opinionsofotherwritersandreadersareexpressedintheoped("oppositetheeditorialpage")andletterstothe
editorssectionsofthepaper.
Somewaysnewspapershavetriedtoimprovetheircredibilityare:appointingombudsmen,developingethics
policiesandtraining,usingmorestringentcorrectionspolicies,communicatingtheirprocessesandrationale
withreaders,andaskingsourcestoreviewarticlesafterpublication.

ImpactoftelevisionandInternet
Bythelate1990s,theavailabilityofnewsvia24hourtelevisionchannelsand
thentheInternetposedanongoingchallengetothebusinessmodelofmost
newspapersindevelopedcountries.Paidcirculationhasdeclined,while
advertisingrevenuewhichmakesupthebulkofmostnewspapers'income
hasbeenshiftingfromprinttothenewmedia,resultinginageneraldeclinein
profits.Manynewspapersaroundtheworldlaunchedonlineeditionsinan
attempttofolloworstayaheadoftheiraudience.
However,intherestoftheworld,cheaperprintinganddistribution,increased
literacy,thegrowingmiddleclassandotherfactorshavemorethan
compensatedfortheemergenceofelectronicmediaandnewspaperscontinueto
grow.[48]
On10April1995,TheAmericanReporterbecamethefirstdailynewspaper,
withitsownpaidreportersaroundtheworldandalloriginalcontent,tostarton
theInternet.TheeditorinchiefandfounderisJoeShea.Thesiteisownedby
400journalists.[49]

NewspaperpressinLimoges,
France

Thefutureofnewspapersincountrieswitheasyinternetaccesshasbeenwidelydebatedastheindustryhas
faceddownsoaringnewsprintprices,slumpingadsales,thelossofmuchclassifiedadvertisingandprecipitous
dropsincirculation.Inrecentyearsthenumberofnewspapersslatedforclosure,bankruptcyorseverecutbacks
hasrisenespeciallyintheUnitedStates,wheretheindustryhasshedafifthofitsjournalistssince2001.[50]
Revenuehasplungedwhilecompetitionfrominternetmediahassqueezedolderprintpublishers.[50]
Thedebatehasbecomemoreurgentlately,asthe20082009recessionshavedprofits,andasonceexplosive
growthinnewspaperwebrevenueshasleveledoff,forestallingwhattheindustryhopedwouldbecomean
importantsourceofrevenue.[51]Atissueiswhetherthenewspaperindustryfacesacyclicaltrough,orwhether
newtechnologyhasrenderedobsoletenewspapersintheirtraditionalformat.

Seealso
Listsofnewspapers
Listofnewspapercomicstrips

Footnotes
1."Newspaper".=DLISOnline
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2."Serial".ODLISOnline
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20120806.
3."Periodical".ODLISOnline
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4." ''ADailyMiracle:Astudent
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5.Plambeck,Joseph(26April
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6.WernerFaulstich:"Grundwissen
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8.Brook,Timothy.(1998).The
ConfusionsofPleasure:
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9."WANANewspaper
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10.Infelise,Mario."RomanAvvisi:
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andPoliticsinPapalRome,
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CambridgeUniversityPress,
2002.212,214,216217

11.Weber,Johannes(2006).
"Strassburg,1605:TheOrigins
oftheNewspaperinEurope".
GermanHistory24(3):387412
(387).
doi:10.1191/0266355406gh380oa
.:
Atthesametime,
thenastheprinting
pressinthe
physical
technologicalsense
wasinvented,'the
press'inthe
extendedsenseof
thewordalso
enteredthe
historicalstage.
Thephenomenon
ofpublishingwas
nowborn.
12."Weber,Johannes:Straburg
1605:DieGeburtderZeitung,
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13."WANNewspapers:400
YearsYoung!".Wanpress.org.
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14.Stephens,Mitchell."Historyof
Newspapers".Nyu.edu.
Retrieved21May2012.
15."ConciseHistoryoftheBritish
NewspaperintheSeventeenth
Century".bl.uk.
16."BibliotecaNacionalDigital
Gazeta...,EmLisboa,1642
1648".Purl.pt.Retrieved
21February2012.
17."WANOldestnewspapers
stillincirculation".Wan
press.org.Retrieved21February
2012.
18.ConciseHistoryoftheBritish
NewspaperintheEighteenth
Century(http://www.bl.uk/reshel
p/findhelprestype/news/concisehi
storyofthebritishnewspaper/britn
ews18th/)
19."BenjaminTowne:The
PrecariousCareerofaPersistent
Printer".PennsylvaniaMagazine
ofHistoryandBiography89(3).
July1965.

20.NovoMilnio:MNDLPGazeta
doRiodeJaneiro,de1808
21.ImprensanoBrasilWikipdia,
aenciclopdia
livreImprensa_no_Brasil|
22.Norman,Jeremy."Oneofthe
EarliestNewspapers,Writtenon
Silk".historyofinformation.com.
JeremyNorman&Co.,Inc.
Retrieved3January2015.
23."Exclusive:Corruptsystemand
media".ZeeNews.4April2014.
Retrieved3January2015.
24."NewspaperBritannicaOnline
Encyclopedia".Britannica.com.
Retrieved21February2012.
25.PhilipB.Meggs,AHistoryof
GraphicDesign(1998)pp130
133
26.DavidR.Spencer,TheYellow
Journalism(2007)p.22.
27.Bird,S.Elizabeth.For
EnquiringMinds:ACultural
StudyofSupermarketTabloids.
Knoxville:Universityof
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28.Wurzbach,C.(1891).
BiographischesLexikondes
KaiserthumsOesterreich,
enthaltenddieLebensskizzender
denkwrdigenPersonen,welche
seit1750indensterreichischen
Kronlnderngeborenwurden
oderdaringelebtundgewirkt
haben,(162165)Jim
Chevallier,"AugustZangand
theFrenchCroissant:How
ViennoiserieCametoFrance",
p.330Diepresse.com(http://di
epresse.com/unternehmen/geschi
chte/9819/index.do)Articlein
"DiePresse"onitsfounding.
29.ExampleofMondaytoFriday
onlypublishing:theLondon
EveningStandard,onceapaid
newspaper,nowfreeofcharge,
aimedlargelyatcommuters,
doesnotpublishonSaturdays
30.JohannesWeber,."Strassburg,
1605:Theoriginsofthe
newspaperinEurope."German
History24.3(2006):387412.

31.Herszenhorn,David(29August
2001)."AskaReporter".
global.nytimes.com.Retrieved
23January2015."AsofJanuary
ofthisyear[2001],thenational
editionsofTheTimeswere
beingprintedat19different
locationsacrosstheUnited
Statesandhomedeliverywas
availablein195markets
throughoutthecountry."
32."JournalismMagazine".
Journalism.co.uk.19January
2007.Retrieved21February
2012.
33.BureauofLaborStatistics(17
December2009)."CareerGuide
toIndustries,201011Edition:
Publishing,ExceptSoftware".
U.S.DepartmentofLabor.
Retrieved28May2010.
34."WSJAdvertising:Rates".
Advertising.wsj.com.Archived
fromtheoriginalon29October
2008.Retrieved10October
2008.
35.SeeK.G.BarnhurstandJ.
Nerone,TheFormofNews,A
History(2001)foranoverview
ofnewspaperformfromthelate
17thtolate20thcenturies.
36.Liedtke,Michael(26October
2009)."Newspapercirculation
dropacceleratesAprilSept".
TheSeattleTimes.Retrieved
26October2011.

37.OECDWorkingPartyonthe
InformationEconomy(11June
2010)."Theevolutionofnews
andtheinternet"(PDF).
Retrieved14July2011."Growth
intheBIICScountriesbyabout
35%from2000to2008very
muchcontributedtothisgrowth,
mostnotablyIndiawitha45%
increaseincirculationbetween
2000and2008,SouthAfrica
(34%)andChina(anestimated
29%).Gainsarenotonly
occurringtherebutalsoinother
countriesandcontinents,
includingAfricaandSouth
America."p.24
38."HindiNewspaper".Dainik
Jagran.Retrieved23January
2015.|first1=missing|last1=
inAuthorslist(help)
39."Dailiesadd12.6million
readers".NRSChennai.29
August2009.Archivedfromthe
originalon16January2008.
40.Standage,Tom(13July2011).
TheKojoNnamdiShow.
InterviewwithKojoNnamdi.
WAMU.Washington,D.C.See
alsoPrintmediain
India#Readership
41."Newspapers:AudienceState
oftheMedia2004".
42.Mensing,Donica(Spring2007).
"OnlineRevenueBusiness
ModelHasChangedLittleSince
1996".NewspaperResearch
Journal.

43."Reinventingthenewspaper".
TheEconomist.7July2011.
Retrieved13July2011.
44."Trends&Numbers".
NewspaperAssociationof
America.14March2012.
Retrieved18September2012.
45."wallstreetcosmos.com".
wallstreetcosmos.com.Retrieved
21October2012.
46.Frdric,Filloux(16May2011).
"Dangerousblend:howlines
betweeneditorialandadvertising
areblurring".TheGuardian.
Retrieved5October2014.
47.FederalReserveBankof
Minneapolis,DoNewspapers
Matter?,2011(http://www.minn
eapolisfed.org/research/wp/wp68
6.pdf)
48.N.Ram,Newspaperfutures:
Indiaandtheworld(http://www.
hindu.com/af/india60/stories/200
7081550100300.htm),15August
2007,TheHindu
49.J.D.Lasica,"NetGain",
AmericanJournalismReview,
Vol.18,November1996
50.Saba,Jennifer(16March2009).
"SpecificsonNewspapersfrom
'StateofNewsMedia'Report".
Editor&Publisher.Retrieved
17March2009.
51.Clifford,Stephanie(12October
2008)."Newspapers'Web
RevenueisStalling".TheNew
YorkTimes.Retrieved10April
2010.

Furtherreading
WillingsPressGuide(134thed.3vol.2010),comprehensiveguidetoworldpress.Vol1UK,Vol2
EuropeandVol3World.ISBN1906035172
EditorandPublisherInternationalYearBook(90thed.2009),comprehensiveguidetoAmerican
newspapers
KevinG.Barnhurst,andJohnNerone.TheFormofNews,AHistory(2001)excerptandtextsearch(http
s://books.google.com/books?isbn=1572307919/)
Conley,David,andStephenLamble.TheDailyMiracle:AnIntroductiontoJournalism(3rded.2006),
518ppglobalviewpoint
Harrower,Tim.TheNewspaperDesigner'sHandbook(6thed.2007)excerptandtextsearch(http://www.
amazon.com/dp/0072996692/)
Jones,Alex.LosingtheNews:TheFutureoftheNewsThatFeedsDemocracy(2009)
Sousa,JorgePedroSousa(Coord.)MariadoCarmoCasteloBrancoMrioPintoSandraTunaGabriel
SilvaEduardoZillesBorbaMnicaDelicatoCarlosDuarteNairSilvaPatrciaTeixeira.AGazeta"da
Restaurao":PrimeiroPeridicoPortugus.UmaanlisedodiscursoVOL.IIReprodues(http://w
ww.livroslabcom.ubi.pt/book/19)(2011)ISBN9789896540616
Walravens,Hartmut,ed.NewspapersinCentralAndEasternEurope(2004)251pp
Williams,Kevin.ReadAllAboutIt!:AHistoryoftheBritishNewspaper(2009)excerptandtextsearch

(http://www.amazon.com/dp/0415346231/)

Externallinks
"Newspaper".TheNewStudent'sReferenceWork.1914.
NewsTornado(http://newstornado.com/map)Worldwide
NewspaperCirculationMap
PrintCulture(http://stars.library.ucf.edu/ahistoryofcentralfloridap
odcast/17/)atAHistoryofCentralFloridaPodcast(http://stars.lib
rary.ucf.edu/ahistoryofcentralfloridapodcast/)

Newspaperarchives

Wikiquotehasquotations
relatedto:Newspaper
Lookupnewspaperin
Wiktionary,thefree
dictionary.
Wikisourcehasthetextof
the1911Encyclopdia
Britannicaarticle
Newspapers.

NewspapercatUniversityofFloridaHistoricalDigital
NewspaperCatalogCollection(http://www.newspapercat.org/)
Historicalnewspapersfrom1700sPresent:Newspapers.com(htt
ps://www.newspapers.com/)
Historicalnewspaperdatabase,fromNewspaperARCHIVE.com(http://www.newspaperarchive.com/)
Morethan8mpagesofHistoricEuropeannewspapers(http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspape
rs)Free
ChroniclingAmerica:HistoricAmericanNewspapers(http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/)fromNational
DigitalNewspaperProgram.
TairikuNipp(http://digitalcollections.library.ubc.ca/cdm/landingpage/collection/tairikunipp)A
JapaneseCanadiannewspaperpublishedbetween1907and1941,andnowdigitizedbytheUBCLibrary
DigitalCollections
AllDailyNewspapers(http://alldailynewspapers.com)AllDailyNewspapersfromaroundtheworld.
Plusnoticias(http://www.plusnoticias.com)SouthAmericanjournals.
diariosdeargentina(http://ar.pickernews.com)SouthAmericaNewspapers.
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&oldid=723479722"
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